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Water-soluble organic nitrogen in the aerosols and rainwater at an urban site in Japan: Implications for the nitrogen composition in the atmospheric deposition

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ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 2018年 191卷 267-272页

作者： Matsumoto, Kiyoshi Takusagawa, Fumi Suzuki, Haruka Horiuchi, Ken Univ Yamanashi Div Life & Environm Sci 4-4-37 Takeda Kofu Yamanashi 4008510 Japan Univ Yamanashi Fac Educ & Human Sci Kofu Yamanashi Japan Univ Yamanashi Fac Life & Environm Sci Kofu Yamanashi Japan

Simultaneous measurements of the water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) in the aerosols and rainwater were conducted to clarify the deposition pathway of the atmospheric WSON. In the aerosols, about 10% of the water-soluble total nitrogen (WSTN) was in an organic form, and a large portion (about 81% on average) of the WSON was distributed in the fine-mode range. Concentrations of the fine-mode WSON were associated with the acidity of the fine particles, suggesting the secondary production of the WSON in the acid fine particles. On the other hand, it was suggested that the coarse-mode WSON was derived from bio-particles, such as plant debris, although its concentrations were low and widely scattered. Dry deposition amounts of the WSON estimated from the concentrations and dry deposition velocities of the particulate WSON suggested that almost all of the dry deposition of the particulate WSON was derived from the coarse-mode particles. The contribution of the fine mode particles to the dry deposition was negligible. About 10% of the WSTN in the bulk precipitation was in an organic form. The bulk deposition amounts of the WSON were largely dependent on the rainfall amounts and coarse-mode WSON concentrations. Although about 30% of the WSON in the bulk deposition was from the dry deposition, the wet deposition significantly contributed to the WSON deposition, especially in the rainy season. Wet deposition is the major removal process of WSON from spring to autumn;however, in winter, dry and wet deposition are comparable.

关键词： Water-soluble organic nitrogen Nitrogen deposition Dry deposition Wet deposition aerosols

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Enhanced Bottom-of-the-Atmosphere Cooling and Atmosphere Heating Efficiency by Mixed-Type aerosols: A Classification Based on Aerosol Nonsphericity

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JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 2018年第1期75卷 113-124页

作者： Tian, Pengfei Zhang, Lei Cao, Xianjie Sun, Naixiu Mo, Xinyue Liang, Jiening Li, Xuetao Gao, Xingai Zhang, Beidou Wang, Hongbin Lanzhou Univ Coll Atmospher Sci Minist Educ Key Lab Semi Arid Climate Change Lanzhou Gansu Peoples R China China Meteorol Adm Jiangsu Inst Meteorol Sci Key Lab Transportat Meteorol Nanjing Jiangsu Peoples R China

The current understanding of the climate effects of mixed-type aerosols is an open question. The optical and radiative properties of the anthropogenic, mixed-type, and dust aerosols were studied using simultaneous observations of a sun photometer and a depolarization lidar over the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of LanzhouUniversity (SACOL), northwestern China. The aerosol radiative effect was calculated using the Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART) model and was in good agreement with theAerosolRobotic Network (AERONET) product. The anthropogenic, mixed-type, and dust aerosols were identified mainly based on the lidar-measured depolarization ratio, which was supported by the airmass back trajectories. The mixed-type aerosols exhibit lower (higher) extinctions below (above) 1.5 km above the ground, indicating anthropogenic pollution from the atmospheric boundary layer and dust aerosols above. The dust aerosols exhibit the highest absolute radiative effect because of the highest aerosol loading. However, the mixed-type aerosols are effective in both scattering and absorbing solar radiation, leading to the highest cooling efficiency at the bottom of the atmosphere (BOA), 7.4% and 6.5% higher than those of the anthropogenic and dust aerosols, respectively. Themixed-type aerosols exhibit the highest warming efficiency in the atmosphere (ATM), 20.8% and 28.2% higher than the anthropogenic and dust aerosols, respectively. The mixed-type aerosols also show the lowest cooling efficiency at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). The results suggest the necessity of carefully characterizing the mixed-type aerosols in atmospheric numerical models to more precisely assess the energy budget of the Earth-atmosphere system.

