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作者： Mentens, Arjen Brno University of Technology

In today’s grid, a great amount of inverter-based Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) are connected and are mainly designed to supply power without considering the voltage and frequency deviations of the grid. Therefore, Distribution System Operators (DSOs) are challenged with an increase in grid events due to the random implementation of DERs. Voltage levels can vary beyond predened limits at the Point Of Connection (POC) and are currently not evaluated by DSOs. This paper summarizes the development of a simulation model for evaluating the impact of support functions integrated in inverter-based DERs. The model aims to help grid operators to simulate voltage and frequency events and study the impact of DERs to the grid with respect to different settings of integrated support functions. A model is developed in MATLAB/Simulink conform to European standards and regulations. Grid dynamics can be evaluated by imitating voltage and frequency deviations. Support functions can either be adjusted according to the situation or turned off. Together with adjustable settings according to DSO request, this model offers exibility and insight in the capabilities of DERs to solve voltage and frequency issues. Case studies show that the model corresponds to expected behavior and can be used for further development.

关键词： Voltage Control inverters advanced inverter functions

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The Effects of inverter Clipping and Curtailment-Inducing Grid Support functions on PV Planning Decisions 48

The Effects of Inverter Clipping and Curtailment-Inducing Gr...

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48th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)

作者： Azzolini, Joseph A. Reno, Matthew J. Sandia Natl Labs POB 5800 Albuquerque NM 87185 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781665419222

Recent trends in PV economics and advanced inverter functionalities have contributed to the rapid growth in PV adoption;PV modules have gotten much cheaper and advanced inverters can deliver a range of services in support of grid operations. However, these phenomena also provide conditions for PV curtailment, where high penetrations of distributed PV often necessitate the use of advanced inverter functions with VAR priority to address abnormal grid conditions like over- and under-voltages. This paper presents a detailed energy loss analysis, using a combination of open-source PV modeling tools and high-resolution time-series simulations, to place the magnitude of clipped and curtailed PV energy in context with other operational sources of PV energy loss. The simulations were conducted on a realistic distribution circuit, modified to include utility load data and 341 modeled PV systems at 25% of the customer locations. The results revealed that the magnitude of clipping losses often overshadows that of curtailment but, on average, both were among the lowest contributors to total annual PV energy loss. However, combined clipping and curtailment loss are likely to become more prevalent as recent trends continue.

关键词： advanced inverter functions autonomous Volt-VAR clipping curtailment energy yield analysis quasi-static time-series (QSTS)

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Interconnection Standard Grid-Support Function Evaluations Using an Automated Hardware-in-the-Loop Testbed

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IEEE JOURNAL OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 2018年第2期8卷 565-571页

作者： Johnson, Jay Ablinger, Ron Bruendlinger, Roland Fox, Bob Flicker, Jack Sandia Natl Labs Albuquerque NM 87185 USA Austrian Inst Technol A-1220 Vienna Austria SunSpec Alliance San Jose CA 95117 USA

Grid operators are increasingly turning to advanced grid-support functions in distributed energy resources (DER) to assist with distribution circuit voltage regulation, bulk system frequency control, and power system protection. The U.S. DER certification standard, Underwriters Laboratories (UL) 1741, was revised in September 2016 to add test procedures for multiple grid-support functions. Sandia National Laboratories, SunSpec Alliance, and growing community of collaborators have undertaken a multiyear effort to create an open-source system validation platform (SVP) that automates DER interconnection and interoperability test procedures by communicating with grid simulators, photovoltaic (PV) simulators, data acquisition systems, and interoperable equipment under test. However, the power hardware required for generating the test conditions may be untenable for many organizations. Herein, we discuss development of the SVP testing capabilities for UL 1741 tests utilizing a controller hardware-in-the-loop testbed that precludes the need for power hardware using a 34.5 kW Austrian Institute of Technology smart grid controller. Analysis of normal ramp rate, soft start ramp rate, specified power factor, volt-VAr, and frequency-watt advanced grid functions, and the effectiveness of the UL 1741 test protocols are included.

关键词： advanced inverter functions certification testing controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) hardware-in-the-loop Underwriters Laboratories (UL) 1741

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Hardware-in-the-loop Simulation based Testing of Power Conditioning Systems 1

Hardware-in-the-loop Simulation based Testing of Power Condi...

