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SSRN 2023年

作者： Fu, Xiaoxin Wang, Xinming Liu, Tengyu He, Quanfu Zhang, Zhou Zhang, Yanli Song, Wei Dai, Qunwei Chen, Shu Dong, Faqin Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle Ministry of Education Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang621010 China State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou510640 China Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences School of Atmospheric Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing210023 China Institute for Energy and Climate Research IEK-8 Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich52425 Germany

Wintertime fine particle (PM2.5) pollution remains to be perplexing air quality problems in many parts of China. In this study, PM2.5 compositions and aerosol acidity at different pollution levels at an urban cite in the southwest China’s Sichuan Basin were investigated during a sustained winter haze *** matter was the most abundant component of PM2.5, followed by nitrate, sulfate and and ammonium. Shares of organic aerosol in PM2.5 mass decreased with the elevated PM2.5 levels, while the enhancements of sulfate and secondary organic aerosol were much less than that of nitrate and ammonium during heavy pollution with increased ratios of nitrate to sulfate, implying a significant role of nitrate in the haze formation. Results also suggest the nighttime chemistry might contribute substantially to the formation of nitrate under severe pollutions. The daily average aerosol pH showed a decreasing trend with the elevated levels of PM2.5, and this increased aerosl acidity was mainly due to the fast rising secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) concentration, with the increase in hydronium ion concentration in air (Hair+) surpassing the dilution effect of elevated aerosol liquid water content (LWC). Thermodynamic model calculations revealed that the air environment was NH3-rich with total NHx (NH3+NH4+) greater than required NHx, and the aerosol pH exponentially declined with the decreasing excess NHx (p＜0.01). This study demonstrated that under air stagnation and NH3-rich environment during winter, the raised relative humidity (RH) would lead to an increase in LWC and thereby facilitate the aqueous chemistry processes with the neutralization capacity of NH3 to form sulfate and nitrate, which would further increase the LWC and lower the pH. This self-amplifying SIA formation might be crucial to the severe PM2.5 pollution and haze events during winter, and therefore cutting both NOx and NH3 emissions would benefit stopping the self-amplification. © 2023, The Authors.

关键词： aerosols

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A Novel Design Strategy to Confine the Transmission of Exhaled aerosols: An Integrated Experimental-Numerical Investigation

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Wang, Yongxin Liu, Zhijian Liu, Haiyang Xiao, Xia He, Junzhou Li, Shiyue Liang, Zhenyu Department of Power Engineering North China Electric Power University Beijing071003 China The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou510120 China

The partition is a device that can effectively suppress the spread of aerosols. It has been widely used in public places such as restaurants and shopping malls during the COVID-19 pandemic. Inspired by that, this study explored a strategy for setting up partial partitions in negative pressure isolation wards to limit the diffusion of bioaerosol. In this study, Serratia marcescens was used as bioaerosol releasing material to study the bioaerosol distribution. Computational fluid dynamics method was used to further explore the interrupted effect of five partition strategies on aerosol diffusion in the isolation ward. The flow patterns in the ward and the spatiotemporal distribution of aerosols were obtained and analyzed. The results showed that the best strategy could increase bioaerosol removal effectiveness index from 0.569 to 0.696, which accelerated the bioaerosol removal. Only selecting a reasonable size and installation position, can the partial partition play a positive role in the interruption of aerosol diffusion. Moreover, small-area partial partition can achieve efficient control of bioaerosol diffusion as well. This study could provide reference for the design of isolation wards or the optimization and renovation of isolation wards. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： aerosols

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Warm-phase spectral-bin microphysics in ICON: reasons of sensitivity to aerosols

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ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH 2022年 279卷

作者： Khain, Pavel Shpund, Jacob Levi, Yoav Khain, Alexander Israeli Meteorol Serv Bet Dagan Israel Pacific Northwest Natl Lab Richland WA 99352 USA Hebrew Univ Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel

