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Tampering Detection in absolute moment block truncation coding (AMBTC) Compressed Code Using Matrix coding

ELECTRONICS 2025年第9期14卷

作者： Lin, Yijie Chang, Ching-Chun Chang, Chin-Chen Feng Chia Univ Dept Informat Engn & Comp Sci Taichung 40724 Taiwan Feng Chia Univ Informat & Commun Secur Res Ctr Taichung 40724 Taiwan

With the increasing use of digital image compression technology, ensuring data integrity and security within the compression domain has become a crucial area of research. absolute moment block truncation coding (AMBTC), an efficient lossy compression algorithm, is widely used for low-bitrate image storage and transmission. However, existing studies have primarily focused on tamper detection for AMBTC compressed images, often overlooking the integrity of the AMBTC compressed code itself. To address this gap, this paper introduces a novel anti-tampering scheme specifically designed for AMBTC compressed code. The proposed scheme utilizes shuffle pairing to establish a one-to-one relationship between image blocks. The hash value, calculated as verification data from the original data of each block, is then embedded into the bitmap of its corresponding block using the matrix coding algorithm. Additionally, a tampering localization mechanism is incorporated to enhance the security of the compressed code without introducing additional redundancy. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme effectively detects tampering with high accuracy, providing protection for AMBTC compressed code.

关键词： absolute moment block truncation coding data hiding matrix coding tampering detection

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Bi-stretch reversible data hiding algorithm for absolute moment block truncation coding compressed images

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2016年第23期75卷 16153-16171页

作者： Li, Fan Bharanitharan, K. Chang, Chin-Chen Mao, Qian Univ Shanghai Sci & Technol Sch Opt Elect & Comp Engn 516 Jungong Rd Shanghai 200093 Peoples R China Hanyang Univ Dept Elect Engn 222 Wangsimni Ro Seoul South Korea Feng Chia Univ Dept Informat Engn & Comp Sci 100 Wenhwa Rd Taichung 40724 Taiwan Asia Univ Dept Comp Sci & Informat Engn 500 Lioufeng Rd Taichung 41354 Taiwan

Steganography is one of the most important approaches for secure transmission by concealing secret data into a host image imperceptibly. To achieve a good tradeoff between the hiding capacity and image quality, more work needs to be further researched. In this paper, to obtain satisfactory results, a Bi-Stretch Hiding (BSH) algorithm for absolute moment block truncation coding (AMBTC)-compressed image is proposed. In the scheme, the AMBTC-compressed image is divided into non-overlapped blocks first, after that, four feasible cases are employed to embed secret data, which takes advantage of the characteristics of the coefficients of the AMBTC-compressed image and lead tiny distortion of the AMBTC-compressed image. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed BSH scheme outperforms the other state-of-the-art compression data hiding methods.

关键词： Reversible data hiding absolute moment block truncation coding Hiding capacity Tiny distortion

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Pixel-based fragile image watermarking based on absolute moment block truncation coding

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2021年第19期80卷 29497-29518页

作者： Lin, Chia-Chen He, Si-Liang Chang, Chin-Chen Natl Chin Yi Univ Technol Dept Comp Sci & Informat Engn Taichung Taiwan Feng Chia Univ Dept Informat Engn & Comp Sci Taichung Taiwan

A pixel-based fragile image watermarking method based on s absolute moment block truncation coding (AMBTC) is proposed in this paper. To enhance the readability of the tampered image, we apply pixel concept to design pixel-based tampering detection and content recovery mechanisms. In the proposed scheme, recovery information is derived from the AMBTC compression codes of the original image, and authentication codes are generated by a pseudo random generator (PRG). Both data are then discretely embedded into the two least significant bits (LSBs) of pixels in the original image with turtle shell-based data hiding method. Therefore, each non-overlapped pixel pair in a watermarked image has 2 bits of recovery information and 2 bits of authentication code. When the recipient suspects that the received image may have been tampered with, the hidden authentication code can be used to locate tampered pixels, and then the hidden recovery information can be extracted and then used to restore the tampered pixels.