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IEEE Industrial-Electronics-Society (IES) International Conference on Industrial Electronics for Sustainable Energy Systems (IESES)

作者： Ustun, Taha Selim Konishi, Hiroo Hashimoto, Jun Otani, Kenji AIST FREA Fukushima Renewable Energy Inst Koriyama Fukushima Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781509049745

Although it is very popular among environmentalists, the replacement of fossil-fuel based generation with new age renewable energy (RE) creates problems in grid operation and stability. The intermittent nature of these resources as well as their inverter-based connection structure hinder the traditional operation of electrical networks. Consequently, the RE penetration level has been kept low to limit their impact on the infrastructure. In order to maximize RE potential, novel solutions are required and smart inverters with advanced inverter capabilities can be just that. Coupled with battery energy storage systems (BESS), they can manage RE intermittent behavior and provide auxiliary services such as frequency and voltage support. However, large scale deployment of these power conditioning systems (PCS) at distribution level can create enormous problems. To cope with this challenge, their behavior should be closely scrutinized and interoperable operation must be guaranteed with a series of tests before actual deployment. Smart Grid International Research Facility Network (SIRFN) has the services of 15 distinct labs to develop standard testing protocols and knowledge on best practices. A consortium of labs around the globe ran tests in their facilities and developed standard testing procedures for BESS. Building on that experience, IEEE P2004 project aims at developing standard hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing procedures for PCS. This will improve the testing capabilities since different systems can be easily modeled and verified in HIL. This paper documents these standardized testing efforts and the role of Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, a part of SIRFN and IEEE P2004, in achieving these goals.

关键词： Electric Power Apparatus Electric Power Control Testing Standards advanced inverter functions Battery Energy Storage Systems IEEE P2004 Project

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Frequency Regulation Strategy for Modular Two-Stage Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems 44

Frequency Regulation Strategy for Modular Two-Stage Grid-Con...

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44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial-Electronics-Society (IECON)

作者： Marti, Shilpa Krishnaswami, Hariharan Univ Texas San Antonio Dept Elect & Comp Engn San Antonio TX 78249 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781509066841

With the increasing penetration of Photovoltaic (PV) systems there is an increase in the variability of power generation. Grid operators tackle this problem by implementing advanced control functions such as frequency regulation. The focus of this paper is to develop a new control strategy that provides frequency regulation in a modular single-phase string configured two-stage grid-connected PV inverter. The control strategy is implemented for the PV systems without the use of energy storage. This frequency control is performed by regulating grid current based on droop curve control for PV

关键词： Frequency regulation advanced inverter functions Photovoltaics

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Photovoltaic Frequency-Watt Curve Design for Frequency Regulation and Fast Contingency Reserves

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IEEE JOURNAL OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 2016年第6期6卷 1611-1618页

作者： Johnson, Jay Neely, Jason C. Delhotal, Jarod J. Lave, Matthew Sandia Natl Labs POB 5800 Albuquerque NM 87185 USA

When renewable energy resources are installed in electricity grids, they typically increase generation variability and displace thermal generator control action and inertia. Grid operators combat these emerging challenges with advanced distributed energy resource (DER) functions to support frequency and provide voltage regulation and protection mechanisms. This paper focuses on providing frequency reserves using autonomous IEC TR 61850-90-7 pointwise frequency-watt (FW) functions that adjust DER active power as a function of measured grid frequency. The importance of incorporating FW functions into a fleet of photovoltaic (PV) systems is demonstrated in simulation. Effects of FW curve design, including curtailment, deadband, and droop, were analyzed against performance metrics using Latin hypercube sampling for 20%, 70%, and 120% PV penetration scenarios on the Hawaiian island of Lanai. Finally, to understand the financial implications of FW functions to utilities, a performance function was defined based on monetary costs attributable to curtailed PV production, load shedding, and generator wear. An optimization wrapper was then created to find the best FW function curve for each penetration level. It was found that in all cases, the utility would save money by implementing appropriate FW functions.

关键词： advanced inverter functions advanced inverters frequency regulation grid-support functions smart distributed energy resource (DER)

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Effect of Non-unity Power Factor Operation in Photovoltaic inverters Employing Grid Support functions 40

Effect of Non-unity Power Factor Operation in Photovoltaic I...

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40th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)

作者： Gonzalez, Sigifredo Neely, Jason Ropp, Michael Sandia Natl Labs Albuquerque NM 87123 USA Northern Plains Power Technol Brookings SD 57006 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781479943982

The high penetration of utility-interconnected photovoltaic systems is causing heightened concern over the effect that variable renewable generation will have on the electric power system (EPS). These concerns have initiated the need to amend the utility interconnection standard to allow functionalities, so-called advanced inverter functions, to minimize the negative impact these variable distributed energy resources may have on EPS voltage and frequency. Unfortunately, advanced functions, in particular volt-VAr, will result in non-unity power factor (PF) operation[3]. The increased phase current results in additional conduction losses and switching losses in the inverter power electronics. These power losses have a direct impact on real power delivered to the grid at the point of common coupling (PCC) and an impact on inverter service life. This report provides analysis, simulation, and experimental evidence to investigate the effect of advanced inverter functions on non-unity PF operation.

关键词： advanced inverter functions distributed energy resources (DER) non-unity power factor

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