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Parallel implementation of the adaptive neighborhood contrast enhancement technique using histogram-based image partitioning

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 2001年第3期10卷 804-813页

作者： Rangayyan, RM Alto, H Gavrilov, D Univ Calgary Dept Elect & Comp Engn Calgary AB Canada Univ Calgary Netera Alliance Calgary AB Canada

An adaptive neighborhood contrast enhancement (ANCE) technique was developed to improve the perceptibility of features in digitized mammographic images for use in breast cancer screening. The computationally intensive algorithm was implemented on a cluster of 30 COMPAQ Alpha processors using the message passing interface. The parallel implementation of the ANCE technique utilizes histogram-based image partitioning with each partition consisting of a list of gray-level values. The master processor allots one set of gray-level values to each slave processor. Each slave locates all possible seed pixels in the image with the designated gray-level values, grows a region around each pixel, enhances the contrast of the seed and any redundant seed pixels if required, and returns the results to the master. The master then sends a new set of gray-level values to the slave for processing. The subdivision of the original image based on gray-level values guarantees that slave processors do not process the same pixel, and is particularly well suited to the characteristics of the ANCE algorithm. The parallelism value of the problem is in the range of 16-20;the performance did not improve significantly when more than 16 processors were used. The performance declined when more than 20 processors were used. The result is a substantial improvement in processing time, leading to the enhancement of 4 Kx4 K pixel images in the range of 30-90 s. (C) 2001 SPIE and IS&T.

关键词： Image processing Mammography Image enhancement Breast cancer Biopsy Sun Cancer algorithm development Breast Image contrast enhancement

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Color filter array interpolation using color correlations and directional derivatives

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 2003年第4期12卷 621-632页

作者： Kehtarnavaz, N Oh, HJ Yoo, YJ Univ Texas Dept Elect Engn Richardson TX 75083 USA Texas Instruments Inc Dallas TX 75243 USA

We present a color filter array interpolation algorithm to provide the missing colors associated with the commonly used Bayer pattern in digital still camera systems. The developed algorithm utilizes color correlation and directional derivative attributes of neighboring color pixels and is thus named C2D2. The main advantage of this algorithm is that it requires no user-defined parameter, as is the case in many edge-adaptive color filter array interpolation algorithms. Both an objective and subjective comparison are carried out with two other popular edge-adaptive algorithms. The results indicate that this algorithm consistently generates lower mean-squared interpolation errors in the RGB and L*a*b* color spaces. (C) 2003 SPIE and IST.

关键词： Dysprosium Digital cameras Optical filters algorithm development Image filtering Reconstruction algorithms Image processing RGB color model Sensors Digital filtering

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Robust watermark embedding/detection algorithm for H.264 video

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 2005年第1期14卷 013013.1-013013.9页

作者： Wu, GZ Wang, YJ Hsu, WH Optoelect & Syst Lab Ind Technol Res Inst Hsinchu 300 Taiwan Natl Tsing Hua Univ Dept Elect Engn Hsinchu 300 Taiwan

We present a blind watermark embedding/detection algorithm to embed watermarks into H.264's I pictures. The embedded watermark can survive H.264's compression attacks with more than a 40:1 compression ratio in I pictures. One pair of predicted discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients within the blocks of size 4 X 4 are used to embed 1-bit watermark information. The embedding locations of DCT coefficients are switched from lower subbands to higher subbands in a predefined order while the distortions between predicted values and original values are larger than a tolerable bound. With these methods, the embedded watermarks can survive H.264's compression attacks with good invisibility. 2005 SPIE and IS&T.

关键词： Digital watermarking Video Switching Video compression Binary data Image compression Quantization algorithm development Computer programming Roads

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Three-dimensional gamut mapping using various color difference formulae and color spaces

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 1999年第4期8卷 365-379页

作者： Katoh, N Ito, M Ohno, S Sony Corp PNC Dev Ctr Shinagawa Ku Tokyo 1410001 Japan Sony Corp B&P Co Atsugi Kanagawa 2430024 Japan

