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Medical imaging: A clinical overview

Medical imaging: A clinical overview

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Recent and Future developments in Medical Imaging II 1979

作者： Moss, Albert A. Department of Radiology University of California School of Medicine San FranciscoCA94143 United States

Over the past several years development and refinement of medical imaging devices has occured at an exponential rate. Computed whole body tomography, grey scale ultrasonography, real time ultrasonography, radionuclide imaging with new radiopharmaceuticals, and digitized radiography are all currently available diagnostic imaging modalities. While each of these imaging techniques has certain unique advantages, the rapid development, introduction and promotion of these new diagnostic imaging modalities has infact created a crisis of plenty. Clinicians are faced with the dilemna of choosing from among the many techniques available; the most appropriate modality for a particular clinical situation often before adequate understanding of the capabilities and limitations of each imaging modality has been acquired.

关键词： Diagnostics Computed tomography Ultrasonography Medical imaging Radioisotopes Nuclear medicine Spatial resolution Radiography Bone algorithm development

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RECONSTRUCTION AND RESTORATION METHODS IN CONE-BEAM TOMOGRAPHY

RECONSTRUCTION AND RESTORATION METHODS IN CONE-BEAM TOMOGRAP...

引用

Conference on Image Processing

作者： HIRIYANNAIAH, HP SATYARANJAN, M RAMAKRISHNAN, KR TATA ELXSI INDIA LTD BANGALOREINDIA

ISBN: (纸本)081941462X

A method for 3D cone beam tomographic reconstruction from limited data has been developed. This method uses a modified form of convolution backprojection and projection onto convex sets for handling the limited data problem. Convex constraints applicable to cone beam projection data have been identified, and their associated projection operators have been used. The algorithm has been tested with simulated data for circular source point trajectory. The method however is independent of source point geometry, and will be useful in any limited view cone beam reconstruction.

关键词： Reconstruction algorithms Tomography 3D image processing Image processing Radon transform X-rays algorithm development Fourier transforms Detector arrays Fluctuations and noise

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NEURAL NETWORKS IN BANDWIDTH COMPRESSION 14

NEURAL NETWORKS IN BANDWIDTH COMPRESSION

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CONF ON APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 14

作者： HABIBI, A The Aerospace Corp. (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)0819406953

The first objective of this study is to analyze the use of neural networks for bandwidth compression. This is achieved by developing a neural network algorithm using the Kohonen self-organization technique to perform vector quantization. The second objective of the study is to combine the neural network vector quantizer with a DPCM encoder for more efficient bandwidth compression. The bandwidth compression techniques are simulated and their performance is evaluated using one-dimensional wideband signals. Vector quantization (VQ) has proved to be an efficient method for bandwidth compression of both one-dimensional signals and imagery data. The reason VQ is not utilized in many practical applications is due to the fact that the performance of VQ becomes superior to other techniques such as transform coding and DPCM only for large vector dimensions. Large vector dimensions also increase the number of computations (per sample) and the memory requirements of the VQ; the increase is an exponential function of the vector dimension. For this reason, in this study VQ has been used in combination with other methods of bandwidth compression so that using a small vector dimension still improves the overall system performance. Neural networks present a parallel approach to data classification that may simplify the architecture of the classifier in the VQ, thus making vector quantizers with large dimensions more practical. In this study, we have developed a neural network algorithm for vector quantization which is based on Kohonen self-organization technique. In the following we discuss the neural network classifiers and their utilization in vector quantization of the DPCM encoders. Simulation results showing the system performance of these systems for one-dimensional modulated signals is presented and the results are discussed.

关键词： Neural networks Quantization algorithm development Computer programming Evolutionary algorithms Computer simulations Distortion Signal to noise ratio Aerospace engineering Modulation

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Microoptics for chromatic control of extended polychromatic sources

Microoptics for chromatic control of extended polychromatic ...

引用

International Symposium on Optical Information Science and Technology (OIST 97) - Optical Recording Mechanisms and Media

作者： Perlo, P Bigliati, C Lambertini, V Repetto, PM Sinesi, S Ctr Ric Fiat I-10043 Orbassano Italy

ISBN: (纸本)0819427950

The paper addresses the design and the fabrication of beam shapers for polychromatic light. A design criteria is proposed to correct both the color of the zero order, typical of binary structure, and to correct rainbow effects often visible at the border of the shaped beam. A simple case based on binary zone plates is presented with a simplified explanation of the more general procedure. Large binary and continuous profile elements are shown.

关键词： Binary data Beam shaping Zone plates Colorimetry Micro optics Superposition Diffraction Chromatic aberrations Spatial coherence algorithm development

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SAMPLE-3D BENCHMARKS INCLUDING HIGH NA AND THIN-FILM EFFECTS 7

SAMPLE-3D BENCHMARKS INCLUDING HIGH NA AND THIN-FILM EFFECTS

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Optical/Laser Microlithography VII Conference

作者： HELMSEN, JJ YEUNG, M LEE, D NEUREUTHER, AR UNIV CALIF BERKELEY DEPT ELECT ENGN & COMP SCIBERKELEYCA 94720

ISBN: (纸本)0819414921

A method of imaging thin films under high NA conditions is described and implemented. This method is based on the Hopkins' theory. This technique is benchmarked on two examples. Run times and profiles are reported. This method is used to calculate the etch rate of the photoresist and is used as an input to a development simulator for one of the benchmarks. Three methods of simulating photolithographic development are cell removal, ray-trace, and advection. Each solves for the advancing surface as the motion of a contour of an imaginary function under the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. Each method has advantages and limitations in reaching the goal of a fast, accurate and easy to maintain photolithography simulator. A discussion of the algorithms necessary for a ray-trace simulator are also included. Aspects of proper mesh maintenance and implementing correct boundary condition solutions are demonstrated, with the Hamilton-Jacobi formulation used as justification. A new deloop algorithm specially designed for ray-trace advancement is presented. A new triangulation technique, specially designed for surface advancement simulators is outlined.

