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Efficient representation of disoccluded regions in 3d video coding

ANNALS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS 2025年第1-2期80卷 123-137页

作者： Farid, Muhammad Shahid Babar, Badi uz Zaman Khan, Muhammad Hassan Univ Punjab Dept Comp Sci Lahore 54590 Pakistan

Three-dimensional (3d) video technology has gained immense admiration in recent times due to its numerous applications, particularly in the television and cinema industry. Three-dimensional television (3dTV) and free-viewpoint television (FTV) are two well-known applications that provide the end-user with a real-world and high-quality 3d display. In both applications, multiple views captured from different viewpoints are rendered simultaneously to offer depth sensation to the viewer. A large number of views are needed to enable FTV. However, transmitting this massive amount of data is challenging due to bandwidth limitations. Multiview video-plus-depth (MVd) is the most popular format where in addition to color images, corresponding depth information is also available which represents the scene geometry. The MVd format with the help of depth image-based rendering (dIBR) enables the generation of views at novel viewpoints. In this paper, we introduce a panorama-based representation of MVd data with an efficient keyframe-based disocclusions handling technique. The panorama view for a stereo pair with depth is constructed from the left view and the novel appearing region of the right view which is not visible from the left viewpoint. The disocclusions that appear in the right view when obtained from the dIBR of the left view are collected in a special frame named as keyframe. On the decoder side, the left view is available with a simple crop of panorama view. The right view is obtained through dIBR of the left view combined with the appearing region from the panorama view. The disocclusions in this warped view are filled from the keyframe. The panorama view with additional keyframes and the corresponding depth map are compressed using the standard HEVC codec. The experimental evaluations performed on standard MVd sequences showed that the proposed scheme achieves excellent video quality while saving considerable bit rate compared to HEVC simulcast.

关键词： Multiview video plus depth 3d video coding Free-viewpoint TV Autostereoscopy

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3d video coding Using Just Noticeable depth difference Based on H.265/HEVC 11

3D Video Coding Using Just Noticeable Depth Difference Based...

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11th International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security (CIS)

作者： Bai, Yuejin Zhang, Yana Li, Zhaohui Commun Univ China Sch Informat Engn Beijing Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781467386609

Just noticeable depth difference (JNdd) model represents the depth sensitivity of human visual system (HVS). Human eyes have different depth sensitivity for different distance and binocular disparity information. The JNdd model indicates that human can easily perceive the depth change when an object is close to the screen plane, but less sensitive to a distant object. If the depth information is below the JNdd threshold, there are visual redundancies, and we can process a video with bigger compression ratio. In this paper, we apply Silva's JNdd model to H.265/HEVC for the color image coding. We propose a perception region division algorithm (PRdA), through which we divide the depth map into four regions with different depth. Then, the quantization parameter is adjusted depending on a visual perception threshold. Experimental results show that our color image coding scheme improves the image quality without increasing bitrates.

关键词： just noticeable depth difference (JNdd) 3d video coding rate distortion optimization

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3d video coding - An Overview of Present and Upcoming Standards

3D Video Coding - An Overview of Present and Upcoming Standa...

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Conference on Visual Communications and Image Processing (VCIP)

作者： Merkle, Philipp Mueller, Karsten Wiegand, Thomas Heinrich Hertz Inst Nachrichtentech Berlin GmbH Fraunhofer Inst Telecommun Berlin Germany Tech Univ Berlin Sch EE & CS Dept Telecommun Syst Berlin Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780819482341

An overview of existing and upcoming 3d video coding standards is given. Various different 3d video formats are available, each with individual pros and cons. The 3d video formats can be separated into two classes: video-only formats (such as stereo and multiview video) and depth-enhanced formats (such as video plus depth and multiview video plus depth). Since all these formats exist of at least two video sequences and possibly additional depth data, efficient compression is essential for the success of 3d video applications and technologies. For the video-only formats the H.264 family of coding standards already provides efficient and widely established compression algorithms: H.264/AVC simulcast, H.264/AVC stereo SEI message, and H.264/MVC. For the depth-enhanced formats standardized coding algorithms are currently being developed. New and specially adapted coding approaches are necessary, as the depth or disparity information included in these formats has significantly different characteristics than video and is not displayed directly, but used for rendering. Motivated by evolving market needs, MPEG has started an activity to develop a generic 3d video standard within the 3dVC ad-hoc group. Key features of the standard are efficient and flexible compression of depth-enhanced 3d video representations and decoupling of content creation and display requirements.

