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A novel node sinking algorithm for 3d coverage and connectivity in underwater sensor networks

Ad HOC NETWORKS 2017年第Mar.期56卷 43-55页

作者： Wang, Zhongsi Wang, Bang Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Sch Elect Informat & Commun Wuhan Peoples R China Bengbu Naval Petty Officer Acad Bengbu Peoples R China

This paper studies the network deployment problem for an underwater sensor network consisting of anchored nodes, which are first randomly deployed onto the ocean surface and can move only along the z-axis direction. The objective is sink these surface nodes to appropriate depths so as to maximize the three dimensional coverage under the premise of ensuring the underwater network connectivity. Our solution consists of three stages: First, based on an efficient three dimensional sphere packing pattern, we select the first batch of sinking nodes on the surface to sink toward the ideal placement locations. The selection exploits a minimum cost perfect matching of a weighted complete bipartite graph to minimize the total deviation distance. Second, we check the connectivity of the sank nodes. If they cannot form a connected network, we propose two algorithms to restore network connectivity for the underwater network. Third, the remaining surface nodes, if any, are further sank to fix coverage holes by those already sank nodes, while guaranteeing their connectivity to the underwater network. Simulation results show that compared with an optimal solution based on exhaustive search, our algorithm can achieve comparable coverage ratio, while ensuring network connectivity with significantly reduced time complexity;compared with other peer algorithms ensuring network connectivity, our algorithm can achieve higher coverage ratio. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Underwater sensor networks Node deployment 3d coverage Network connectivity 3d Voronoi polyhedron

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A Miniaturized dielectric-Resonator Phased Antenna Array with 3d-coverage for 5G Mobile Terminals 1

A Miniaturized Dielectric-Resonator Phased Antenna Array wit...

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IEEE 5G World Forum (5GWF)

作者： Zhu, Xiongzhi Zhang, Jinling Cui, Tong Zheng, Zhanqi Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun Sch Elect Engn Beijing Peoples R China Beijing Key Lab Space Ground Interconnect & Conve Beijing Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst Microelect Beijing Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781538649824

This paper presents a miniaturized dielectric resonator antenna (dRA) array of 3d-coverage for the 5G mobile terminal applications. To realize 3d-coverage beam scan with a less linear array, two subarrays are used which are placed at both ends of the substrate, respectively. Here, one subarray has 8 antenna elements and works as a phased array, and then these two subarrays are responsible for radiation on two different regions, which are vertical with the substrate. And each antenna element is a miniaturized dRA whose size is reduced to be the half of the size of the original antenna by loading the metal sheet. The simulated results show that the proposed design covers over 5 GHz bandwidth in the band of 26 GHz, and the subarray has stable gain and good directivity, and as well realizes 3d-coverage.

关键词： 5G antenna miniaturized dRA phased array 3d coverage

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coverage Hole detection and Healing to Enhance coverage and Connectivity in 3d Spaces for WSNs: A Mathematical Analysis

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WIRELESS PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS 2017年第2期96卷 2863-2876页

作者： Sangwan, Anju Singh, Rishi Pal Guru Jambheshwar Univ Sci & Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Hisar 125001 Haryana India

The coverage and connectivity are the two imperative performance metrics for the growth of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with sprouting technologies. In order to maintain these metrics, the issue of finding and healing of coverage hole is closely related to these two facts and plays a vital role in the performance improvement of the network. Many works in the past explored for 2d-WSNs, but now the time has come to investigate this matter for 3d-WSNs to reach the new heights of research and technology. In this paper, different scenarios with respect to the deployment of sensor nodes or network topology with the presence of different shaped coverage holes are discussed. Not only this, to heal these perceived holes introduction of sensor nodes having sensing radius different from initial deployed sensors has been suggested which in turn outlines the development of heterogeneous sensor networks, a keen issue with respect to technology development. This deployment of sensors to constitute heterogeneous sensor networks also influences the overall network cost in terms of cost reduction with an optimum coverage level. A mathematical analysis to give a relationship between the radii of former and later deployed sensor nodes is presented in the form of theorem. At the end, the results and discussion in order to achieve a specified level of coverage with respect to different packing patterns based on the mathematical analysis are provided. Also, some future directions to guide the researchers are discussed in this paper.

