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ScriptEase: A generative/adaptive programming paradigm for game scripting

SCIENCE OF COMPUTER programming 2007年第1期67卷 32-58页

作者： Cutumisu, Maria Onuczko, Curtis McNaughton, Matthew Roy, Thomas Schaeffer, Jonathan Schumacher, Allan Siegel, Jeff Szafron, Duane Waugh, Kevin Carbonaro, Mike Duff, Harvey Gillis, Stephanie Univ Alberta Dept Comp Sci Edmonton AB T6G 2E8 Canada Univ Alberta Fac Educ Edmonton AB T6G 2G5 Canada

The traditional approach to implementing interactions between a player character (PC) and objects in computer games is to write scripts in a procedural scripting language. These scripts are usually so complex that they must be written by a computer programmer rather than by the author of the game story. This interruption in the game story authoring process has two distinct disadvantages: it increases the cost of game production and it introduces a disconnect between the author's intentions and the interactions produced from the programmer's written scripts. We introduce a mechanism to solve these problems. We show that game authors (non-programmers) can generate the necessary scripts for implementing meaningful interactions between the PC and game objects using a three-step process. In the first step, the author uses a generative pattern (concept) to create a high-level description of a commonly occurring game scenario. In the second step, the author uses a standard set of adaptation operations to customize the high-level description to the particular circumstances of the story that is being told. In the third step, the author presses a button that automatically generates scripting code from the adapted pattern. We describe the results of three studies in which a combined total of 56 game story authors used this three-step process to construct Neverwinter Nights game stories, using a tool called ScriptEase. We believe that this generative/adaptive process is the key to future game story scripting. More generally, this article advocates the development of adaptive programming as an alternative to current constructive programming techniques, as well as the application of adaptive programming in many domains. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： generative pattern computer game scripting language adaptive programming game scripting game authoring game agent

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Pathways of change for achieving sustainability results: A tool to facilitate adaptive programming

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GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022年第3期17卷 457-468页

作者： Bandali, Sarah Style, Sarah Thiam, Lamine Omar, Omar Ahmed Sabino, Alice Hukin, Eleanor Opt Consultancy Serv Ltd 2nd FloorSt Magnus House3 Lower Thames St London EC3R 6HD England Opt Consultancy Serv Womens Integrated Sexual Hlth Programme Abuja Nigeria Opt Consultancy Serv Womens Integrated Sexual Hlth Programme Nairobi Kenya

Traditional approaches to development programming with fixed targets and outcomes do not fit complex problems where the pathway to achieve results differs in each context and evolves constantly. adaptive programming improves responses to complex problems by identifying which solutions bring change. This paper reviews the theory behind adaptive programming approaches and introduces the 'Pathways of Change' tool for achieving sustainability results, developed for the multi-country Women's Integrated Sexual Health programme. Qualitative data, using semi-structured interviews and group discussions from teams in over 17 countries in Africa and South Asia, are presented which examine the application of the Pathways of Change (PoC) tool focusing on successes and challenges across different intervention areas. The PoC responds to the need for a more practical adaptive programming tool that can be tailored to support flexibility in global health programme implementation while meeting donor requirements. Findings suggest that the PoC tool provides a flexible yet robust alternative to traditional monitoring frameworks and is able to facilitate adaptive, contextualised planning and monitoring for multi-country programmes. The PoC tool offers a solution to realise the ambitions of implementing adaptive programming within global health programmes and potentially beyond.

关键词： adaptive programming monitoring tools global health measurement

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An experimental trial of adaptive programming in drug court: outcomes at 6, 12 and 18 months

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JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL CRIMINOLOGY 2014年第2期10卷 129-149页

作者： Marlowe, Douglas B. Festinger, David S. Dugosh, Karen L. Benasutti, Kathleen M. Fox, Gloria Harron, Ashley Univ Penn Treatment Res Inst Philadelphia PA 19106 USA Widener Univ Chester PA 19013 USA

To test whether an adaptive program improves outcomes in drug court by adjusting the schedule of court hearings and clinical case-management sessions pursuant to a priori performance criteria. Consenting participants in a misdemeanor drug court were randomly assigned to the adaptive program (n = 62) or to a baseline-matching condition (n = 63) in which they attended court hearings based on the results of a criminal risk assessment. Outcome measures were re-arrest rates at 18 months post-entry to the drug court, and urine drug test results and structured interview results at 6 and 12 months post-entry. Although previously published analyses revealed significantly fewer positive drug tests for participants in the adaptive condition during the first 18 weeks of drug court, current analyses indicate the effects converged during the ensuing year. Between-group differences in new arrest rates, urine drug test results and self-reported psychosocial problems were small and non-statistically significant at 6, 12, and 18 months post-entry. A non-significant trend (p = .10) suggests there may have been a small residual impact (Cramer's v = .15) on new misdemeanor arrests after 18 months. adaptive programming shows promise for enhancing short-term outcomes in drug courts;however, additional efforts are needed to extend the effects beyond the first 4 to 6 months of enrollment.