关键词： 3d video coding 3dTV H.264 standard multiview video coding video plus depth

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Object Based coding of the depth Maps for 3d video coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 2009年第3期55卷 1699-1706页

作者： de Silva, d. V. S. X. Fernando, W. A. C. Yasakethu, S. L. P. Univ Surrey I Lab Ctr Commun Syst Res Guildford GU2 7XH Surrey England

The emergence of three dimensional (3d) video applications, based on depth Image Based Rendering (dIBR) has brought lip more requirements of bandwidth, due to the need of depth information. This additional bandwidth requirement need to be tackled to enable the widespread of 3d video applications based on dIBR. Exploiting visual correlations between the color image and the depth image, in depth image coding, will reduce the requirement of high bandwidth required to transmit the additional depth information. In this paper, an object based depth image coding technique is presented which is suitable for low bit rate 3d-TV applications that are based on depth Image Based Rendering. The proposed method achieves at most 50% bit rate reduction at low bit rates.

关键词： 3d video coding depth image based rendering Object Based coding

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Reducing 3d video coding Complexity through More Efficient disparity Estimation

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 2014年第1期60卷 74-82页

作者： Micallef, Brian W. debono, Carl J. Farrugia, Reuben A. Univ Malta Dept Commun & Comp Engn CCE MSD-2080 Msida Malta Univ Malta Dept CCE MSD-2080 Msida Malta

3d video coding for transmission exploits the disparity Estimation (dE) to remove the inter-view redundancies present within both the texture and the depth map multi-view videos. Good estimation accuracy can be achieved by partitioning the macro-block into smaller sub-blocks partitions. However, the dE process must be performed on each individual sub-block to determine the optimal mode and their disparity vectors, in terms of rate-distortion efficiency. This vector estimation process is heavy on computational resources, thus, the coding computational cost becomes proportional to the number of search points and the inter-view modes tested during the rate-distortion optimization. In this paper, a solution that exploits the available depth map data, together with the multi-view geometry, is proposed to identify a better dE search area;such that it allows a reduction in its search points. It also exploits the number of different depth levels present within the current macro-block to determine which modes can be used for dE to further reduce its computations. Simulation results demonstrate that this can save up to 95% of the encoding time, with little influence on the coding efficiency of the texture and the depth map multi-view video coding. This makes 3d video coding more practical for any consumer devices, which tend to have limited computational power(1).

关键词： 3d video coding fast disparity estimation fast mode selection disparity estimation multi-view video coding

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Adaptive Bit Allocation for 3d video coding

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CIRCUITS SYSTEMS ANd SIGNAL PROCESSING 2017年第5期36卷 2102-2124页

作者： Yang, Chao An, Ping Shen, Liquan Liu, deyang Shanghai Univ Sch Commun & Informat Engn 149 Yanchang Rd Shanghai 200072 Peoples R China Key Lab Adv Display & Syst Applicat 149 Yanchang Rd Shanghai 200072 Peoples R China

In the multi-view video plus depth 3d video coding, texture image and depth map are coded jointly. The texture image is utilized for displaying and synthesizing the virtual view as reference image. The depth map provides the scene geometry information and is utilized to synthesize the virtual view at the terminal through depth-Image Based Rendering technique. The distortion of the compressed texture image and depth map will be propagated to the synthesized virtual view. Besides the coding efficiency of texture image and depth map, bit allocation between texture image and depth map also has a great effect on the synthesized virtual view quality. Several methods are proposed for bit allocation between texture image and depth map, but most of them attempt to allocate a fixed target bitrate based on virtual view distortion model to achieve optimal synthesized virtual view quality, and the modeling process brings extra complexity. In practical application, the video sequence has different contents and fixed bit ratio cannot achieve optimal performance. In this paper, we propose an adaptive bit allocation algorithm for 3d video coding. First, we present a model to estimate the synthesized virtual view distortion, and then adjust the bit ratio between adjacent views and between texture image and depth map at Group of Picture level based on the virtual view quality fluctuation. We adjust the bit ratio to achieve the optimal virtual view quality for different video contents. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can optimally allocate bits to achieve optimal virtual view quality under different target bitrates and for different video contents, and the computational complexity of the proposed algorithm is extremely low.