关键词： aerosols Atmosphere Optical properties Radiative forcing Remote sensing

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Humic-Like Substances (HULIS) in aerosols of Central Tibetan Plateau (Nam Co, 4730 m asl): Abundance, Light Absorption Properties, and Sources

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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018年第13期52卷 7203-7211页

作者： Wu, Guangming Wan, Xin Gao, Shaopeng Fu, Pingqing Yin, Yongguang Li, Gang Zhang, Guoshuai Kang, Shichang Ram, Kirpa Cong, Zhiyuan Chinese Acad Sci Inst Tibetan Plateau Res Key Lab Tibetan Environm Changes & Land Surface P Beijing 100101 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst Atmospher Phys State Key Lab Atmospher Boundary Layer Phys & Atm Beijing 100029 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Res Ctr Ecoenvironm Sci State Key Lab Environm Chem & Ecotoxicol Beijing 100085 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Northwest Inst Ecoenvironm & Resources State Key Lab Cryospher Sci Lanzhou 730000 Gansu Peoples R China China Meteorol Adm Inst Arid Meteorol Lanzhou 730020 Gansu Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Ctr Excellence Tibetan Plateau Earth Sci Beijing 100101 Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Beijing 100049 Peoples R China Banaras Hindu Univ Inst Environm & Sustainable Dev Varanasi 221005 Uttar Pradesh India

Humic-like substances (HULIS) are major components of light-absorbing brown carbon that play an important role in Earth's radiative balance. However, their concentration, optical properties, and sources are least understood over Tibetan Plateau (TP). In this study, the analysis of total suspended particulate (TSP) samples from central of TP (i.e., Nam Co) reveal that atmospheric HULIS are more abundant in summer than that in winter without obvious diurnal variations. The light absorption ability of HULIS in winter is 2-3 times higher than that in summer. In winter, HULIS are mainly derived from biomass burning emissions in South Asia by long-range transport. In contrast, the oxidation of anthropogenic and biogenic precursors from northeast part of India and southeast of TP are major sources of HULIS in summer.

关键词： Redox reactions Light absorption Biomass aerosols Nicotinamide

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Wintertime cooling and a potential connection with transported aerosols in Hong Kong during recent decades

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ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH 2018年 211卷 52-61页

作者： Yang, Xin Zhao, Chuanfeng Zhou, Lijing Li, Zhanqing Cribb, Maureen Yang, Sujuan Beijing Normal Univ Coll Global Change & Earth Syst Sci State Key Lab Earth Surface Proc & Resource Ecol Beijing Peoples R China Joint Ctr Global Change Studies Beijing Peoples R China Univ Maryland ESSIC College Pk MD 20742 USA Univ Maryland Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci College Pk MD 20742 USA

As a southeast neighbor of the heavily industrialized and urbanized region of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), Hong Kong, China, has been susceptible to aerosols transported from the PRD in winter when the prevailing flow is from the west. The decadal trend in pollution during recent decades has likely indicated a difference in aerosol loading between winter and summer when different winds dominate. The surface air temperature shows a wintertime cooling trend during recent decades in Hong Kong, particularly during the midday hours. Differently, the surface air temperature shows a summertime warming trend during recent decades in Hong Kong. By examining the distinct winter versus summer trends in midday hour temperature under low cloud cover conditions in Hong Kong from 1979 to 2014, we found a close relationship between the temperature reduction during midday hours and increased aerosol loading in winter but not in summer. The consistency in turning point for both the increase in aerosol loading and the variation in winter-summer temperature differences in the late 1980s also supports the strong association between aerosol and temperature changes. Further analysis shows that there was a significant negative correlation between downwelling solar radiation (DSR) and aerosol loading. Quantitatively, aerosols over Hong Kong during the study period reduced surface DSR and midday temperatures by approximately 30 W m(-2) and 2.1 degrees C for low cloud cover cases.

关键词： aerosols

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Simulated differences in 21st century aridity due to different scenarios of greenhouse gases and aerosols

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CLIMATIC CHANGE 2018年第3-4期146卷 407-422页

作者： Lin, L. Gettelman, A. Fu, Q. Xu, Y. Lanzhou Univ Coll Atmospher Sci Lanzhou Gansu Peoples R China Natl Ctr Atmospher Res POB 3000 Boulder CO 80307 USA Univ Washington Dept Atmospher Sci Seattle WA 98195 USA

Aridity, defined as the ratio of precipitation (P) to potential evapotranspiration (PET) over land, is critical to natural ecosystems and agricultural production. Global climate models project global decreases of P/PET (drying) in the 21st century. We examine the uncertainty of aridity projections due to scenarios of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols with three sets of ensemble simulations from a single climate model, the Community Earth System Model (CESM1). Ensembles consist of two Radiative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) and a scenario with RCP-like GHGs but with aerosol precursor emissions and atmospheric oxidants fixed at the year 2005 level. Under a high GHGs emission scenario (RCP8.5), global land P/PET decreases (drying) by 6.4 +/- 0.8 % in 2060-2080 relative to 1985-2005. A GHG mitigation scenario (RCP4.5) would reduce the drying (P/PET decrease) to 3.7 +/- 0.6 %. Although future aerosol emissions reduction would increase P, we find that it has little impact on global aridity due to offsetting effects on PET. Regionally, deceasing aerosols can have significant effects and aerosol-induced P/PET changes are due to different factors across different regions. When normalized by global mean temperature response, GHGs decrease global land P/PET by 2.7 +/- 0.6 %/A degrees C and surface temperature changes dominate GHG-induced P/PET change.

