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State Machine-Based Waveforms for Channels With 1-bit quantization and Oversampling With Time-Instance Zero-Crossing Modulation

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IEEE ACCESS 2024年 12卷 21520-21529页

作者： Melo, Diana Marcela V. Landau, Lukas T. N. de Lamare, Rodrigo C. Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio De Janeiro PUC Rio Dept Engn Elect DEE BR-22451900 Rio De Janeiro Brazil

Systems with 1-bit quantization and oversampling are promising for the Internet of Things (IoT) networks because they can reduce the power consumption of the analog-to-digital-converters in the devices. The novel time-instance zero-crossing (TI ZX) modulation is a promising approach for IoT networks and devices but existing studies rely on optimization problems with high computational complexity and delay. In this work, we propose a practical waveform design based on the established TI ZX modulation for a multiuser multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems in the downlink scenario with 1-bit quantization and temporal oversampling at the receivers. In this sense, the proposed temporal transmit signals are constructed by concatenating segments of coefficients which convey the information into the time-instances of zero-crossings according to the TI ZX mapping rules. The proposed waveform design is compared with other methods from the literature in terms of bit error rate and normalized power spectral density. Numerical results show that the proposed technique is suitable for multiuser MIMO systems with 1-bit quantization while tolerating some small amount of out-of-band radiation.

关键词： Zero-crossing precoding oversampling Moore machine 1-bit quantization

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Time Instance Zero-Crossing Precoding for mmWave Channels Employing 1-bit quantization and Oversampling 27

Time Instance Zero-Crossing Precoding for mmWave Channels Em...

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27th International Workshop on Smart Antennas (WSA)

作者： Melo, Diana M. V. Landau, Lukas T. N. de Lamare, Rodrigo C. Pontifical Catholic Univ Rio de Janeiro Ctr Telecommun Studies BR-22453900 Rio De Janeiro Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9798350362008;9798350361995

Future wireless communication systems will be required to utilize a broad spectrum in the millimeter-wave and sub-terahertz bands given the increasing demand in higher data rates. In this context, high-resolution analog-to-digital converters are not energy-efficient for the design of systems with such large bandwidths. Therefore, we propose the design of waveforms for the bandlimited MIMO channel with 1-bit quantization and oversampling w.r.t. the Nyquist rate. The presented precoding design considers the TI ZX modulation which conveys the information into the time-instance of zero-crossings. A precoding framework is developed that considers a frequency selective millimeter wave channel. Two precoding techniques are considered, the joint MMDDT and the MMSE precoding. The system performance is evaluated in terms of bit error rate. The numerical results show that the precoding techniques with the TI ZX modulation are suitable for models where millimeter-wave bands are considered. Moreover, we observed that some delay spread can yield a performance improvement.

关键词： Zero-crossing precoding mmWave oversampling 1-bit quantization

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Iterative Timing Estimation with 1-bit quantization and Oversampling at the Receiver 19

Iterative Timing Estimation with 1-bit Quantization and Over...

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19th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS)

作者： Mann, Florian Gast, Florian Zeitz, Stephan Doerpinghaus, Meik Fettweis, Gerhard Tech Univ Dresden Vodafone Chair Mobile Commun Syst Dresden Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350362527;9798350362510

Wireless communications systems of the future are expected to operate at very high bandwidths of up to multiple Gigahertz. For such systems the power consumption of analog-todigital converters at the receiver will impose a challenge. Employing 1-bit quantization and temporal oversampling is a promising approach to increase energy efficiency. However, since 1-bit quantization is a highly non-linear operation, channel estimation and synchronization algorithms have to be revised. In this regard, we derive iterative data-aided timing estimators based on the expectation-maximization algorithm and the scoring algorithm assuming white noise at the receiver. Comparing the performance of the expectation-maximization algorithm based estimator, the scoring algorithm, and an existing non-data-aided least-squares estimator by numerical evaluation, we find that the scoring algorithm significantly outperforms the least squares estimator in terms of the mean square error and closely approaches the Cramer-Rao lower bound, different to the expectationmaximization based estimator whose performance stays behind the scoring algorithm. Additionally, we consider colored noise at the receiver and evaluate the influence of the timing estimation error on the system performance in terms of the spectral efficiency using zero-crossing modulation.

关键词： 1-bit quantization oversampling timing estimation.