The warm-phase version of the Spectral-Bin Microphysics (SBM) scheme has been implemented into the ICON model and has been tested in a supercell storm simulation. The results of two-moment (2M) bulk scheme which exists in ICON and SBM were compared in all aspects related to warm processes, especially with regards to sensitivity to aerosols. In all simulations a strong storm with maximum updrafts exceeding 25 m/s was simulated. The maximum vertical velocity in the 2M bulk scheme does not depend on aerosols. However, the maximum vertical velocity in SBM with high aerosol concentration was found substantially higher than in the case of low aerosol concentration. Despite the insensitivity of maximum vertical velocity to aerosols, the microphysics of the 2M scheme is sensitive to aerosols. Both SBM and 2M schemes showed faster rain formation in case of low aerosol concen-tration;both schemes indicate that first raindrops form when the mean volume radius exceeds ~15 mu m. In both schemes the first raindrops form near cloud top in an undiluted core and fall along the cloud edges at the mature stage. At the decaying stage, raindrops fall through the cloud core. The zone of rainfall at the lower few kilo-meters coincides with the zones of strong downdrafts. A substantial effect of aerosols on intensity and spatial distribution of precipitation was found. In the case of low aerosol concentration raindrops form earlier and at lower altitudes. As a result, the area covered by rain is lower, but the maximum of the rain intensity is higher than in case of high aerosol concentration. Finally, we discuss the hindering effects of large supersaturation via mass loading on the cloud development in case of low aerosol concentration, and examine the validity of the well-known saturation adjustment procedure.

关键词： Numerical modelling Cloud microphysics Spectral bin microphysics aerosols Precipitation

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15-Year Analysis of Direct Effects of Total and Dust aerosols in Solar Radiation/Energy over the Mediterranean Basin

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REMOTE SENSING 2022年第7期14卷 1535页

作者： Papachristopoulou, Kyriakoula Fountoulakis, Ilias Gkikas, Antonis Kosmopoulos, Panagiotis G. Nastos, Panagiotis T. Hatzaki, Maria Kazadzis, Stelios Natl & Kapodistrian Univ Athens LACAE NKUA Dept Geol & Environm Sect Geog & Climatol Lab Climatol & Atmospher Environm Athens 15784 Greece Natl Observ Athens IAASARS NOA Inst Astron Astrophys Space Applicat & Remote Sen Athens 15236 Greece World Radiat Ctr Phys Meteorol Observatorium Davos CH-7260 Davos Switzerland Natl Observ Athens IERSD NOA Inst Environm Res & Sustainable Dev Athens 15236 Greece

The direct radiative effects of atmospheric aerosols are essential for climate, as well as for other societal areas, such as the energy sector. The goal of the present study is to exploit the newly developed ModIs Dust AeroSol (MIDAS) dataset for quantifying the direct effects on the downwelling surface solar irradiance (DSSI), induced by the total and dust aerosol amounts, under clear-sky conditions and the associated impacts on solar energy for the broader Mediterranean Basin, over the period 2003-2017. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) and dust optical depth (DOD) derived by the MIDAS dataset, along with additional aerosol and dust optical properties and atmospheric variables, were used as inputs to radiative transfer modeling to simulate DSSI components. A 15-year climatology of AOD, DOD and clear-sky global horizontal irradiation (GHI) and direct normal irradiation (DNI) was derived. The spatial and temporal variability of the aerosol and dust effects on the different DSSI components was assessed. Aerosol attenuation of annual GHI and DNI were 1-13% and 5-47%, respectively. Over North Africa and the Middle East, attenuation by dust was found to contribute 45-90% to the overall attenuation by aerosols. The GHI and DNI attenuation during extreme dust episodes reached 12% and 44%, respectively, over particular areas. After 2008, attenuation of DSSI by aerosols became weaker mainly because of changes in the amount of dust. Sensitivity analysis using different AOD/DOD inputs from Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) reanalysis dataset revealed that using CAMS products leads to underestimation of the aerosol and dust radiative effects compared to MIDAS, mainly because the former underestimates DOD.