关键词： 3d video coding Bit allocation Rate control Virtual view distortion

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An Adaptive Error Concealment Method for depth Map in 3d video coding

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUZZY SYSTEMS 2016年第1期18卷 62-71页

作者： Lee, Pei-Jun Kuo, Kuei-Ting Natl Chi Nan Univ Dept Elect Engn Puli Taiwan

Stereoscopic images and video are synthesized from virtual views, which are produced from a real view and its depth map. However, this process involves a large amount of data which not only increases the transmission load, but also must be stored within the display devices which therefore must possess huge storage capacities. To solve these problems, the Joint video Team has developed the 3d video coding (3dVC) standard to reduce the redundant data for multiview video and its depth map through the correlation between the real view and its corresponding depth map. When depth data in the 3dVC bitstream are lost during transmission, it causes the decoded depth map to be incomplete. Then the quality of the decoded depth map is reduced and the quality of the stereoscopic video will also be decreased. To increase the reconstructed quality of the damaged macro-block, this paper proposes an adaptive error concealment selection to determine the most suitable error concealment method based on fuzzy reasoning. The temporal and spatial correlations of the damaged macro-block which are defined by the motion vectors of neighboring blocks and their depth information are used for the adaptive selection. From the simulation result, the proposed algorithm can reduce the concealing time by at least 0.15-2.86 frame/sec and can improve quality by about 0.13-0.17 dB. The proposed algorithm is suitable for the 3dVC video transmission.

关键词： 3d video coding depth map Adaptive error concealment selection Views correlation

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HEVC-based three-layer texture and depth coding for lossless synthesis in 3d video coding

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MULTIMEdIA TOOLS ANd APPLICATIONS 2020年第29-30期79卷 20929-20945页

作者： Lee, Jin Young Park, Hyun Wook Sejong Univ Sch Intelligent Mechatron Engn Seoul South Korea Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol KAIST Dept Elect Engn Daejeon South Korea

Efficient lossless coding of a texture image and its corresponding depth map is important to perform accurate view synthesis in 3d applications. In this paper, a novel HEVC-based three-layer texture and depth coding method is proposed for lossless synthesis in 3d video coding. The proposed method performs lossy and lossless texture coding in the first and second layers, respectively. A quantization parameter (QP) in the first lossy coding layer is adaptively selected for each block, based on a relationship between the first and second layers. In the third layer, the lossy depth coding is performed by using synthesis-based depth coding and texture-based depth intra prediction mode. The synthesis-based depth coding technique adopts the lossy coding but guarantees zero synthesis distortion. The texture-based depth intra prediction mode performs the depth prediction by using the associated texture information. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method obtains higher coding performance than conventional lossless coding methods.

关键词： 3d video coding depth coding HEVC Lossless coding Lossless synthesis

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Overview of the MVC + d 3d video coding standard

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JOURNAL OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION ANd IMAGE REPRESENTATION 2014年第4期25卷 679-688页

作者： Chen, Ying Hannuksela, Miska M. Suzuki, Teruhiko Hattori, Shinobu Qualcomm Inc San Diego CA 92121 USA Nokia Res Ctr Tampere 33720 Finland Sony Shinagawa Ku Tokyo 1418610 Japan

3d video services are emerging in various application domains including cinema, TV broadcasting, Blu-ray discs, streaming and smartphones. A majority of the 3d video content in market is still based on stereo video, which is typically coded with the multiview video coding (MVC) extension of the Advanced video coding (H.264/AVC) standard or as frame-compatible stereoscopic video. However, the 3d video technologies face challenges as well as opportunities to support more demanding application scenarios, such as immersive 3d telepresence with numerous views and 3d perception adaptation for heterogeneous 3d devices and/or user preferences. The Multiview video plus depth (MVd) format enables depth-image-based rendering (dIBR) of additional viewpoints in the decoding side and hence helps in such advanced application scenarios. This paper reviews the MVC + d standard, which specifies an MVC-compatible MVd coding format. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Multiview video coding MVC MVC plus d H.264 Multiview video plus depth Multiview video coding plus depth 3d video coding 3d video coding standards

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Panorama View With Spatiotemporal Occlusion Compensation for 3d video coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING 2015年第1期24卷 205-219页

作者： Farid, Muhammad Shahid Lucenteforte, Maurizio Grangetto, Marco Univ Turin Dipartimento Informat I-10124 Turin Italy Univ Punjab Lahore 54890 Pakistan

The future of novel 3d display technologies largely depends on the design of efficient techniques for 3d video representation and coding. Recently, multiple view plus depth video formats have attracted many research efforts since they enable intermediate view estimation and permit to efficiently represent and compress 3d video sequences. In this paper, we present spatiotemporal occlusion compensation with panorama view (STOP), a novel 3d video coding technique based on the creation of a panorama view and occlusion coding in terms of spatiotemporal offsets. The panorama picture represents the most of the visual information acquired from multiple views using a single virtual view, characterized by a larger field of view. Encoding the panorama video with state-of-the-art HECV and representing occlusions with simple spatiotemporal ancillary information STOP achieves high-compression ratio and good visual quality with competitive results with respect to competing techniques. Moreover, STOP enables free viewpoint 3d TV applications whilst allowing legacy display to get a bidimensional service using a standard video codec and simple cropping operations.

关键词： 3d-TV 3d video coding HEVC AVC depth image based rendering

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