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Conference on sensors, Cameras, and Systems for Industrial and Scientific Applications XIV

作者： Shin, Jungsoon Kang, Byongmin Lee, Keechang Kim, James d. K. Samsung Adv Inst Technol Yongin 446712 Gyonggi Do South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9780819494320

We present a 3d ToF (Time-of-Flight) image sensor with adaptive charge subtraction scheme for background light suppression. The proposed sensor can alternately capture high resolution color image and high quality depth map in each frame. In depth-mode, the sensor requires enough integration time for accurate depth acquisition, but saturation will occur in high background light illumination. We propose to divide the integration time into N sub-integration times adaptively. In each sub-integration time, our sensor captures an image without saturation and subtracts the charge to prevent the pixel from the saturation. In addition, the subtraction results are cumulated N times obtaining a final result image without background illumination at full integration time. Experimental results with our own ToF sensor show high background suppression performance. We also propose in-pixel storage and column-level subtraction circuit for chip-level implementation of the proposed method. We believe the proposed scheme will enable 3d sensors to be used in out-door environment.

关键词： CMOS image sensor 3d image sensor time-of-flight background light suppression charge subtraction

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Proposal of a Single-Shot Multi-Frame Multi-Frequency CMOS ToF sensor 28

Proposal of a Single-Shot Multi-Frame Multi-Frequency CMOS T...

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28th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems (IEEE ICECS)

作者： Shahandashti, Peyman F. Lopez, P. Brea, V. M. Garcia-Lesta, d. Heredia-Conde, Miguel Univ Santiago de Compostela Ctr Singular Invest Tecnol Intelixentes CiTIUS Santiago De Compostela 15782 Spain Univ Siegen Ctr Sensor Syst ZESS Paul Bonatz Str 9-11 D-57076 Siegen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781728182810

A novel ToF image sensor architecture for simultaneously acquiring raw images at different modulation frequencies is introduced in this paper. The proposed approach constitutes a disruptive paradigm as it allows to obtain Fourier coefficients of the scene response function in a single-shot and free from harmonic distortion. Electrical simulations demonstrate the validity of the proposal.

关键词： 3d image sensor time-of-flight single-shot CMOS image sensor

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Fabrication of Infrared Filters for Three-dimensional CMOS image sensor Applications

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TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL ANd ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2017年第6期18卷 341-344页

作者： Lee, Myung Bok Gwangju Univ Dept Ind Technol Management Gwangju 61743 South Korea

Infrared (IR) filters were developed to implement integrated three-dimensional (3d) image sensors that are capable of obtaining both color image and depth information at the same time. The combination of light filters applicable to the 3d image sensor is composed of a modified IR cut filter mounted on the objective lens module and on-chip filters such as IR pass filters and color filters. The IR cut filters were fabricated by inorganic SiO2/TiO2 multilayered thin-film deposition using RF magnetron sputtering. On-chip IR pass filters were synthetized by dissolving various pigments and dyes in organic solvents and by subsequent patterning with photolithography. The fabrication process of the filters is fairly compatible with the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. Thus, the IR cut filter and IR pass filter combined with conventional color filters are considered successfully applicable to 3d image sensors.

关键词： 3d image sensor depth sensor Color filter Infrared filter Thin-film multilayer

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A High-PdE, Backside-Illuminated SPAd in 65/40-nm 3d IC CMOS Pixel With Cascoded Passive Quenching and Active Recharge

IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS

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IEEE ELECTRON dEVICE LETTERS 2017年第11期38卷 1547-1550页

作者： Lindner, Scott Pellegrini, Sara Henrion, Yann Rae, Bruce Wolf, Martin Charbon, Edoardo Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne Adv Quantum Architecture Grp CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland Univ Zurich Dept Neonatol Biomed Opt Res Lab CH-8091 Zurich Switzerland STMicroelect Imaging Div Edinburgh EH12 7BF Midlothian Scotland STMicroelectronics F-38926 Crolles France Delft Univ Technol Fac Elect Engn Math & Comp Sci NL-2628 CD Delft Netherlands