关键词： Heterogeneous sensor networks 3d coverage coverage hole Hole healing Connectivity

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An algorithm of coverage control for wireless sensor networks in 3d underwater surveillance systems

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4th International Conference on Intelligent Computing

作者： Chen, Feng Jiang, Peng Xue, Anke Hangzhou Dianzi Univ Inst Informat & Control Hangzhou Zhejiang Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9783540874409

In this paper, an algorithm of coverage control is introduced for three-dimensional underwater wireless sensor networks based on uniform deployment on surface which is suitable for water environment monitoring of wetland. Sensor nodes are uniformly deployed on surface of monitoring waters with equal interval. After deployment, sensors are lowered to appropriate depths selected by the distributed algorithm such that the maximum three-dimensional coverage of underwater sensor space is maintained. For the maximization of comprehensive index composed of coverage and average distance, simulation results reveal that our scheme outperforms two- and one-dimensional random deployment and depth random deployment under different network scale.

关键词： 3d coverage coverage control Underwater sensor networks

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Maximal Weighted coverage deployment of UAV-Enabled Rechargeable Visual Sensor Networks

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 2023年第10期24卷 11293-11307页

作者： Zhu, Xiaojian Zhou, MengChu Changshu Inst Technol Sch Comp Sci & Engn Changshu 215500 Peoples R China Zhejiang Gongshang Univ Sch Informat & Elect Engn Hangzhou 310018 Peoples R China New Jersey Inst Technol Helen & John C Hartmann Dept Elect & Comp Engn Newark NJ 07102 USA

due to the generation and transmission of video data, the high energy consumption rates of wireless nodes result in short lifetime of a visual sensor network, which has been commonly deployed in 3d space. In many applications, lots of targets need to be covered, but the budgets of both deployment and maintenance are limited. Therefore, how to maximize total weighted target coverage while prolonging network lifetime is of great significance. This work investigates the maximum weighted target coverage deployment of a rechargeable visual sensor network charged by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in 3d space, which should ensure network permanence and satisfy the budgets of both deployment and maintenance. In this problem, since UAV has a limited energy capacity, it is allowed to return to the depot for energy replenishment more than once in each charging period of wireless nodes so as to increase target coverage. After formulating this problem as a mixed integer nonlinear program, this work proposes a greedy heuristic and a particle swarm optimizer to approximately solve this NP-hard problem. Extensive simulation results reveal that the latter can deliver a better solution despite consuming more time than the former.

关键词： Visual sensor networks 3d coverage UAV scheduling node deployment wireless charging

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coverage strategies in Wireless Sensor Networks

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF dISTRIBUTEd SENSOR NETWORKS 2006年第4期2卷 333-353页

作者： Commuri, Sesh Watfa, Mohamed K. Univ Oklahoma Sch Elect & Comp Engn Norman OK 73019 USA

An energy efficient cover of a region using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is addressed in this paper. Sensor nodes in a WSN are characterized by limited power and computational capabilities, and are expected to function for extended periods of time with minimal human intervention. The life span of such networks depends on the efficient use of the available power for sensing and communication. In this paper, the coverage problem in a three dimensional space is rigorously analyzed and the minimum number of sensor nodes and their placement for complete coverage is determined. Also, given a random distribution of sensor nodes, the problem of selecting a minimum subset of sensor nodes for complete coverage is addressed. A computationally efficient algorithm is developed anal implemented in a distributed fashion. Numerical simulations show that the optimized sensor network has better energy efficiency compared to the standard random deployment of sensor nodes. It is demonstrated that the optimized WSN continues to offer better coverage of the region even when the sensor nodes start to fail over time. A localized "self healing" algorithm is implemented that wakes up the inactive neighbors of a failing sensor node. Using the "flooding algorithm" for querying the network, it is shown that the optimized WSN with integrated self healing far outweighs the performance that is obtained by standard random deployment. For the first time, a "measure of optimality" is defined that will enable the comparison of different implementations of a WSN from an energy efficiency stand point.

关键词： sensor networks 3d coverage 3d deployment optimality ad-hoc networks energy efficiency

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Multi-Robot coverage Path Planning in 3-dimensional Environments 8

Multi-Robot Coverage Path Planning in 3-Dimensional Environm...

