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Levitational 3d Bioassembly and density-Based Spatial coding of Levitoids

AdVANCEd FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022年第50期32卷 2204092-2204092页

作者： Moncal, Kazim Kerim Yaman, Sena durmus, Naside Gozde Stanford Univ Sch Med Dept Radiol Mol Imaging Program Stanford MIPS Palo Alto CA 94304 USA

Self-assembly of cells into functional bioarchitectures with microscale spatial topographies are prevalent in nature. despite the advances to recapitulate the native-like microenvironment in vitro,fabrication of soft living materials with a deterministic control on the composition, functionality, and geometry, is still challenging. Here, a versatile, paramagnetically tunable, levitational biofabrication technique within a ring-magnet system, RM-LEV, is developed to assemble single cells or heterogeneous multicellular living architectures in a scaffold-free manner. The self-assembly and contactless biofabrication of multiple cell types into 3d multicellular "levitospheres" is demonstrated, where cellular positions are guided by levitation and density, simultaneously. Inherent density and diamagnetism of different cell types are leveraged to manipulate the geometry and self-assembly of levitospheres into larger complex 3d structures, termed as "levitoids". This approach is further applied to manipulate, position, and culture levitoids within a 3d hydrogel matrix under levitation, which preserves their viability and functionality. Thus, this study provides a foundation to create spatially heterogeneous 3d cellular assemblies with density-coded bio-architectures-which is not previously realized using magnetic levitation. This density-based coding approach can be beneficial to study the cross-talk between different cell types within spheroids and organoids, and be broadly applied to 3d bioprinting, tissue engineering, cancer, and neuroscience research.

关键词： 3d coding levitational bioassemblies magnetic manipulations scaffold-free biofabrications self-assemblies

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Efficient multi-view video coding using 3d motion estimation and virtual frame

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NEUROCOMPUTING 2016年第PartA期175卷 544-554页

作者： Paul, Manoranjan Charles Sturt Univ Sch Comp & Math Ctr Res Complex Syst Bathurst NSW 2795 Australia

Three dimensional (3d) i.e., multi-view extension of High Efficiency Video coding (HEVC) standard provides a better compression compared to the simulcast coding (i.e., HEVC) technique by exploiting inter- and intra-view redundancy for multi-view video coding. However, this technique imposes a random access frame delay (RAFd) problem as well as requires huge computational time. In this paper three novel techniques are proposed to overcome the problems mentioned above. Firstly, a simulcast video coding technique is proposed where each view is encoded individually using hierarchical bi-predictive structure with extra virtual reference frame generated by dynamic background modeling (popularly known as McFIS - the most common frame in a scene) of the corresponding view. Secondly a novel technique is proposed using 3d motion estimation (3dME) where a 3d frame is formed using the same temporal frames of all views and motion estimation is carried out for the current 3d frame using dual 3d reference frames. Finally, a modification of 3dME dual reference frame technique (3dME-McFIS) is proposed where 3d McFIS is used as the second reference frame. Experimental results confirm that the proposed three techniques reduce the overall computational time and reduce the RAFd problem with comparable or better rate-distortion performance compared to the HEVC-3d extension. Specifically the proposed 3dME-McFIS technique outperforms the HEVC-3d coding standard by improving 0.90 dB PSNR on average, by reducing computational time by 50%, and by reducing RAFd problem compared to the existing HEVC-3d coding standard. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 3d motion estimation 3d coding Uncovered background Multiple reference frames Hierarchical B-picture

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Resolution-independent Up-sampling for depth Map Using Fractal Transforms

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KSII TRANSACTIONS ON INTERNET ANd INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2016年第6期10卷 2730-2747页

作者： Liu, Meiqin Zhao, Yao Lin, Chunyu Bai, Huihui Yao, Chao Beijing Jiaotong Univ Inst Informat Sci Beijing 100044 Peoples R China Beijing Key Lab Adv Informat Sci & Network Techno Beijing 100044 Peoples R China

due to the limitation of the bandwidth resource and capture resolution of depth cameras, low resolution depth maps should be up-sampled to high resolution so that they can correspond to their texture images. In this paper, a novel depth map up-sampling algorithm is proposed by exploiting the fractal internal self-referential feature. Fractal parameters which are extracted from a depth map, describe the internal self-referential feature of the depth map, do not introduce inherent scale and just retain the relational information of the depth map, i.e., fractal transforms provide a resolution-independent description for depth maps and could up-sample depth maps to an arbitrary high resolution. Then, an enhancement method is also proposed to further improve the performance of the up-sampled depth map. The experimental results demonstrate that better quality of synthesized views is achieved both on objective and subjective performance. Most important of all, arbitrary resolution depth maps can be obtained with the aid of the proposed scheme.