关键词： aerosols dust direct radiative effects solar energy Mediterranean Basin

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Interannual crisscross pattern observed in South Asian monsoon rainfall and its relationship with aerosols

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ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH 2022年 271卷

作者： Raja, Boragapu Maheskumar, R. S. Padmakumari, B. Devi, S. Sunitha Indian Inst Trop Meteorol Dr Homi Bhabha Rd Pune 411008 Maharashtra India Savitribai Phule Pune Univ Dept Atmospher & Space Sci Ganeshkhind Rd Pune 411008 Maharashtra India Minist Earth Sci Lodhi Rd New Delhi 110003 India Indian Meteorol Dept Lodhi Rd New Delhi 110003 India Indian Meteorol Dept Pune 411005 Maharashtra India

This study examines the interannual variability of South Asian summer monsoon rainfall (SAMR) using a linear trend analysis for the recent 17-year period from 2000 to 2016. The trends in SAMR analyzed from multiple rainfall datasets show a unique crisscross like pattern over South Asia and its surrounding oceans. Significant positive trends in SAMR occur over the middle and south Bay of Bengal (BOB) and North-West India (NWI) aligned in SE-NW direction. Similarly, significant negative trends are observed over North-East India and head Bay of Bengal (NEI) as well as over the middle and south Arabian Sea (AS) oriented in SW-NE direction. Western Ghats make an exception to this pattern, where significant positive trends have been observed. Interestingly, the trends in aerosol optical depth (AOD) for the same period closely follow the trends in SAMR. The relationship of AOD averaged over each of the significant aerosol trend regions with the SAMR suggest aerosol induced suppression in moisture transport from a region covering Southern Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal played a dominant role over the negative trend regions. However, the decreased aerosols over the Northwest India due to significant positive trends in rainfall reduced dust transport from the Arabian Peninsula towards eastern parts of South Asia resulting in an increase in anthropogenic aerosols from local sources. This caused significant drying over the NEI and AS regions through aerosol indirect effects. Further, Aerosol direct radiative effects due to natural and anthropogenic sources inferred from the climate forcing estimates confirmed their role in positive trends and the indirect effects inferred from satellite cloud products depicted a strong association with negative trends, thus maintaining the observed crisscross pattern.

关键词： aerosols Crisscross Pattern South Asian summer monsoon rainfall Interannual variability

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Vertical Distribution and Source Analysis of aerosols, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Formaldehyde in the Island and Inland Regions Over the Yangtze River Delta, China

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Ou, Jinping Hu, Qihou Xing, Chengzhi Zhu, Yizhi Feng, Jiaxuan Ji, Xiangguang Wang, Xinqi Lin, Hua Liu, Cheng The Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences School of Public Health Anhui Medical University Anhui Hefei230032 China Key Lab of Environmental Optics and Technology Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei230031 China School of Environmental Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou215009 China Anhui University Institute of Material Science and Information Technology Hefei230601 China Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province Anhui University Anhui Hefei230601 China Anhui Provincial Academy of Eco-Environmental Science Research Hefei230071 China School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology University of Science and Technology of China Hefei230026 China Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation University of Science and Technology of China Hefei230026 China Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment Institute of Urban Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen361021 China Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes University of Science and Technology of China Hefei230026 China

In order to explore the regional distribution characteristics of air pollutants in the Yangtze River Delta region (YRD), Zhoushan (ZS) and Nanjing (NJ) regions were selected as the representatives of the island and inland regions, respectively. This study investigated the summertime vertical distributions and source distributions of aerosols, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and formaldehyde (HCHO) in the YRD from May to July 2019 using multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS), Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), and potential source contribution function (PSCF) models. The results showed that the aerosol extinction coefficients in the YRD region exhibited a Gaussian distribution, whereas those of NO2 and HCHO decreased exponentially. However, NO2 and HCHO showed high values in the 1.5-3 km range, which regional transmission contributions may have influenced. Affected by the different intensities of traffic emission sources, aerosols, NO2, and HCHO in the island and inland regions show different diurnal variation characteristics. Moreover, HCHO in the ZS and NJ sites was significantly higher on weekends than on weekdays, indicating that HCHO in the YRD was significantly affected by human activities. The vertical meteorological profile and correlation analysis confirmed that the ZS site was significantly affected by sea breezes. In addition, aerosols, NO2, and HCHO in Nanjing were greatly affected by transportation from inland regions. The aerosols of Zhoushan were easily affected by the transport of pollutants in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea, whereas NO2 and HCHO were greatly affected by the transport contribution of the inland surrounding regions. This study provides significant guidance for preventing and controlling air pollutants on islands and inland regions. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： aerosols

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Seasonal variations of diurnal cycles of aerosols and gases in the Fukuoka Plain, Japan: Effects of local meteorology and atmospheric chemistry

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ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 2022年 289卷