Gamut mapping is a technique to transform out-of-gamut colors to the inside of the output device's gamut It is essential to develop effective mapping algorithms to realize "WYSIWYG" color reproduction. In this paper, three-dimensional gamut mapping using various color difference formulae and color spaces are considered. Visual experiments were performed to evaluate which combination of color difference formula and color space for gamut mapping was most preferred for five images. The color difference formulae used in the experiments were Delta E-ab *, Delta E-ab*, Delta E-94, Delta E-CMC, Delta E-BFD, and Delta E-wt. The color spaces used in the experiments were CIELAB, CIELUV, CIECAM97s, IPT, and NC-IIIC. A clipping method was used that maps all out-of-gamut colors to the surface of the gamut and no change was made to colors inside the gamut It was found that gamut mapping using Delta E-94, Delta E-CMC, and Delta E-wt were effective in CIELAB color space. For mapping images containing a large portion of blue colors, Delta E-BFD, and Delta E-UV* were found to be more effective. Delta E-ab* was least preferred for all images. With respect to color spaces, gamut mapping performed in the CIELUV color space was superior to any other color spaces for the blue region. We conclude that Delta E-94 in CIELUV and Delta E-BFD in CIELAB are the two most useful combinations of color difference formula and color space for gamut mapping, if we are to apply a single combination universally. (C) 1999 SPIE and IS&T.

关键词： Color difference CRTs Printing Visualization Associative arrays 3D image processing Mahalanobis distance Standards development algorithm development Voltage controlled current source

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Adaptive and integrated neighborhood-dependent approach for nonlinear enhancement of color images

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 2005年第4期14卷 043006.1-043006.1页

作者： Tao, L Asari, VK Old Dominion Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Computat Intelligence & Machine Vis Lab Norfolk VA 23529 USA

A novel image enhancement algorithm called AINDANE ( adaptive and integrated neighborhood dependent approach for nonlinear enhancement) for improving the visual quality of digital images captured under extremely low or nonuniform lighting conditions is proposed. AINDANE is comprised of two separate processes, namely, adaptive luminance enhancement and adaptive contrast enhancement, to provide more flexibility and better control over image enhancement. Adaptive luminance enhancement is a global intensity transformation based on a specifically designed nonlinear transfer function, which is self-tuned by the histogram statistics of the input image. This process largely increases the luminance of darker pixels and compresses the dynamic range of the image at the same time. Adaptive contrast enhancement tunes the intensity of each pixel based on its relative magnitude with respect to the neighboring pixels. This process is also adaptively controlled by the global statistics of the image. A color restoration process, based on the relationship between the spectral bands and the luminance of the original image, is applied to convert the enhanced intensity image back to a color image. (c) 2005 SPIE and IS&T.

关键词： Image enhancement Image processing Image quality Image contrast enhancement Visualization Convolution algorithm development Image compression Color image processing Digital image processing

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Machine learning to explore the stochastic perturbations in revenue of pandemic-influenced small businesses

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NONLINEAR DYNAMICS 2024年第2期112卷 1549-1558页

作者： Yu, Zhenhua Sohail, Ayesha Xian Univ Sci & Technol Inst Syst Secur & Control Coll Comp Sci & Technol Xian 710054 Peoples R China Univ Sydney Sch Math & Stat Sydney NSW 2006 Australia

The classical models of risk assessment and the forecasting tools of business revenue typically contain unknown parameters with a range of empirical values that are insufficient for making intuitive predictions. To improve the modeling and simulation approaches, it is necessary to deal with the associated data-sets, subject to several complex constraints, using smart programming tools. These constraints are responsible for the randomness, noise and perturbation, technically termed as the stochastic effects. Such stochastic processes, when incorporated with seasonality lead to the mean reverting L'evy-based Ornstein-Uhlenbeck approach. The Ornstein-Uhlenbeck modeling approach is used here for the assessment of the revenue. Regression learner models of machine learning are developed to explore impact of the change in temperature on pandemic thresholds and with this, the change in revenue. The current research strategy can prove to support the investors in their future investment planning and decisions and to forecast the risks and the fate of small and individual-based businesses.

关键词： algorithm development SVM Risk assessment COVID-19 pandemic Revenue Clinical practice

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On improvement of the computation speed of Otsu's image thresholding

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 2005年第2期14卷 023011.1-023011.1页

作者： Lin, KC Kun Shan Univ Technol Dept Mech Engn Yun Kung City 71003 Tainan County Taiwan

Many previous methods for image thresholding focused on developing automatic algorithms to determine thresholds. However, most of the methods suffer from time-consuming computation for multilevel thresholding. Therefore, a fast and automatic thresholding method is desired for real-time applications. This paper proposes a new and faster method for bilevel as well as multilevel image thresholding. Taking (partial) derivatives of image between-class variance with respect to gray levels develops the proposed method. For bilevel thresholding, a nonlinear equation is derived to solve for an optimal threshold. For multilevel thresholding, a set of nonlinear equations is derived to solve for a set of optimal thresholds. A parameter is introduced to determine the class number for image classification by subjective determination of the ratio of image features to be kept after classification. Statistical performance analysis of the proposed method versus the Baysian classifier is included in this paper. Thresholding computation for the proposed method and Otsu's [N. Otsu, "A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms," IEEE Trans. Syst. Man, Cyber. SMC-9, 62-66 (1979)] is discussed. There are also several examples to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method and its superiority in computation speed. (c) 2005 SPIE and IS&T.

