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4d modelling USING VIRTUAL COLLABORATIVE PLANNING ANd SCHEdULING

JOURNAL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION 2021年 26卷 763-782页

作者： Tallgren, Mikael Viklund Roupe, Mattias Johansson, Mikael Chalmers Univ Technol Dept Architecture & Civil Engn Gothenburg Sweden

during the last decades, the introduction of Building Information Models (BIM) has opened new possibilities to ensure better communication and a shared understanding between stakeholders in construction projects. Similar benefits have been found in 4d simulations of the schedule. While BIM and 4d use has seen a steady increase, the potential benefits have not fully been realised, primarily due to tools not supporting and enabling the full potential of collaborative stakeholder involvement in scheduling. The benefits of 4d simulations come from improving communication between stakeholders. While traditional 4d modelling connects an existing BIM model with an existing schedule, a move from this type of passive 4d visualisation toward social co-creation enables all stakeholders to be involved in the scheduling process. This connection is further enhanced with the use of Virtual Reality (VR). Recent research has shown VR to enhance understanding and perception of the space and details and, thus, a better understanding of the project. This paper maps collaborative planning and scheduling method and traditional 4d scheduling using process modelling. This mapping is followed by implementing the 4d collaborative planning and scheduling method in the virtual project planning system with support for a multi-user interactive VR environment. The system enables social co-creation both during the planning and scheduling and during 4d modelling;it improves understanding of the project and the planning and scheduling.

关键词： 4d modelling planning and scheduling Collaborative work Virtual Reality Head-mounted displays

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4d modelling of low visibility Underwater Archaeological excavations using multi-source photogrammetry in the Bulgarian Black Sea

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JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018年 100卷 120-129页

作者： Pacheco-Ruiz, Rodrigo Adams, Jonathan Pedrotti, Felix Univ Southampton Ctr Maritime Archaeol Highfield Southampton SO17 1BF Great Britain England

This paper introduces the applicability of underwater photogrammetric survey within challenging conditions as the main tool to enhance and enrich the process of documenting archaeological excavation through the creation of 4d models. Photogrammetry was being attempted on underwater archaeological sites at least as early as the 1970s' and today the production of traditional 3d models is becoming a common practice within the discipline. Photogrammetry underwater is more often implemented to record exposed underwater archaeological remains and less so as a dynamic interpretative tool. Therefore, it tends to be applied in bright environments and when underwater visibility is > 1 m, reducing its implementation on most submerged archaeological sites in more turbid conditions. Recent years have seen significant development of better digital photographic sensors and the improvement of optical technology, ideal for darker environments. Such developments, in tandem with powerful processing computing systems, have allowed underwater photogrammetry to be used by this research as a standard recording and interpretative tool. Using multi-source photogrammetry (5, GoPro5 Hero Black cameras) this paper presents the accumulation of daily (4d) underwater surveys carried out in the Early Bronze Age (3300 BCE) to Late Ottoman (17th Century Ad) archaeological site of Ropotamo in the Bulgarian Black Sea under challenging conditions (< 0.5 m visibility). It proves that underwater photogrammetry can and should be used as one of the main recording methods even in low light and poor underwater conditions as a way to better understand the complexity of the underwater archaeological record.

关键词： 4d modelling Black sea Maritime archaeology Underwater photogrammetry Bronze age Low visibility

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4d modelling in Cultural Heritage 1

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IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology, and Innovation

作者： doulamis, Anastasios doulamis, Nikolaos Protopapadakis, Eftychios Voulodimos, Athanasios Ioannides, Marinos Natl Tech Univ Athens 15773 Zografou Athens Greece Cyprus Univ Technol CY-3036 Lemesos Cyprus