关键词： aerosols Potential evapotranspiration Ecosystems Temperature Aridity Precipitation Mitigation Greenhouse gases Evapotranspiration Drying 21st century Oxidants Greenhouse effect Computer simulation Surface temperatures Oxidizing agents Reduction Aerosol effects Agricultural production Global temperatures Environmental changes Precipitation (meteorology) Mean temperatures Temperature changes Rainfall Earth Atmospheric models Climate models Agricultural ecosystems Global climate Global climate models Climate Emissions Gases Surface temperature Emission control

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The Hydropathy Scale as a Gauge of Hygroscopicity in Sub-Micron Sodium Chloride-Amino Acid aerosols

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JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2018年第40期122卷 8062-8070页

作者： Darr, Joshua P. Gottuso, Salvatore Alfarra, Mohammed Birge, David Ferris, Kimberly Woods, Dillon Morales, Paul Grove, Megan Mitts, William K. Mendoza-Lopez, Eduardo Johnson, Amissabah Univ Nebraska Omaha Dept Chem 6001 Dodge StDSC 337 Omaha NE 68182 USA Univ Nebraska Lincoln Dept Chem 552 Hamilton Hall639 N 12 St Lincoln NE 68588 USA Univ Iowa Dept Chem E331 Chem Bldg Iowa City IA 52242 USA UNMC Coll Med 985520 Nebraska Med Ctr Omaha NE 68198 USA

Sodium chloride, NaCl, is commonly used as a proxy for sea spray aerosols. However, field work has demonstrated that sea spray aerosols also often contain a significant organic component. In this work, we examine the effect of amino acids on the hygroscopic properties of NaCl aerosols using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer coupled to a flow cell apparatus. It is found that the effect can be drastically different depending on the nature of the amino acid. More hydrophilic amino acids such as glycine lead to continuous hygroscopic growth of internally mixed NaCl-amino acid aerosols generated from an equimolar precursor solution. However, more hydrophobic amino acids such as alanine do not significantly alter the hygroscopicity of NaCl aerosols. The hydropathy scale is found to be a good qualitative diagnostic for the effect that an amino acid will have on the hygroscopicity of NaCl.

关键词： Peptides and proteins Monomers Dehydration aerosols Hydration

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A stochastic model for making artificial rain using aerosols

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PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 2018年 505卷 1113-1126页

作者： Misra, A. K. Tripathi, Amita Banaras Hindu Univ Inst Sci Dept Math Varanasi 221005 Uttar Pradesh India

In this paper, a nonlinear deterministic mathematical model along with its stochastic version for artificial rain is proposed and analyzed. We have considered three dynamical variables in the modeling process;namely (i) density of cloud droplets, (ii) density of raindrops, and (iii) concentration of mixture of conducive aerosols. It is assumed that the cloud droplets are continuously formed in the atmosphere at a constant rate but its conversion into raindrops does not take place in the same proportion. The artificially introduced aerosols increase the rate of formation of raindrops from cloud droplets. These aerosols are introduced in the regional atmosphere at a rate proportional to the density of cloud droplets. The proposed model is analyzed using stability theory of differential equations in deterministic as well as stochastic environment. Numerical simulation is performed to see the effect of important parameters on the process leading to rainfall. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Artificial rain aerosols Water vapor Mathematical model Stability

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Evolution of aerosols Coupled to Environments: Verification of Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC)

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NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY 2018年第2期204卷 172-183页

作者： Saldivar, Isaac Loyalka, Sudarshan K. Univ Missouri Nucl Sci & Engn Inst W2005 Lafferre Hall Columbia MO 65211 USA Univ Missouri Particulate Syst Res Ctr W2005 Lafferre Hall Columbia MO 65211 USA

Applications of aerosol dynamics include modeling cloud formation and pollution in atmospheric sciences, inhalation and radiation doses in health physics, and particle transport and contamination in nuclear safety. To improve the fidelity of computed aerosol evolution to realistic process models and phenomena, efforts have been directed at the use of the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) technique. This paper first verifies the results obtained from the DSMC technique against a known analytical solution of a specialized case in which the evolution of a purely growing aerosol is coupled to its environment. Next, it applies the DSMC technique to the evolution of aerosol particles undergoing condensation, coagulation, and deposition as coupled to the environment.