关键词： Drug court Drug abuse Addiction Crime Criminal justice Offenders Antisocial personality disorder adaptive programming adaptive treatment

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Towards adaptive programming Integrating Reinforcement Learning into a programming Language

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ACM SIGPLAN NOTICES 2008年第10期43卷 603-613页

作者： Simpkins, Christopher Bhat, Sooraj Isbell, Charles, Jr. Mateas, Michael Georgia Inst Technol Coll Comp Atlanta GA 30332 USA Univ Calif Santa Cruz Dept Comp Sci Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA

Current programming languages and software engineering paradigms are proving insufficient for building intelligent multi-agent systems-such as interactive games and narratives-where developers are called upon to write increasingly complex behavior for agents in dynamic environments. A promising solution is to build adaptive systems;that is, to develop software written specifically to adapt to its environment by changing its behavior in response to what it observes in the world. In this paper we describe a new programming language, An adaptive Behavior Language (A(2)BL), that implements adaptive programming primitives to support partial programming, a paradigm in which a programmer need only specify the details of behavior known at code-writing time, leaving the run-time system to learn the rest. Partial programming enables programmers to more easily encode software agents that are difficult to write in existing languages that do not offer language-level support for adaptivity. We motivate the use of partial programming with an example agent coded in a cutting-edge, but non-adaptive agent programming language (ABL), and show how A(2)BL can encode the same agent much more naturally.

关键词： Algorithms Languages Design adaptive programming Reinforcement Learning Partial programming Object-Oriented programming

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Valuing adaptive programming: A study of resilience processes and outcomes

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EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2023年 98卷 102300页

作者： Flint-Taylor, Jill Abuhamdia, May Berrado, Ibtissame Bush, Michael El Khoury, Roy Fawzi, Farah Jalal, Mansoor Mourabiti, Imane Sayah, Habib Shukr, Rasha Wakim, Norma Ward, Bernie Stewart, Sheelagh British Council Dept Cultural Engagement Inclus Communities 1 Redman Pl London E20 1JQ England

Recent decades have seen a growth in theoretical frameworks focusing on systems, context and the dynamic interplay of multiple variables, stimulating interest in complementary research and programme evaluation methods. With resilience theory now emphasising the complex and dynamic nature of resilience capacities, processes and outcomes, resilience programming stands to benefit from approaches such as design-based research and realist research/evaluation. The aim of this collaborative (researcher/practitioner) study was to explore how such benefits can be achieved when programme theory spans individual, community and institutional outcomes, with a focus on the reciprocal processes involved in effecting change across the social system. The context of the research was a regional (Middle East and North Africa) project operating in contexts with an escalated risk of marginalised young people being drawn into illegal/harmful activity. The project's youth engagement and development approach combined participatory learning, skills training, and collective social action, adapted for diverse localities and during the COVID-19 crisis. Quantitative measures of individual and collective resilience were at the centre of a set of realist analyses evidencing systemic connections in changes to individual, collective and community resilience. Findings demonstrated the value, challenges and limitations of the applied research approach for adaptive, contextualised programming.

关键词： Resilience Youth engagement Collective action Design -based research Realist evaluation adaptive programming

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adaptive algorithm using hot-electron injection. for programming analog computational memory elements within 0.2% of accuracy over 3.5 decades

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IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS 2006年第9期41卷 2107-2114页

作者： Bandyopadhyay, Abhishek Serrano, Guillermo J. Hasler, Paul Analog Devices Inc Wilmington MA 01887 USA Georgia Inst Technol Sch Elect & Comp Engn Atlanta GA 30332 USA

This paper describes a new predictive algorithm that can be used for programming large arrays of analog computational memory elements within 0.2% of accuracy for 3.5 decades of currents. The average number of pulses required are 7-8 (20 mu s each). This algorithm uses hot-electron injection for accurate programming and Fowler-Nordheim tunneling for global erase. This algorithm has been tested for programming 1024 x 16 and 96 x 16 floating-gate arrays in 0.25 mu m and 0.5 mu m n-well CMOS processes, respectively.