We present a complete pixel based on a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAd) fabricated in a backside-illuminated (BSI) 3d IC technology. The chip stack comprises an image sensing tier produced in a 65-nm image sensor technology and a data processing tier in 40-nm CMOS. Using a simple, CMOS-compatible technique, the pixel is capable of passive quenching and active recharge at voltages well above those imposed by a single transistor whilst ensuring that the reliability limits across the gate-source (VGS), gate-drain (VGd) and drain source (VdS) are not exceeded for any device. For a given technology, the circuit extends the maximum excess bias that SPAds can be operated at when using transistors as quenching elements, thus improving the SPAd sensitivity, timing performance, and photon detection probability uniformity. Implemented with 2.5-V thick oxide transistors and operated at 4.4-V excess bias, the design achieves a timing jitter of 95-ps full-width at half maximum, maximum photon detection efficiency (PdE) of 21.9% at 660 nm and 0.08% afterpulsing probability with a dead time of 8 ns. This is both the lowest afterpulsing probability at 8-ns dead time and the highest peak PdE for a BSI SPAd in a 3d IC technology to date.

关键词： Single-photon avalanche diode single-photon imaging 3d image sensor

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Stereo Matching Based on Two Cameras and One 3d image sensor

Stereo Matching Based on Two Cameras and One 3D Image Sensor

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Conference on Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision XXVIII: Algorithms and Techniques

作者： Yang, Lu Shao, Xiaowei Shibasaki, Ryosuke Wang, Rongben Univ Tokyo Ctr Spatial Informat Sci Tokyo Japan Jilin Univ Intelligent Vehicle Grp Changchun Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9780819484154

due to the problems of noise, textureless region and depth discontinuity in stereo matching, a new matching method based on two cameras and one 3d image sensor is proposed in this paper. Though the 3d image sensor can offer a depth map, it has low resolution and much noise. Therefore, it can not be used to 3d reconstruction. However, combining two cameras with one 3d image sensor and regarding the depth map as an initial sparse disparity map is an advantage method in stereo vision matching. This method can largely improve the matching accuracy and decrease the running time. Finally, a dense disparity map can be obtained. The experiment results indicate that the proposed algorithm performs well and the disparity map has more accuracy comparing with existing methods.

关键词： Stereo vision 3d image sensor Area matching Belief propagation Left-and-right consistency disparity map

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Robot Posture Generation based on Genetic Algorithm for Imitation

Robot Posture Generation based on Genetic Algorithm for Imit...

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IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)

作者： Obo, Takenori Loo, Chu Kiong Kubota, Naoyuki Univ Malaya Dept Artificial Intelligence Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Tokyo Metropolitan Univ Dept Syst Design Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781479974924

Human-like-motion performed by robots can have a contribution to exert a strong influence on human-robot interaction, because bodily expressions convey important and effective information. If the robots could adapt the features of human behavior to their motions and skills, the communication would become more smooth and natural. In this paper, we develop a posture measurement system for a robot imitation using a 3d image sensor. This paper proposes a method of robot posture generation based on a steady-state genetic algorithm (SSGA). SSGA is one of evolutionary optimization methods using selection, mutation, and crossover operators. Since SSGA is a simplified model, it is easy to implement into a real-time processing. Furthermore, we apply a continuous model of generation for an adaptive search in dynamical environment.

关键词： steady-state genetic algorithm posture generation imitation 3d image sensor

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Recent progress in 3d integration technology

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IEICE ELECTRONICS EXPRESS 2015年第7期12卷 20152001-20152001页

作者： Koyanagi, Mitsumasa Tohoku Univ New Ind Creat Hatchery Ctr Aoba Ku Sendai Miyagi 9808579 Japan

3d integration technology is the key for future LSIs with high-performance, low-power and multi-functionality. Especially, to mitigate various concerns caused by device scaling down to 10 nm or less, it is indispensable to introduce a new concept of heterogeneous 3d integration in which various kinds of materials, devices and technologies are integrated on a Si substrate. Future prospects of such a heterogeneous 3d integration technology has been discussed representing typical examples of heterogeneous 3d LSIs after the present situation of 3d integration technology is described.