关键词： depth up-sampling 3d coding fractal theory resolution-independent self-referential

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depth Map coding Using Histogram-Based Segmentation and depth Range Updating

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KSII TRANSACTIONS ON INTERNET ANd INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2015年第3期9卷 1121-1139页

作者： Lin, Chunyu Zhao, Yao Xiao, Jimin Tillo, Tammam Beijing Jiaotong Univ Inst Informat Sci Beijing Key Lab Adv Informat Sci & Network Beijing 100044 Peoples R China Xian Jiaotong Liverpool Univ Dept Elect & Elect Engn Suzhou 215123 Peoples R China

In texture-plus-depth format, depth map compression is an important task. different from normal texture images, depth maps have less texture information, while contain many homogeneous regions separated by sharp edges. This feature will be employed to form an efficient depth map coding scheme in this paper. Firstly, the histogram of the depth map will be analyzed to find an appropriate threshold that segments the depth map into the foreground and background regions, allowing the edge between these two kinds of regions to be obtained. Secondly, the two regions will be encoded through rate distortion optimization with a shape adaptive wavelet transform, while the edges are lossless encoded with JBIG2. Finally, a depth-updating algorithm based on the threshold and the depth range is applied to enhance the quality of the decoded depth maps. Experimental results demonstrate the effective performance on both the depth map quality and the synthesized view quality.

关键词： depth map coding 3d coding histogram-based segmentation

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3d Barcodes: Theoretical Aspects and Practical Implementation 8

3D Barcodes: Theoretical Aspects and Practical Implementatio...

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Conference on Image Processing - Machine Vision Applications VIII

作者： Gladstein, david Kakarala, Ramakrishna Baharav, Zachi Cogswell Polytechn Coll Sunnyvale CA 94089 USA Nanyang Technol Univ Singapore 639798 Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9781628414950

This paper introduces the concept of three dimensional (3d) barcodes. A 3d barcode is composed of an array of 3d cells, called modules, and each can be either filled or empty, corresponding to two possible values of a bit. These barcodes have great theoretical promise thanks to their very large information capacity, which grows as the cube of the linear size of the barcode, and in addition are becoming practically manufacturable thanks to the ubiquitous use of 3d printers. In order to make these 3d barcodes practical for consumers, it is important to keep the decoding simple using commonly available means like smartphones. We therefore limit ourselves to decoding mechanisms based only on three projections of the barcode, which imply specific constraints on the barcode itself. The three projections produce the marginal sums of the 3d cube, which are the counts of filled-in modules along each Cartesian axis. In this paper we present some of the theoretical aspects of the 2d and 3d cases, and describe the resulting complexity of the 3d case. We then describe a method to reduce these complexities into a practical application. The method features an asymmetric coding scheme, where the decoder is much simpler than the encoder. We close by demonstrating 3d barcodes we created and their usability.

关键词： Barcode 3d coding marginal sums binary matrices

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A COMPARATIVE STUdY OF 3d TRANSMISSION FORMATS FOR 4K AUTO-STEREOSCOPIC dISPLAYS

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF 3D TRANSMISSION FORMATS FOR 4K AUTO-S...

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3dTV-Conference on True Vision-Capture, Transmission and dispaly of 3d Video (3dTV-CON)

作者： Grimaldi, Lucia Wegener, Matthias Neddens, Arion Schueuer, Klaas Dolby Germany Nurnberg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781479913695

In this contribution some 3d plus depth (3d+2Z) schemes currently discussed at JCT-3V (ITU/MPEG) for the coding and transmission of 3d content are compared to the well-known and simpler 2d plus depth (2d+Z) approach, i.e. the transmission of only one view and its related depth map. The results of this comparison are presented with regard to coding performance and quality of the base and virtual views. In the light of these results, the 2d+Z format turns out to be competitive over a broad range of requirements for the delivery of consumer auto-stereoscopic 3d TV. Such a format is much easier to implement and to compress than competing 3d+2Z solutions. It can better deal with low quality depth maps and it doesn't need to bother with left-right consistencies.