作者： Hara, Keiichiro Takashima, Hisahiro Yoshino, Ayako Takami, Akinori Nishita-Hara, Chiharu Fujiyoshi, Yasushi Hayashi, Masahiko Fukuoka Univ Fac Sci Dept Earth Syst Sci Fukuoka Japan Natl Inst Environm Studies Tsukuba Japan Fukuoka Univ Fukuoka Inst Atmospher Environm & Hlth Fukuoka Japan Hokkaido Univ Sapporo Japan

Simultaneous measurements of wind profiles and of atmospheric substances such as aerosols and reactive gases were conducted at Fukuoka University in the western urban area of Japan to elucidate relations between local circulation and variations of aerosols and gases. Spatial variations of wind speed and direction over the Fukuoka Plain were measured using Doppler LIDAR. Some atmospheric substances such as black carbon, organic carbon, CO, and NOx were found to have maxima in morning (07-11 JST) and evening (18-20 JST), when diurnal cycles of wind direction and speed were observed near the surface. Doppler LIDAR data indicated clearly that the diurnal cycles of wind profiles were associated with sea breezes and land breezes over the Fukuoka Plain. The diurnal variations of aerosols and gases might be attributed to local anthropogenic emissions such as vehicle exhaust from Fukuoka city and vessels in the Hakata Bay and the sea and land breeze cycles. Strengths of morning peaks and evening peaks showed clear seasonal changes, with stronger peaks during the colder seasons and weaker peaks during the warmer and hot months. Slopes related to BC, OC, NOx, and CO were found to have seasonal changes. These seasonal changes were associated with the presence of a surface inversion layer in colder seasons, efficient photochemical reactions in the summer, and changes of fuel emission factors.

关键词： aerosols NOx PM2.5 Black carbon Sea breeze Land breeze

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Effect of Anthropogenic aerosols on Wheat Production in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain

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ATMOSPHERE 2022年第11期13卷 1896-1896页

作者： Shrestha, Shreemat Peel, Murray C. Moore, Graham A. Gaydon, Donald S. Poulton, Perry L. Dutta, Swaraj K. Univ Melbourne Dept Infrastruct Engn Melbourne Vic 3010 Australia CSIRO Agr & Food Queensland Biosci Precinct St Lucia Qld 4067 Australia Bihar Agr Univ Fac Agr Dept Agron Sabour 813210 Bihar India

The Indo Gangetic Plain (IGP) is a food basket of South Asia and is considered a hotspot for air pollution due to persistently high emissions of anthropogenic aerosols. High levels of aerosols in the IGP not only affect the health of people but also the health of the natural system and the climate of the region. Aerosol effects on crop production in the IGP is an emerging area of interest for policymakers and the scientific community due to their possible effect on the food security and livelihood of millions of people in the region. To investigate the effect of anthropogenic aerosols on wheat production in the eastern IGP, we used a calibrated and validated Agricultural Production System Simulator (APSIM) model at nodes in Bangladesh, India and Nepal, 2015-2017. The effects of anthropogenic aerosols on wheat production were examined by running the APSIM model under three conditions: firstly, the condition with anthropogenic aerosols, using the observed meteorological data;secondly, the condition without anthropogenic aerosols, considering only the radiative effect of anthropogenic aerosols (adding the reduced radiation due to anthropogenic aerosols on the observed data);thirdly, the condition without anthropogenic aerosols, considering the radiation as well as temperature effects (by adding the reduced solar radiation and temperature due to anthropogenic aerosols on the observed data). The study revealed that, on average, anthropogenic aerosols reduced the wheat grain yield, biomass yield, and crop evapotranspiration by 11.2-13.5%, 21.2-22%, and 13.5-15%, respectively, when considering the 2015-2017 seasons at the target sites of eastern IGP. The study also showed an average reduction of more than 3.2 kg per capita per annum of wheat production in the eastern IGP due to anthropogenic aerosols, which has a substantial effect on food security in the region. Moreover, the loss of wheat grain yield due to anthropogenic aerosols in the eastern IGP is estimated to be mor

关键词： APSIM eastern IGP wheat aerosols SRSFI crop model

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Tracing natural and anthropogenic sources of aerosols to the Atlantic Ocean using Zn and Cu isotopes