关键词： Image authentication absolute moment block truncation coding Fragile watermarking Pixel-based Tamper detection Turtle shell-based data hiding

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A novel hybrid image authentication scheme based on absolute moment block truncation coding

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2017年第1期76卷 463-488页

作者： Lin, Chia-Chen Huang, Yuehong Tai, Wei-Liang Providence Univ Dept Comp Sci & Informat Management Taichung Taiwan Natl Chiao Tung Univ Inst Comp Sci & Engn Hsinchu Taiwan Chinese Culture Univ Dept Informat Commun Taipei Taiwan

We propose a novel hybrid image authentication scheme to protect the integrity of images compressed by absolute moment block truncation coding (AMBTC). In this paper, we use a hybrid strategy to embed the authentication codes using AMBTC that at the same time improves the embedding efficiency. All blocks of a compressed image are classified into two groups, smooth and complex, which have different characteristics and may suit different embedding methods. For smooth blocks, the authentication code will be embedded into the bitmap (BM) of each block. For complex blocks, the authentication code will be embedded into quantization levels of each block according to a reference table. In contrast to the previous approach, the hybrid strategy allows for a high utilization of blocks that have high embedding efficiency for embedding, thus giving a significantly improved embedding capacity than the previous approach. The performance is evaluated experimentally to demonstrate that our proposed scheme provides improved image quality and is less vulnerable to tampering compared with existing methods.

关键词： Image authentication Tamper detection absolute moment block truncation coding Watermarking

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Adaptive grayscale image coding scheme based on dynamic multi-grouping absolute moment block truncation coding

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2020年第37-38期79卷 28189-28205页

作者： Chuang, Jun-Chou Hu, Yu-Chen Chen, Chia-Mei Yin, Zhaoxia Providence Univ Dept Comp Sci & Commun Engn 200 Chung Chi Rd Taichung 43301 Taiwan Providence Univ Dept Comp Sci & Informat Management 200 Chung Chi Rd Taichung 43301 Taiwan Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ Dept Informat Management Kaohsiung 80424 Taiwan Anhui Univ Sch Comp Sci & Technol Key Lab Intelligent Comp & Signal Proc Minist Educ Hefei 230601 Peoples R China

Multi-Grouping absolute moment block truncation coding (MGAMBTC) technique improve the image quality of absolute moment block truncation coding (AMBTC) by adaptively dividing pixels in a block into groups according to block activity. This study found that the bit rate can be reduced further if there is some similarity among the blocks. Therefore, this study proposes a block prediction scheme that exploits the intra-block similarity of neighboring blocks. If a similar encoded block is found, its position code will be stored to encode the block;otherwise, it is encoded with the proposed improved MGAMBTC (iMGAMBTC). The proposed iMGAMBTC employs an entropy-based indicator generation mechanism to reduce the bit rate, and the evaluation demonstrates that the proposed scheme enhances the compression performance of AMBTC and MGAMBTC efficiently.

关键词： Image compression absolute moment block truncation coding Adaptive pixel grouping block prediction technique Entropy coding

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High payload image steganography with minimum distortion based on absolute moment block truncation coding

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2015年第21期74卷 9117-9139页

作者： Ou, Duanhao Sun, Wei Sun Yat Sen Univ Sch Informat Sci & Technol Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Peoples R China Sun Yat Sen Univ Sch Software Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst Informat Engn State Key Lab Informat Secur Beijing 100093 Peoples R China

This paper presents an improved image steganography scheme based on absolute moment block truncation coding (AMBTC). The purpose of the proposed scheme is to achieve high payload, good visual quality and low computation complexity at the same time. In the scheme, a threshold is predefined to classify the blocks of the AMBTC-compressed codes as smooth or complex blocks, in which data are then embedded. For the smooth blocks, the bit planes of them are used to embed the data. Later, the two quantization levels in the smooth block are re-calculated to minimize the distortion in image quality. For the complex blocks, a proportion of secret bits are concealed by exchanging the order of two quantization levels with together toggling the bit plane, by which the payload can be increased without any distortion. Furthermore, the proposed scheme inherits the advantages of the AMBTC method, such as pleasing image quality, ease to be implemented and low computational complexity. With adjustable threshold, the application of the proposed scheme becomes flexible, that means different thresholds can be used for different applications. Experimental results and analysis demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed scheme.

关键词： Steganography Smooth block Minimum distortion High payload absolute moment block truncation coding

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Polynomial-based secret sharing scheme based on the absolute moment block truncation coding technique 10

Polynomial-based secret sharing scheme based on the absolute...

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10th International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP)

作者： Chang, Chin-Chen Sun, Chin-Yu Feng Chia Univ Dept Informat Engn & Comp Sci Taichung 40724 Taiwan Asia Univ Dept Comp Sci & Informat Engn Taichung Taiwan Natl Tsing Hua Univ Dept Comp Sci Hsinchu 30043 Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9781479953905

Secret sharing is a technique that can distribute partial secret information (also called 'shares') to a specific group member. These individual shares are of no use on their own, but they can reconstruct the original secret information when the members collect all of the shares. In this paper, we proposed a novel, polynomial-based, secret sharing scheme using the absolute moment block truncation coding technique block truncation coding (AMBTC) compression technique. By using simple, exclusive-OR operations, the group members can easily recover the secret image with 100% correctness. Experimental results demonstrated that the AMBTC-compressed image in our scheme had the same quality as the original AMBTC scheme, but the compression ratio in our scheme was better than that of the original AMBTC scheme.