关键词： 2d+Z 3d+2Z auto-stereoscopic displays multi-view rendering disparity information 3d compression 3d transmission 3d format 3d coding

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LOW dELAY STREAMING OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS

LOW DELAY STREAMING OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS

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15th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 2008)

作者： Eisert, P. Fechteler, P. Fraunhofer Inst Telecommun Heinrich Hertz Inst D-10587 Berlin Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781424417650

In this paper, we present a graphics streaming system for remote gaming in a local area network. The framework aims at creating a networked game platform for home and hotel environments. A local PC based server executes a computer game and streams the graphical output to local devices in the rooms, such that the users can play everywhere in the network. Since delay is extremely crucial in interactive gaming, efficient encoding and caching of the commands is necessary. In our system we also address the round trip time problem of commands requiring feedback from the graphics board by simulating the graphics state at the server. This results in a system that enables interactive game play over the network.

关键词： graphics streaming remote gaming 3d coding

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depth perception under motion and stereo with implications for 3d TV

Depth perception under motion and stereo with implications f...

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1st International Conference on 3dTV

作者： Cheong, Loong-Fah Natl Univ Singapore Dept Elect & Comp Engn Singapore 117576 Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9781424407217

This paper presents a theoretical model as well as relevant psychophysical studies to understand the impact that errors in the motion and stereo estimates have on shape perception. With the confidence level of the shape estimates recovered using motion or stereo under various scene configurations ascertained, a 3d TV system can adaptively select the resolution level of the 3d information to be presented to the viewers. depth cues not effective and aspect of shape not perceivable under a particular configuration can be omitted with little or no apparent adverse effect on the quality of the 3d percept.

关键词： 3d coding depth distortion motion

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Remote rendering of computer games

Remote rendering of computer games

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2nd International Conference on Signal Processing and Multimedia Applications

作者： Eisert, Peter Fechteler, Philipp Fraunhofer Inst Telecommun Einsteinufer 37 D-10587 Berlin Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9789898111135

In this paper, we present two techniques for streaming the output of computer games to an end device for remote gaming in a local area network. We exploit the streaming methods in the European project Games@Large, which aims at creating a networked game platform for home and hotel environments. A local PC based server executes a computer game and streams the graphical and audio output to local devices in the rooms, such that the users can play everywhere in the network. dependent on the target resolution of the end device, different types of streaming are addressed. For small displays, the graphical output is captured and encoded as a video stream. For high resolution devices, the graphics commands of the game are captured, encoded, and streamed to the client. Since games require significant feedback from the user, special care has to be taken to achieve these constraints for very low delays.

关键词： remote gaming graphics streaming 3d coding networking

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3d CUBE video coding using phase correlation motion estimation

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ELECTRONICS ANd COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN PART III-FUNdAMENTAL ELECTRONIC SCIENCE 2006年第5期89卷 32-38页

作者： Oguri, T Ikehara, M Nguyen, T Keio Univ Fac Sci & Technol Yokohama Kanagawa 2238522 Japan Univ Calif San Diego Dept Elect & Comp Engn La Jolla CA 92093 USA

The standardization of video coding, such as MPEG, has been based on a combination of the discrete cosine transform (dCT) and interframe motion estimation. Recently, on the other hand, there has been interest in algorithms that also apply the transform along the time axis, so that the video picture is transformed in 3d and encoded. The purpose of this paper is to utilize the correlation along the time axis more effectively. Motion estimation based on the phase correlation is introduced. A new 3d coding algorithm for video pictures is proposed in which several error frames are combined as a CUBE, and the frequency transform is also applied in the time direction. In order to encode the transformed CUBE more effectively, 3d EZW-IP (embedded zero-tree wavelet image codec based on intraband partitioning) coding, which is a 3d extension of EZW-IP coding, is applied. By computer simulation, it is shown that the method is better than MPEG2 (TMS) and the effectiveness of introducing the motion estimation is verified, indicating the usefulness of the proposed method. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： video coding 3d coding motion estimation phase correlation EZW-IP

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