关键词： 3d integration TSV heterogeneous integration 3d dRAM 3d image sensor 3d microprocessor

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An Indirect Time-of-Flight Measurement Technique for Sub-mm Range Resolution Using Impulse Photocurrent Response

An Indirect Time-of-Flight Measurement Technique for Sub-mm ...

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Conference on image sensors and Imaging Systems

作者： Usui, Takahiro Yasutomi, Keita Man, Han Sang Takasawa, Taishi Kagawa, Keiichiro Kawahito, Shoji Shizuoka Univ Hamamatsu Shizuoka 4328011 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9780819499394

This paper presents a new ToF measurement technique using an impulse photocurrent response. In the proposed technique, a laser with a short pulse width for light source, which can be regarded as an impulse input for a detector. As a result, the range calculation is determined only by photocurrent response of the detector. A test chip fabricated in a 0.11um CIS technology employs a draining- only modulation pixel, which enables a high speed charge modulation. The measurable range measured to be 50 mm within nonlinear error of 5% and the average range resolution of 0.21 mm is achieved.

关键词： CMOS image sensor 3d image sensor Time-of-Flight

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Mutual Adaptation in Neuro Fuzzy System for Human Posture Recognition

Mutual Adaptation in Neuro Fuzzy System for Human Posture Re...

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Asian Control Conference

作者： Takenori Obo Chu Kiong Loo Naoyuki Kubota Department of Artificial Intelligence University of Malaya Department of System Design Tokyo Metropolitan University

ISBN: (纸本)9781479978632

Posture recognition is one of the most important techniques for human-robot communication. If robots could read personal intention from the human postures, the communication would become more smooth and natural. Many works of human posture recognition have been published in the literature. Gesture and posture recognition by using Kinect sensor is an important technique for many types of application. In the related works, many effective techniques composed of feature extraction, classification and pattern recognition have been proposed so far. The processing components are independently designed and evaluated by their own criteria. However, it is difficult to design the components without considering the relationship between each component. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a method of mutual adaptation between information processing components for human posture recognition. In this study, we applied a Neuro-Fuzzy System (NFS) to the classification of human posture. Furthermore, we propose a learning structure that uses Evolution Strategy (ES) to tune the membership function during learning process of the neural network. The proposed method can select suitable membership functions from the candidate solutions generated in ES.

关键词： Human posture recognition Evolution strategy Neuro-fuzzy system 3d image sensor

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Single-Photon Synchronous detection

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IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLId-STATE CIRCUITS 2009年第7期44卷 1977-1989页

作者： Niclass, Cristiano Favi, Claudio Kluter, Theo Monnier, Frederic Charbon, Edoardo Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland Delft Univ Technol NL-2628 CD Delft Netherlands

Phase and intensity of light are detected simultaneously using a fully digital imaging technique: single-photon synchronous detection. This approach has been theoretically and experimentally investigated in this paper. We designed a fully integrated camera implementing the new technique that was fabricated in a 0.35 mu m CMOS technology. The camera demonstrator features a modulated light source, so as to independently capture the time-of-flight of the photons reflected by a target, thereby reconstructing a depth map of the scene. The camera also enables image enhancement of 2d scenes when used in passive mode, where differential maps of the reflection patterns are the basis for advanced image processing algorithms. Extensive testing has shown the suitability of the technique and confirmed phase accuracy predictions. Experimental results showed that the proposed rangefinder method is effective. distance measurement performance was characterized with a maximum nonlinearity error lower than 12 cm within a range of a few meters. In the same range, the maximum repeatability error was 3.8 cm.

关键词： Single-photon synchronous detection solid-state 3d imaging 3d image sensor 3d camera flash camera time-of-flight rangefinder range imaging depth sensor single-photon detector avalanche photodiode SPAd SPSd

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