ISBN: (数字)9783319757896

ISBN: (纸本)9783319757896;9783319757889

This chapter describes the main research outcomes and achievements of 4d modelling in cultural heritage. 4d digital modelling implies the creation of precise time-varying 3d reconstructions of cultural heritage objects to capture temporal geometric variations/distortions, i.e., a spatio-temporal assessment. The key research challenge for 4d modelling, was the data collection over heterogeneous unstructured web resources. Such "in the wild" data include outliers and significant noise, since they have not been created for 3d modelling and reconstruction purposes. In addition, GPS and geo-information is limited or non-existent. However, such data allow for a massive reconstruction of the content even for monuments that have been destroyed due to natural phenomena or humans' interventions. The key outcomes include (i) a Twitter-based 3d modelling of CH objects so as to reconstruct CH monuments and sites from unstructured image content, (ii) the development of a search engine and a (iii) recommendation system for different CH actors (curators, conservators, researchers), (iv) 3d reconstruction of the historic city of Calw in Germany, (v) the creation of a 3d virtual environment in real-time and (vi) launch of a 4d viewer enabling the easy handling of the 3d geometry plus the time. The results show the main innovation of the proposed 4d dimension, i.e., the time in precise modelling of the rich geometric content of the monuments.

关键词： 4d modelling Tangible cultural heritage 3d reconstruction, tweets analysis and recommendation systems

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Selective 4d modelling framework for spatial-temporal Land Information Management System 3

Selective 4D modelling framework for spatial-temporal Land I...

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3rd International Conference on Remote Sensing and Geoinformation of the Environment (RSCy)

作者： doulamis, Anastasios Soile, Sofia doulamis, Nikolaos Chrisouli, Christina Grammalidis, Nikos dimitropoulos, Kosmas Manesis, Charalambos Potsiou, Chryssy Ioannidis, Charalabos Natl Tech Univ Athens Athens Greece Ctr Res & Technol Hellas Informat Technol Inst Thessaloniki Greece Geosyst Hellas Athens Greece

ISBN: (纸本)9781628417005

This paper introduces a predictive (selective) 4d modelling framework where only the spatial 3d differences are modelled at the forthcoming time instances, while regions of no significant spatial-temporal alterations remain intact. To accomplish this, initially spatial-temporal analysis is applied between 3d digital models captured at different time instances. So, the creation of dynamic change history maps is made. Change history maps indicate spatial probabilities of regions needed further 3d modelling at forthcoming instances. Thus, change history maps are good examples for a predictive assessment, that is, to localize surfaces within the objects where a high accuracy reconstruction process needs to be activated at the forthcoming time instances. The proposed 4d Land Information Management System (LIMS) is implemented using open interoperable standards based on the CityGML framework. CityGML allows the description of the semantic metadata information and the rights of the land resources. Visualization aspects are also supported to allow easy manipulation, interaction and representation of the 4d LIMS digital parcels and the respective semantic information. The open source 3dCitydB incorporating a PostgreSQL geo-database is used to manage and manipulate 3d data and their semantics. An application is made to detect the change through time of a 3d block of plots in an urban area of Athens, Greece. Starting with an accurate 3d model of the buildings in 1983, a change history map is created using automated dense image matching on aerial photos of 2010. For both time instances meshes are created and through their comparison the changes are detected.

关键词： Land Information Management System 4d modelling Selective modelling CityGML Visualization

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4d Bridge Information modelling for management of bridge projects: a case study from India

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BUILT ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ANd ASSET MANAGEMENT 2020年第3期10卷 423-435页

作者： Vilventhan, Aneetha Rajadurai, R. Natl Inst Technol Dept Civil Engn Warangal Telangana India

Purpose The rapid development of the construction industry requires effective ways to monitor and control the project, and the use of 4d BIM is found to be very efficient. The purpose of this paper is to consider development, application and evaluation of 4d Bridge Information modelling (BrIM) models for an ongoing bridge project. design/methodology/approach An ethnographic action-based case study research methodology is adopted in this study. An ongoing bridge construction project in India is chosen and the 4d BrIM application is evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively using planned percentage complete (PPC) measurements and semi-structured interviews, respectively. Findings The evaluation of the case study shows an increase in PPC values from 26.5 to 56.4 per cent after implementation of 4d BrIM in the project. The application of 4d BrIM in the construction phase benefits the project team in material delivery planning, project monitoring and control, construction schedule improvement, documentation and coordination. Originality/value Studies have contributed towards the development and implementation of 3d BrIM models for bridge projects. Limited efforts have been taken to analyse how 4d BrIM models help in the overall management of bridge projects. This study adds value to the existing literature through development, implementation and systematic qualitative and quantitative evaluation of 4d BrIM models.

关键词： Case study BIM 4d modelling Bridge Information modelling Bridge management Project monitoring and control

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Attempt of UAV oblique images and MLS point clouds for 4d modelling of roadside pole-like objects 14

Attempt of UAV oblique images and MLS point clouds for 4D mo...