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Joint Phase and Timing Estimation With 1-bit quantization and Oversampling

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2022年第1期70卷 71-86页

作者： Schlueter, Martin Doerpinghaus, Meik Fettweis, Gerhard P. Tech Univ Dresden Vodafone Chair Mobile Commun Syst SFB HAEC 912 Dresden Germany

Digital receivers based on 1-bit quantization and oversampling w.r.t. the transmit signal bandwidth promise lower energy consumption. However, since 1-bit quantization is a highly non-linear operation, standard off the shelf receiver algorithms cannot be applied. In this paper we consider an unknown phase rotation and timing offset and a fully digital receiver. To reduce the non-linear behavior introduced by 1-bit quantization, we assume that the receiver applies uniform phase and sample dithering, which can be implemented by sampling at an irrational normalized intermediate frequency and with an irrational oversampling factor, respectively. Based on the least squares objective function we derive a typical digital matched filter receiver with a data- and timing-aided phase estimator and square time recovery based timing estimation. Our main contribution is to show that both estimators are consistent under very general assumptions, e.g., arbitrary colored noise and stationary ergodic transmit symbols. Performance evaluations are done via simulations and are compared against a numerically computable upper bound of the Cramer-Rao lower bound. For low signal-to-noise ratio the estimators perform well but for high signal-to-noise ratio they run into an error floor. The performance loss of the phase estimator due to decision-directed operation or estimated timing information is marginal.

关键词： Receivers Timing quantization (signal) Signal to noise ratio OFDM Maximum likelihood estimation Frequency estimation Phase and timing estimation 1-bit quantization oversampling consistency

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Comparing Iterative and Least-Squares Based Phase Noise Tracking in Receivers with 1-bit quantization and Oversampling 22

Comparing Iterative and Least-Squares Based Phase Noise Trac...

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22nd IEEE Statistical Signal Processing Workshop (SSP)

作者： Gast, Florian Zeitz, Stephan Doerpinghaus, Meik Fettweis, Gerhard P. Tech Univ Dresden Vodafone Chair Mobile Communicat Syst Dresden Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781665452458

High data rates require vast bandwidths, that can be found in the sub-THz band, and high sampling frequencies, which are predicted to lead to a problematically high analog-to-digital converter (ADC) power consumption. It was proposed to use 1-bit ADCs to mitigate this problem. Moreover, oscillator phase noise is predicted to be especially high at sub-THz carrier frequencies. For synchronization the phase must be tracked based on 1-bit quantized observations. We study iterative data-aided phase estimation, i.e., the expectation-maximization and the Fisher-scoring algorithm, compared to least-squares (LS) phase estimation. For phase interpolation at the data symbols, we consider the Kalman filter and the Rauch-Tung-Striebel algorithm. Compared to LS estimation, iterative phase noise tracking leads to a significantly lower estimation error variance at high signal-to-noise ratios. However, its benefit for the spectral efficiency using zero-crossing modulation (ZXM) is limited to marginal gains for high faster-than-Nyquist signaling factors, i.e., higher order ZXM modulation.

关键词： 1-bit quantization phase noise estimation faster-than-Nyquist signaling iterative algorithms

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Channel Estimation for Two-Wave with Diffuse Power Fading Channels under 1-bit quantization

Channel Estimation for Two-Wave with Diffuse Power Fading Ch...

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IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)

作者： Mewes, Torge Zeitz, Stephan Neuhaus, Peter Doerpinghaus, Meik Fettweis, Gerhard Tech Univ Dresden Vodafone Chair Mobile Commun Syst D-01062 Dresden Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781665491228

Utilizing 1-bit quantization at the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is a promising approach to reduce the problematically high power consumption of high resolution ADCs in millimeter-wave (mmWave) and sub-terahertz (THz) communications. However, as 1-bit quantization is a highly nonlinear operation standard channel estimation algorithms cannot be applied. Therefore, we study algorithms for channel estimation in receivers with 1-bit quantization under consideration of a two-wave with diffuse power (TWDP) fading channel model, which was shown to be a realistic model for indoor communications in the mmWave regime. We combine maximum-likelihood (ML) amplitude estimation with a least-squares (LS) phase estimation approach known from literature to estimate the fading channel based on blocks of pilot symbols periodically inserted into the transmit symbol sequence. Furthermore, we apply Wiener filtering for interpolation of the channel estimates at the data blocks. The estimation performance of the proposed algorithms is evaluated numerically in terms of the mean squared error (MSE) and the suitability of the approach is demonstrated by evaluating the coded block error rate (BLER) for an exemplary system in comparison to the case with perfect channel knowledge. Our results show that almost the same BLER can be achieved by utilizing the derived estimation approach as compared to a system with perfect channel knowledge.

关键词： 1-bit quantization TWDP fading channel estimation channel interpolation

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Symbol Error Probability Constrained Precoding with Zero-Crossing Modulation for Channels with 1-bit quantization and Oversampling 14

Symbol Error Probability Constrained Precoding with Zero-Cro...