关键词： Image classification Statistical analysis algorithm development Image processing Bismuth Image segmentation Image analysis Motion analysis Mechanical engineering Roads

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Secure E-Commerce Scheme

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IEEE ACCESS 2022年 10卷 10359-10370页

作者： Cebeci, Sena Efsun Nari, Kubra Ozdemir, Enver Istanbul Tech Univ Informat Inst TR-34467 Istanbul Turkey

E-commerce security has recently been an emerging topic due to the escalation in credit card fraud and stolen user accounts. In general, the security bridge and privacy leakage occur on the side of e-commerce companies due to various factors such as flaws in the design of their storage systems. The stored information of users increases the risk on privacy bridge and to remedy such risks e-commerce companies are forced to make costly investments. The security threats also enforce the development of robust security protocols and methods in digital commerce systems. The current protocols and methods generally bring extra communication and computation costs to all parties involving in the e-commerce system and the security risk on the side of e-commerce companies still remains. In this paper, we propose a Secure E-commerce Scheme (SES) which alleviates the security threats on the side of e-commerce companies and reduces communication costs for all parties. The proposed secure e-commerce protocol, SES, is implemented, analyzed and compared to two well-known schemes;Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) and 3D Secure.

关键词： Electronic commerce Security Protocols Companies Credit cards Three-dimensional displays Cryptography E-commerce security security protocol algorithm development symmetric key cryptography

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Visualizing the process of knowledge discovery

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 2000年第4期9卷 404-420页

作者： Han, JC Cercone, N Univ Waterloo Dept Comp Sci Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada

Most existing visualization systems stress either the original data visualization or the discovered knowledge visualization, such as decision tree, neural network. rules, etc., but lack the abilities to visualize the entire process of knowledge discovery. We propose an interactive model, RuleViz, for visualizing the process of knowledge discovery and data mining. The RuleViz model consists of five components, each or which can be interacted and visualized by using different visualization techniques. According to this model two interactive systems, AViz and CViz, for visualizing the process of discovering numerical association rules and the process of learning classification rules have been implemented, respectively. To preprocess the data, each system provides users with three approaches for discretizing numerical attributes and the corresponding rule discovery algorithms. The discretization approaches and the algorithms for discovering association rules and learning classification rules are presented, and the approaches to visualizing discretized data and discovered rules are developed. The discovery of numerical association rules in AViz is based on image-based mining algorithm, while, in CViz, the classification rules are learned in terms of a logical rule induction algorithm. We also demonstrate our experimental results with AViz and CViz on the census data sets. UCI data sets, and artificial data sets. (C) 2000 SPIE and IS&T. [S107-9909(00)01304-0].

关键词： Visualization Knowledge discovery Visual process modeling Data visualization Data modeling algorithm development Mining Classification systems Systems modeling Data mining

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Mapping of two-dimensional convolution on very long instruction word media processors for real-time performance

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 2000年第3期9卷 327-+页

作者： Managuli, R York, G Kim, D Kim, Y Univ Washington Image Comp Syst Lab Dept Elect Engn Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Image Comp Syst Lab Dept Bioengn Seattle WA 98195 USA

Programmable media processors have been emerging to meet the continuously increasing computational demand in complex digital media applications, such as HDTV and MPEG-4, at an affordable cost. These media processors provide the flexibility to implement various image computing algorithms along with high performance, unlike the hardwired approach that has provided high performance for a particular algorithm, but lacks flexibility. However, to achieve high performance on these media processors, a careful and sometimes innovative design of algorithms is essential. In addition, programming techniques, e.g., software pipelining and loop unrolling, are needed to speed up the computations while the data flow can be optimized using a programmable DMA controller. In this paper, we describe an algorithm for two-dimensional convolution, which can be implemented efficiently on many media processors. Implemented on a new media processor called the MAP1000, it takes 7.9 ms to convolve a 512x512 image with a 7x7 kernel, which is much faster than the previously reported software-based convolution and is comparable with the hardwired implementations. High performance in two-dimensional convolution and other algorithms on the MAP1000 clearly demonstrates the feasibility of software-based solutions in demanding imaging and video applications. (C) 2000 SPIE and IS&T. [S1017-9909(00)00203-8].

关键词： Convolution Image processing algorithm development Imaging systems Signal processing Digital signal processing Data processing Computer programming Multimedia Video

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