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Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring XIV

作者： Lin, Yi West, Geoff Peking Univ Inst Remote Sensing & Geog Informat Syst Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Curtin Univ Technol Cooperat Res Ctr Spatial Informat Dept Spatial Sci Perth WA 6708 Australia

ISBN: (纸本)9781628413298

The state-of-the-art remote sensing technologies, namely Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) based oblique imaging and Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) show great potential for spatial information acquisition. This study investigated the combination of the two data sources for 4d modelling of roadside pole-like objects. The data for the analysis were collected by the Microdrone md4-200 UAV imaging system and the Sensei MLS system developed by the Finnish Geodetic Institute. Pole extraction, 3d structural parameter derivation and texture segmentation were deployed on the oblique images and point clouds, and their results were fused to yield the 4d models for one example of pole-like objects, namely lighting poles. The combination techniques proved promising.

关键词： 4d modelling UAV oblique imaging MLS pole-like object

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User-centred design for collaborative 4d modelling

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Construction Innovation 2014年第4期14卷 493-517页

作者： Zhou, Wei Heesom, david Georgakis, Panagiotis Tah, Joseph H.M. Building Research Establishment Ltd Watford United Kingdom School of Technology University of Wolverhampton Wolverhampton United Kingdom Department of Real Estate and Construction Faculty of Design Technology and Environment Oxford Brookes University Oxford United Kingdom

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to clarify the CSCW in collaborative 4d modelling and its user interface (UI)/interaction designs for prototyping. Four-dimensional (4d) modelling technology has potentials to integrate geographically dispersed planners to achieve collaborative construction planning. However, applying this technology in teamwork remains a challenge in computer-supported collaborative work (CSCW).;design/methodology/approach - The research adopted user-centred design (UCd) methodology to investigate a usable 4d collaboration prototype through analysis, design and usability testing. By applying CSCW theories, it first clarified the meaning of 4d CSCW to formulate design propositions as design target. By leveraging UCd theories, subsequently, the first-stage research sought an optimal standalone 4d modelling prototype following a parallel design approach. At the second stage, it further investigated into a collaborative 4d modelling prototype using an iterative design. It adopted collaborative task analysis into the UI/interaction design extension for a collaborative prototype based on results obtained from the first stage. The final usability testing was performed on the collaborative prototype to evaluate the designed CSCW and UI in a controlled geographically dispersed teamwork situation.;Findings - The test results and user feedback verified their usability. It also disclosed design weaknesses in collaborators' awareness and smooth tasks' transitions for further enhancement.;Originality/value - The combination of CSCW and UCd theories is practical for designing collaborative 4d modelling. It can also benefit designs for collaborative modelling in other dimensions like cost analysis, sustainable design, facility management, etc. in building information modelling. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

关键词： 4d modelling BIM Construction CSCW UCd Usability testing

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Topological Representation of a 4d Cell Complex and Its dual-Feasibility Study

Topological Representation of a 4D Cell Complex and Its Dual...

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18th International 3d GeoInfo Conference

作者： Boguslawski, Pawel Wroclaw Univ Environm & Life Sci Inst Geodesy & Geoinformat Grunwaldzka 53 PL-50357 Wroclaw Poland

ISBN: (纸本)9783031437014;9783031436994;9783031436987

Representations of an object in different granularity using the Level of detail concept are usually separated without links between corresponding components. Extension of a 3d model to the fourth dimension opens new possibilities for spatial analysis. Integration of scale using additional spatial dimension can help in scale-dependent analysis and preserving consistency, especially in case of model updates. In this paper, an extended version of the dual half-edge structure for topological representation of 4d cell complexes is proposed. This feasibility study shows implementation of the Poincare duality theorem in practice. Thanks to that, the data structure remains simple, where only two atomic elements are used in a construction process i.e. nodes and edges. This solution lays the groundwork for future research, where topological links in the fourth dimension will be used to connect consecutive object representations of different granularity.