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14th International ITG Conference on Systems, Communications and Coding, SCC 2025

作者： Melo, Diana M. V. Landau, Lukas T. N. De Lamare, Rodrigo C. Centre for Telecommunications Studies Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro22453-900 Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9798331522896

Future wireless communications systems are expected to operate at bands above 100 GHz. The high energy consumption of analog-to-digital converters, due to their high resolution represents a bottleneck for future wireless communications systems which require low-energy consumption and lowcomplexity devices at the receiver. In this work, we derive a novel precoding method based on quality of service constraints for a multiuser multiple-input multiple-output downlink system with 1-bit quantization and oversampling. For this scenario, the timeinstance zero-crossing modulation which conveys the information into the zero-crossings is considered. Unlike prior studies, the constraint is given regarding the symbol error probability related to the minimum distance to the decision threshold. Numerical results illustrate the performance of the proposed precoding method evaluated under different parameters. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： 1-bit quantization oversampling Zero-crossing precoding

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Phase Noise Tracking for Receivers with 1-bit quantization and Oversampling

Phase Noise Tracking for Receivers with 1-bit Quantization a...

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IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)

作者： Gast, Florian Schluter, Martin Dorpinghaus, Meik Halbauer, Hardy Fettweis, Gerhard P. Tech Univ Dresden Vodafone Chair Mobile Commun Syst Dresden Germany Nokia Bell Labs Stuttgart Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781538683477

A promising approach to avoid the bottleneck of the analog-to-digital converter's (ADCs) high power consumption at high sampling frequencies is to use only 1-bit quantization resolution. By using temporal oversampling at the receiver, a high resolution in the time-domain can be achieved, which can partly recover the losses in terms of rate caused by a reduced amplitude resolution. However, channel estimation and synchronization has to be performed on 1-bit quantized receive samples, which poses a new challenge. This work is concerned with the phase estimation of a 1-bit quantized system with phase noise in the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) range. A block-based least squares (LS) estimator, whose output is interpolated by a Kalman filter is presented to track the phase noise. To enhance the performance, especially for the case of a large spacing between pilot blocks, we study the Rauch-Tung-Striebel (RTS) algorithm. Both algorithms are adjusted to the system characteristics and bounds for the steady state performance are derived. These bounds, as well as numerical results show that the RTS algorithm achieves a lower error variance than the Kalman filter at the price of increased latency, as it is non-causal.

关键词： 1-bit quantization oversampling phase estimation phase noise

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Performance Analysis of 1-bit quantization with Oversampling for Higher-Order Constellations 14

Performance Analysis of 1-Bit Quantization with Oversampling...

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IEEE Latin-American Conference on Communications (LATINCOM)

作者： Forsch, Christian Zillmann, Peter Alrabadi, Osama Brueck, Stefan Gerstacker, Wolfgang Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg Inst Digital Commun Erlangen Germany Qualcomm CDMA Technol Nurnberg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781665482257

In this work, we consider a real additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with 1-bit quantization and oversampling at the receiver side for transmission with higher-order amplitude-shift keying (ASK) constellations. We analytically compute the statistics of the detection variable for arbitrary real inputs and present an optimal as well as a suboptimal detection scheme. Furthermore, we evaluate the symbol error rate (SER) for a 4-ary ASK constellation and different detection schemes as well as oversampling factors. The SER curves show that a reliable communication can be established for higher-order ASK constellations when the oversampling factor is sufficiently high. Then, we optimize the 4-ASK constellation with respect to the SER. The results show that the minimum SER can be decreased significantly by increasing the distance between the inner and outer points of the input constellation. Finally, the results are extended to complex-valued constellations.

关键词： 1-bit quantization oversampling symbol error rate constellation optimization

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CONTINUOUS PHASE MODULATION WITH 1-bit quantization USING ADAPTIVE OVERSAMPLING 21

CONTINUOUS PHASE MODULATION WITH 1-BIT QUANTIZATION USING AD...

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IEEE Statistical Signal Processing Workshop (SSP)

作者： de Alencar, Rodrigo R. M. Landau, Lukas T. N. Pontifical Catholic Univ Rio de Janeiro Ctr Telecommun Studies BR-22453900 Rio De Janeiro Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9781728157672

Continuous phase modulation (CPM) with 1-bit quantization at the receiver is promising in terms of energy and spectral efficiency. This study proposes a mean square error (MSE) based strategy for selecting the sampling time instances of an oversampled and 1-bit quantized CPM signal. The adaptive sampling scheme is especially suitable for signals with smooth phase transitions such as given by CPM signals based on the raised cosine frequency pulse. Numerical results show that receive processing with the proposed sampling strategy outperforms the conventional receive method based on uniform sampling, while corresponding to a lower computational complexity.

关键词： 1-bit quantization oversampling continuous phase modulation adaptive sampling

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