关键词： absolute moment block truncation coding secret sharing exclusive OR voting high payload

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Secret sharing: using meaningful image shadows based on Gray code

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2017年第7期76卷 9337-9362页

作者： Cheng, Ting-Fang Chang, Ching-Chun Liu, Li Feng Chia Univ Dept Informat Engn & Comp Sci 100 Wenhwa Rd Taichung 40724 Taiwan Univ Warwick Dept Comp Sci Coventry CV4 7AL W Midlands England Taiyuan Univ Sci & Technol Coll Elect Informat & Engn Taiyuan 030024 Peoples R China

Steganography, such as secret sharing, is an important technique to use for protecting transmitted confidential data from the attention of any adversaries. Gray code is a commonly encountered binary labeling that was proposed by Frank Gray of Bell Laboratories in 1940 to prevent errors when using pulse-code modulation to transmit signals. The main features of Gray code are its recursive construction method and the fact that any two adjacent codes change only one bit. According to our observations, the image pixel correction based on these features is suitable for application secret sharing without making significant changes to the pixel value. We designed a reversible secret sharing method using meaningful image shadows based on Gray code. Our design applies absolute moment block truncation coding (AMBTC) compression to reduce the transmission bit rate. The experimental results show that our scheme can achieve the adequate visual quality of shadow images with lower communication overhead, thus proving it practical for numerous applications.

关键词： absolute moment block truncation coding Gray code Low bit rate Low complexity Meaningful shadows Secret sharing

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Fundamental error analysis and geometric interpretation for block truncation coding techniques

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SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 2000年第10期15卷 859-867页

作者： Ma, KK Zhu, S Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Elect & Elect Engn Singapore 639798 Singapore Comp Mot Inc Goleta CA 93105 USA

Various variants and hybrid approaches evolved from the origin of Delp and Mitchell's block truncation coding (BTC) or moment preserving quantizer (MPQ) have formed a niche as an effective and simple image compression methodology with attractive coding performance achieved at moderate bitrates. As ETC is still lacking a fundamental error analysis, in this paper we present some fundamental insights regarding one-bit (or two-level) BTC's truncation error by providing mathematical analysis as well as novel geometric interpretation. We further show that the mean-square error (MSE) of Lema and Mitchell's absolute moment block truncation coding (AMBTC) is always bounded below (i.e., less than or equal to) that of ETC. Therefore, with additional advantages in computation and implementation, AMBTC is always superior. Furthermore, we developed a new adaptive equal sign position optimization (ESPO) algorithm for optimum pixel classification. Our quantization error analysis shows that incorporating the ESPO algorithm into conventional AMBTC or ETC achieves minimum MSE in either case. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： image coding block truncation coding moment preserving quantizer absolute moment block truncation coding equal sign position optimization

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Lossless visible watermarking based on adaptive circular shift operation for BTC-compressed images

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2017年第11期76卷 13301-13313页

作者： Mohammad, Nur Sun, Xingming Yang, Hengfu Yin, Jianping Yang, Gaobo Jiang, Mingfang Hunan Univ Sch Informat Sci & Engn Changsha 410082 Hunan Peoples R China Hunan First Normal Univ Dept Informat Sci & Engn Changsha 410205 Hunan Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol Sch Comp & Software Nanjing 210044 Jiangsu Peoples R China Natl Univ Def Technol Sch Comp Changsha 410073 Hunan Peoples R China

Most existing BTC (block truncation coding) based watermarking algorithms do not fully exploit visual perception of the host images. These schemes cannot obtain visual quality of stego-images and recover original images without distortion. To solve this issue, a new reversible visible watermarking scheme based on AMBTC (absolute moment block truncation coding) domain is proposed. First, the proposed scheme uses adaptive pixel circular shift operation that adapts to local properties of the image to embed the visible watermark into two level (one-bit) nonparametric quantization levels of AMBTC according to the parity of the bit plane of AMBTC triple. The watermark signal can be extracted according to the parity of the Bit plane. The experimental results prove that the algorithm can achieve high visual quality of stego-images and recover original BTC-compressed image losslessly. Moreover, it is robust against common signal processing attacks. The visible watermarking algorithm can be applied to copyright of digital images in real-time environment because of the low time consumption due to the simplicity of AMBTC.

关键词： Lossless visible watermarking absolute moment block truncation coding Circular shift operation

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