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CHEMICAL GEOLOGY 2022年 610卷

作者： Packman, Hollie Little, Susan H. Baker, Alex R. Bridgestock, Luke Chance, Rosie J. Coles, Barry J. Kreissig, Katharina Rehkaemper, Mark van de Flierdt, Tina Imperial Coll London Grantham Inst Climate Change & Environm Sci & Solut Changing Planet Doctoral Training Part Exhibit Rd South Kensington London SW7 2AZ England Imperial Coll London Dept Earth Sci & Engn South Kensington Campus London SW7 England UCL Dept Earth Sci Gower St London WC1E 6BT England Univ East Anglia Ctr Ocean & Atmospher Sci Sch Environm Sci Norwich Res Pk Norwich NR4 7TJ England Univ Cambridge Dept Earth Sci Downing St Cambridge CB2 3EQ England Univ York Dept Chem Wolfson Atmospher Chem Labs York YO10 5DD England

Anthropogenic activities have significantly enhanced atmospheric metal inputs to the ocean, which has potentially important consequences for marine ecosystems. This study assesses the potential of Zn and Cu isotope compositions to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic atmospheric inputs of these metals to the surface ocean. To this end, the isotopic compositions of Zn and Cu in aerosols collected from the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean on the GEOTRACES GA06 cruise are examined. Enrichment factors and fractional solubility measurements indicate the presence of a significant anthropogenic component in the aerosols collected furthest from the North African dust plume for both Zn and Cu. The mean delta Cu-65(NIST SRM 976) for the fully digested aerosols is +0.07 +/- 0.39 parts per thousand (n = 9, 2 SD), which is indistinguishable from the lithogenic value, and implies that Cu isotopes are not an effective tracer of aerosol sources in this region. The mean delta Zn-66(JMC-Lyon) value for the aerosols that underwent a total digestion is +0.17 +/- 0.22 parts per thousand (n = 11, 2 SD). The aerosols leached with ammonium acetate have similar Zn isotope compositions, with a mean of +0.15 +/- 0.16 parts per thousand (n = 7, 2 SD). The aerosols were collected in a region with prevalent mineral dust but, despite this, exhibit isotopically lighter Zn than lithogenic Zn with delta Zn-66 asymptotic to +0.3 parts per thousand. When coupled with the previously published Pb isotope data, the aerosols exhibit coupled Zn-Pb isotope systematics that are indicative of mixing between mineral dust (delta Zn-66 = +0.28 parts per thousand and Pb-206/Pb-207 = 1.205) and anthropogenic emissions (delta Zn-66 = -0.22 parts per thousand and Pb-206/Pb-207 = 1.129). This demonstrates the potential of Zn isotopes to trace atmospheric Zn inputs from anthropogenic sources to the surface ocean.

关键词： aerosols Zinc Copper Isotopic composition Anthropogenic contribution Trace metals

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Reduced Order Modeling of Transport of Infectious aerosols in Ventilated Rooms

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Xiang, Linyan Lee, Cheol W. Zikanov, Oleg Abuhegazy, Mohamed Poroseva, Svetlana V. Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Michigan-Dearborn DearbornMI United States Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering University of Michigan-Dearborn DearbornMI United States Mechanical Engineering Department University of New Mexico AlbuquerqueNM87106 United States

A new approach to numerical modeling of airborne transmission of respiratory infections, such as Covid-19, influenza, or those caused by common rhinoviruses, is presented. The focus is on the long-range transport of infectious aerosol particles in indoor environments. The approach is based on the Eulerian description of the aerosol field and the reduced order modeling (ROM) applied to reduce the computational cost of analysis. The ROM is based on the projection of CFD solution onto a Krylov subspace by an Arnoldi-type algorithm. The algorithm does not require access to the original discretization matrix, and, therefore, can be applied to solutions by general-purpose CFD software, in which such a matrix is often unavailable. The model is validated for a realistic setting via direct comparison of its predictions with the results of the full-order CFD solution based on the Eulerian model and the data of Lagrangian tracking of aerosol particles. Applicability of the ROM to simulation of long-term evolution of the aerosol field and to assessment of infection hazard is demonstrated. Computational tests show that use of ROM reduces the computational cost of analysis by a factor of about 103 without a significant loss in the accuracy of the results. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： aerosols

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