关键词： adaptive programming floating gate Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling hot-electron injection

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Rail-to-Rail, Linear Hot-Electron Injection programming of Floating-Gate Voltage Bias Generators at 13-Bit Resolution

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IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS 2011年第11期46卷 2685-2692页

作者： Huang, Chenling Sarkar, Pikul Chakrabartty, Shantanu Michigan State Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn E Lansing MI 48824 USA

Hot-electron injection is widely used for accurate programming of on-chip floating-gate voltage and current references. The conventional programming approach involves adapting the duration and magnitude of the injection pulses based on a predictive model which is estimated by using measured data. However, varying the pulse-widths or amplitudes introduces nonlinearity in the injection process which complicates the modeling, calibration and programming procedure. In this paper, we propose a linear hot-electron injection technique which significantly simplifies the programming procedure, and can achieve programming accuracy greater than 13-b which is limited by the thermal noise from the injection process. The procedure employs an active feedback circuit which ensures that all the nonlinear factors affecting the hot-electron injection process are held constant, thus achieving a stable and controllable injection rate. Measured results using an array of floating-gate voltage reference prototyped in a 0.5-mu m standard CMOS process demonstrate that the injection rates can be controlled from 0.1 to 4.1 Vfor the programmable voltage range. Using 50-ms injection pulses, we show that the average injection rate can be adapted from 6.9 to 250 mu V/cycle.

关键词： adaptive programming floating-gate transistor hot-electron injection injection rate pulse-width modulation

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DFID governance programming in Nigeria: What difference has thinking and working politically made in practice?

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DEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW 2019年第Sup1期37卷 O33-O49页

作者： Williams, Gareth Owen, Olly Duncan, Alex Kingsmill, William Paterson, Anna Policy Practice Brighton E Sussex England Univ Oxford Oxford African Studies Ctr Oxford England Univ Oxford St Anthonys Coll Oxford England

The UK Department for International Development's country office in Nigeria (DFID Nigeria) has gradually adopted a thinking and working politically (TWP) approach in its governance programming. The initial focus on strengthening analysis has progressively been linked to discussion about the country and programme strategy, as well as programme-management practices. Important lessons can be learned from this experience on how the TWP approach can be applied in practice. The article addresses three research questions: (1) To what extent have DFID Nigeria and its governance programmes adopted a TWP approach? (2) How has the TWP approach influenced the design and delivery of programming? (3) Has the application of the TWP approach enhanced the results of the DFID governance programming? Using project documentation and wider theoretical literature, but mainly relying on extensive participant observation within DFID Nigeria programmes, the article uses a historical perspective to outline how the TWP approach has been applied in Nigeria over 15 years of programme design, delivery, lesson-learning and refinement. Published evaluation reports are used to provide evidence of programme results. DFID Nigeria and its programmes have progressively adopted TWP principles. This has led to clear changes in country strategy and programme design, as well as programme-management practices. There is some evidence that the adoption of these principles has enhanced the results of DFID Nigeria programmes. By focusing on experimentation and "small bets," TWP has proven relatively successful in generating and supporting 'islands of effectiveness,' but has had more limited impact in terms of generating more systemic, transformational change. The results obtained in Nigeria using the TWP approach have depended not only on Nigeria's political economy but also on the political economy of the development agency and donor country. DFID Nigeria's ability to engage in critical self-reflection and to

关键词： adaptive programming governance Nigeria political economy thinking and working politically

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Rail-to-Rail, Linear Hot-Electron Injection programming of Floating-Gate Voltage Bias Generators at 13-Bit Resolution

Rail-to-Rail, Linear Hot-Electron Injection Programming of F...

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Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC)

作者： Huang, Chenling Sarkar, Pikul Chakrabartty, Shantanu Michigan State Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn E Lansing MI 48824 USA

关键词： adaptive programming floating-gate transistor hot-electron injection injection rate pulse-width modulation

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Genetic algorithms: A search technique applied to behavior analysis

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENERAL SYSTEMS 1996年第1-2期24卷 125-135页

作者： Dobransky, MK Wierman, MJ CREIGHTON UNIV DEPT MATH & COMP SCIOMAHANE 68178

Genetic algorithms are powerful generalized search techniques. This paper shows that genetic algorithms can solve a difficult class of problems in general systems theory quickly and efficiently. Genetic algorithms appear to be ideally suited to solving the combinatorially complex problem of behavior analysis. The search space of behavior analysis experiences exponential growth as a Function of the number of variables. The genetic algorithm converges after considering a small percentage of these potential solutions. The number of solutions that need to be examined by the genetic algorithm seems to be a polynomial function of the number of variables and, in fact, the growth appears to be linear.

关键词： adaptive programming behavior analysis general systems theory genetic algorithms information theory systems problem solving

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