关键词： Direct Simulation Monte Carlo aerosols condensation

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Simultaneous imaging and emission spectroscopy for the laser-based remote probing of polydisperse saline aerosols

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JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2018年 123卷 52-62页

作者： Alvarez-Trujillo, L. A. Lazic, V Moros, J. Laserna, J. J. Univ Malaga Fac Ciencias Dept Quim Analit Campus Teatinos S-N E-29071 Malaga Spain ENEA FSN TECFIS DIM Via E Fermi 45 Frascati RM Italy

Atmospheric aerosols are freely-moving multidimensional stochastic systems within a representative volume of air. Light-based techniques has proved to be a reliable and versatile tools for the direct, in-situ, real-time and remote gathering of information from aerosols in the atmosphere. However, acquiring analytical information is not trivial since particulate matter usually exhibits a broad compositional variability and a wide disparity of physical properties. In order to deeply scrutinize the performance of the laser induced plasma analysis of aerosols, here generated at distance of 10 m, side-viewed images of plasmas have been captured concurrently with their collinearly-acquired optical emissions. The plasma was induced by nanosecond laser pulses at a wavelength of 1064 nm on aerosols containing NaCl dissolved in water, and sprayed at different pressures. The photography reveals that the plasma consists of a series of luminous discharges, whose number, spatial distribution, size and luminosity, vary considerably with the particles size and salt concentration. The effects of the abundance and nature of luminous discharges composing the ongoing plasma on the intensity of the characteristic emission lines within the LIBS spectra have been discussed.

关键词： aerosols Laser Plasma Imaging Spectroscopy LIBS

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COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF OPTICAL, PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND RADIATIVE PROPERTIES OF TOTAL COLUMNAR ATMOSPHERIC aerosols OVER CHINA An Overview of Sun-Sky Radiometer Observation Network (SONET) Measurements

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BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2018年第4期99卷 739-755页

作者： Li, Z. Q. Xu, H. Li, K. T. Li, D. H. Xie, Y. S. Li, L. Zhang, Y. Gu, X. F. Zhao, W. Tian, Q. J. Deng, R. R. Su, X. L. Huang, B. Qiao, Y. L. Cui, W. Y. Hu, Y. Gong, C. L. Wang, Y. Q. Wang, X. F. Wang, J. P. Du, W. B. Pan, Z. Q. Li, Z. Z. Bu, D. Chinese Acad Sci Inst Remote Sensing & Digital Earth State Environm Protect Key Lab Satellite Remote S Beijing Peoples R China Natl Satellite Ocean Applicat Serv Beijing Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Nanjing Jiangsu Peoples R China Sun Yat Sen Univ Guangzhou Guangdong Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst Earth Environm Xian Shaanxi Peoples R China Zhejiang Prov Zhoushan Marine Ecol Environm Monit Zhoushan Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Anhui Inst Opt & Fine Mech Hefei Anhui Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Shanghai Inst Tech Phys Shanghai Peoples R China Chengdu Univ Informat Technol Chengdu Sichuan Peoples R China Heilongjiang Univ Harbin Heilongjiang Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst Remote Sensing & Digital Earth Kashi Data Receiving Stn Beijing Peoples R China China Ctr Resources Satellite Data & Applicat Beijing Peoples R China Tibet Univ Lhasa Peoples R China

An overview of Sun-Sky Radiometer Observation Network (SONET) measurements in China is presented. Based on observations at 16 distributed SONET sites in China, atmospheric aerosol parameters are acquired via standardization processes of operational measurement, maintenance, calibration, inversion, and quality control implemented since 2010. A climatology study is performed focusing on total columnar atmospheric aerosol characteristics, including optical (aerosol optical depth, ÅngstrÖm exponent, fine-mode fraction, single-scattering albedo), physical (volume particle size distribution), chemical composition (black carbon; brown carbon; fine-mode scattering component, coarse-mode component; and aerosol water), and radiative properties (aerosol radiative forcing and efficiency). Data analyses show that aerosol optical depth is low in the west but high in the east of China. Aerosol composition also shows significant spatial and temporal variations, leading to noticeable diversities in optical and physical property patterns. In west and north China, aerosols are generally affected by dust particles, while monsoon climate and human activities impose remarkable influences on aerosols in east and south China. aerosols in China exhibit strong light-scattering capability and result in significant radiative cooling effects.

关键词： Laboratories Standardization aerosols Monsoons Calibration Particle size distribution Radiometers Cooling effects Quality control Size distribution Climatology Optics Climate change Atmospheric aerosols Air sampling Radiative forcing Organic chemistry Remote sensing Aerosol composition Black carbon Monsoon climates Temporal variations Dust particles Environmental protection Sonet (network) Albedo Climate and human activity Light scattering Dust clouds Spatial discrimination Outdoor air quality Chemical composition Optical properties Data processing Optical analysis Sun Atmospheric particulates Sky Optical depth of aerosols Physical properties Radiative cooling

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