关键词： 4d modelling data structures Topology Levels of detail

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Spatial-temporal patterns of self-organization: A dynamic 4d model for redeveloping the post-zoning city

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ENVIRONMENT ANd PLANNING B-URBAN ANALYTICS ANd CITY SCIENCE 2022年第3期49卷 1005-1023页

作者： Levine, daphna Sussman, Shai Aharon-Gutman, Meirav Technion Israel Inst Technol Fac Architecture & Town Planning Technion Haifa Israel

Time is the main axis for understanding the functional, economic, and social aspects of self-organized redevelopment. When such processes are intensive and are conducted contemporaneously by large numbers of urban agents on different spatial and temporal scales and as a result of different motivations, urban planning is fragmented into multiple simultaneous and unexpected projects. The post-zoning era in urban planning stemmed from a recognition of this kind of complexity of urban dynamics and the need for a flexible planning system. Web-based geographic information systems (GIS) and planning support systems (PSS) are employed widely as digital tools to support planning practices. Still, the solutions tend to be isolated implementations that do not achieve sophisticated management of the complex temporal-spatial urban dynamics of self-organization. To this end, the article presents a useful set of multidimensional (2d, 3d, and 4d) planning tools that can be implemented by municipal planning departments to improve planning practices with relative ease. This toolbox facilitates the real-time updating of changes to individual buildings and allows all parties to see where delays are occurring, where they are impacting one another, and where environments of accelerated development are evolving in nearby urban plots. Identifying redevelopment clusters enables the formulation of an urban time-based planning policy. Using a spatial-temporal toolbox for planning, we argue, can facilitate recognition of the potential of self-organization as the leading form of contemporary urban planning.

关键词： Comprehensive planning self-organization urban redevelopment 4d modelling space-time GIS planning support system online participatory tools Israel

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4d history of the Nimbus VHMS ore deposit in the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia

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PRECAMBRIAN RESEARCH 2020年 337卷 105536-000页

作者： Barrote, Vitor Tessalina, Svetlana McNaughton, Neal Jourdan, Fred Hollis, Steven P. Ware, Bryant Zi, Jian-Wei Curtin Univ John de Laeter Ctr Inst Geosci Res TIGeR Kent St Bentley WA 6102 Australia Curtin Univ Sch Earth & Planetary Sci GPO Box U1987 Perth WA 6845 Australia Univ Coll Dublin iCRAG Dublin 4 Ireland Univ Coll Dublin Sch Earth Sci Dublin 4 Ireland China Univ Geosci State Key Lab Geol Proc & Mineral Resources 388 Lumo Rd Wuhan Hubei Peoples R China

due to its unique mineralogy in the Archaean Yilgarn Craton, the origin of the high-grade Nimbus Ag-Zn.(Au) deposit has been contentious for a number of years. Recent interpretations of the deposit as a shallow water and low temperature volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) deposit with epithermal characteristics (i.e. a hybrid bimodal-felsic deposit), were based on detailed studies of its volcanology, mineralogy, hydrothermal alteration assemblages, geochemistry, multiple S isotopes and trace element content of sulphide. However, this model has been questioned in favour of a late, epithermal fault-hosted system. Effective greenfields exploration for similar deposits elsewhere requires a robust deposit model, and well understood timing of ore formation. We present a comprehensive multi-disciplinary study to further constrain the processes involved in the evolution of Nimbus and generate a 4d evolutionary model of the system. Host rock dacite formation is well constrained by SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology to c. 2703 Ma. Re-Os ages for the first sulphide phase, gives an imprecise maximum age to the ore formation of 2682 +/- 110 Ma. High precision Pb-isotope variations in ore-stage and late galenas track changes in the sulphides over time, complemented by new geochronology. The Pb-isotope data indicates that the polymetallic ore precipitation happened at the same time as the volcanism, with the second generation indicating minor, local remobilisation of Pb in late quartz-carbonate veins at c. 2630 Ma. 40Ar/39Ar dating of sericite-altered plagioclase from foliated dacite, and U-Pb SHRIMP dating of syn- to post-deformation monazites have yielded ages of similar to 2630 Ma. The late event at c. 2630 Ma is most likely related to widespread late low-Ca granite emplacement across the Eastern Goldfields. This study provides arguments that suggest that Nimbus is a syn-volcanic deposit. The ore timing is consistent with the model of replacement-type VHMS deposit, with the a

关键词： Volcanic-hosted massive sulphide Archaean Geochronology 4d modelling Isotopes geochemistry

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