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8th International Conference on Modern Circuit and System Technologies (MOCAST)

作者： Baras, Nikolaos dasygenis, Minas Ploskas, Nikolaos Univ Western Macedonia Dept Informat & Telecommun Engn Kozani 50131 Greece

ISBN: (纸本)9781728111841

Unmanned Vehicles are being used in several application domains, such as mapping, agriculture, and surveillance. In these application domains, the problem of finding a path that covers the entire Area of Interest (AoI) in a predefined environment is known as coverage Path Planning (CPP). Even though many works have been focused on solving the CPP problem in 2d environments, the CPP problem in 3d environments has not attracted considerable attention. In this paper, we propose an algorithm capable of solving the CPP problem both in 2d and 3d environments. The algorithm can utilize multiple robots tailoring the coverage path for each robot based on its specifications, i.e., speed and type. We have performed an experimental evaluation of the algorithm in artificially synthetic environments and report the results.

关键词： autonomous robot path planning coverage path planning 2d coverage 3d coverage

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The 3-dimensional wireless sensor network coverage problem

The 3-dimensional wireless sensor network coverage problem

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IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control

作者： Watfa, Mohamed K. Commuri, Sesh Univ Oklahoma Dept Elect Engn Norman OK 73069 USA

ISBN: (纸本)1424400651

The rapid development of wireless technologies and embedded sensing devices has made it possible for people to monitor, control and interact with the physical world via wireless sensor networks. While holding promise in a wide variety of applications, sensor networks are driven by extremely limited energy resources. This necessitates the energy aware design and operation of the sensor network. One of the fundamental issues in sensor networks is the coverage problem. In this paper, contrary to existing techniques, the coverage problem in a three dimensional space is rigorously analyzed. Given a distribution of sensor nodes, a new distributed algorithm to choose a subset of working nodes for full coverage is derived. A computationally efficient algorithm to check for complete coverage is also proposed.

关键词： energy efficiency ad-hoc and sensor networks 3d coverage

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An energy efficient and self-healing 3-dimensional sensor cover

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF Ad HOC ANd UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING 2008年第1期3卷 33-47页

作者： Watfa, Mohamed K. Commuri, Sesh Amer Univ Beirut Dept Comp Sci Beirut Lebanon Univ Oklahoma Sch Elect & Comp Engn Norman OK 73069 USA

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) promise a maintenance free, fault-tolerant platform for gathering different kinds of data. For widespread adoption of the wireless sensor technology, robustness in the event of abnormal behaviour is critical. In this paper, the coverage problem in a 3-dimensional space is studied. due to node failures or node migration, some uncovered holes are created. The problem of a self-healing sensor network in the case of coverage holes is addressed through a back up scheme where a designated substitute set of sensor nodes is activated.

关键词： wireless sensor networks WSNs 3d coverage self-healing self-organising energy efficiency optimal deployment

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How to Ensure Reliable Connectivity for Aerial Vehicles Over Cellular Networks

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IEEE ACCESS 2018年 6卷 12304-12317页

作者： Huan Cong Nguyen Amorim, Rafhael Wigard, Jeroen Kovacs, Istvan Z. Sorensen, Troels B. Mogensen, Preben E. Aalborg Univ Dept Elect Syst DK-9220 Aalborg Denmark Nokia Bell Labs DK-9220 Aalborg Denmark

Widely deployed cellular networks are an attractive solution to provide large scale radio connectivity to unmanned aerial vehicles. One main prerequisite is that co-existence and optimal performance for both aerial and terrestrial users can be provided. Today's cellular networks are, however, not designed for aerial coverage, and deployments are primarily optimized to provide good service for terrestrial users. These considerations, in combination with the strict regulatory requirements, lead to extensive research and standardization efforts to ensure that the current cellular networks can enable reliable operation of aerial vehicles in various deployment scenarios. In this paper, we investigate the performance of aerial radio connectivity in a typical rural area network deployment using extensive channel measurements and system simulations. First, we highlight that downlink and uplink radio interference play a key role, and yield relatively poor performance for the aerial traffic, when load is high in the network. Second, we analyze two potential terminal side interference mitigation solutions: interference cancellation and antenna beam selection. We show that each of these can improve the overall, aerial and terrestrial, system performance to a certain degree, with up to 30% throughput gain, and an increase in the reliability of the aerial radio connectivity to over 99%. Further, we introduce and evaluate a novel downlink inter-cell interference coordination mechanism applied to the aerial command and control traffic. Our proposed coordination mechanism is shown to provide the required aerial downlink performance at the cost of 10% capacity degradation in the serving and interfering cells.

关键词： 3d coverage aerial vehicles cellular network drone LTE interference management reliable communication propagation channel UAV

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