关键词： Photoresist materials Optical lithography Thin films Etching Photoresist developing Computer simulations Plasma etching algorithm development Anisotropy Ions

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Advanced on FPA and near FPA image processing for infrared sensors

Advanced on FPA and near FPA image processing for infrared s...

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Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications XXXI

作者： Caulfield, JT Ovod, VI Coussa, RA Baxter, CR Massie, MA Cyan Syst Santa Barbara CA 93105 USA

ISBN: (纸本)081945768X

Cyan Systems has developed algorithms and architectures capable of performing temporal and spatial filtering near or on the FPA. Cyan is performing research into more advanced techniques to allow functional target detection near/on the FPA. The goals of this work is to perform image processing near or on the FPA to improve the size and power requirements for existing IR sensor systems which require larger board sets and hardware enclosures. We use representations of the biological vision system as models for the algorithm development. We report measured data on the near/on FPA target detection performance.

关键词： Staring arrays Sensors Target detection Image processing Infrared sensors Detection and tracking algorithms algorithm development Image filtering Data processing Spatial filters

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Detection of 60° phase defects on alternating PSMs

Detection of 60° phase defects on alternating PSMs

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Conference on Photomask and X-Ray Mask Technology V

作者： Spence, C Emery, D Zurbrick, L Prakash, D Chang, X Khanna, S Leback, B Tsujimoto, E Hughes, G Yang, B Adv Micro Devices Inc Sunnyvale CA 94088 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819428647

In this paper we present results of an algorithm that has been developed which is sensitive to phase defects of 60 degrees on i-line alternating PSMs. This algorithm consists of microcode and software, which can be loaded into existing inspection hardware. The algorithm works in die-to-die inspection mode and uses both transmitted and reflected light images to maximize sensitivity. Isolated phase defects as well as phase defects close to chrome edges were inspected. In addition, the algorithm is able to detect missing and misaligned shifter edges. A programmed phase defect test plate was developed to characterize defect detection sensitivity. Detection of 60 degrees defects smaller than 0.75 mu m has been demonstrated with this algorithm. Defect sensitivity characterization and actual production plate defect results are shown. Finally, recent results showing the application of the algorithm to the inspection of Deep-UV multiphase reticles using a shorter (364nm) inspection wavelength are presented.

关键词： Inspection Reticles Photomasks Deep ultraviolet Detection and tracking algorithms algorithm development Defect detection Etching Phase shifts Semiconducting wafers

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MULTISCALE ISOTROPIC MORPHOLOGY AND SHAPE APPROXIMATION USING THE VORONOI DIAGRAM

MULTISCALE ISOTROPIC MORPHOLOGY AND SHAPE APPROXIMATION USIN...

引用

CONF ON VISION GEOMETRY

作者： BRANDT, JW Univ. of California/Davis (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)0819410330

The Voronoi diagram of a sample set obtained from a shape boundary can be analyzed to perform morphological erosions, dilations, openings, and closings of the shape with a scaled unit disk as the structuring element. These operations collectively comprise isotropic morphology--meaning the fundamental morphological operations with a parameterized disk operator. The isotropic morphology operations are the basis of multi-scale morphological shape analysis. For instance, features obtained from a series of openings and closings by disks of varying size can be used to characterize a shape over a range of scales. In general, the isotropic morphology operations are a significant class of operations with broad potential applications. The new, Voronoi-diagram-based isotropic morphology algorithm has four significant advantages over existing algorithms: (1) the Voronoi diagram need only be computed once, and then an entire series of scale-based analyses can be performed at low incremental cost; (2) the time/space complexity of the algorithm is independent of the disk radius and depends only on the number of boundary samples; (3) the scale parameter (disk radius) can assume non-integral values; (4) the implied metric is the Euclidean metric, rather than an approximation thereof.

关键词： Shape analysis Vision geometry algorithm development Statistical analysis Image processing Visualization Digital imaging Edge detection Spatial frequencies Visual system

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Object-driven block-based algorithm for the compression of stereo image pairs

Object-driven block-based algorithm for the compression of s...

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Conference on Applications of Digital Image Processing XXII

作者： Edirisinghe, EA Jiang, J Bez, HE Univ Loughborough Dept Comp Sci Loughborough Leics England

ISBN: (纸本)0819432946

In this paper, we propose a novel object driven, block based algorithm for the compression of stereo image pairs. The algorithm effectively combines the simplicity and adaptability of the existing block based stereo image compression techniques [1-6] with an edge/contour based object extraction technique to determine appropriate compression strategy for various areas of the right image. Extensive experiments carried out support that significant improvements of up to 20% in compression ratio can be achieved by the proposed algorithm, compared with the existing stereo image compression techniques. Yet the reconstructed image quality is maintained at an equivalent level in terms of PSNR values. In terms of visual quality, the right image reconstructed by the proposed algorithm does not incur any noticeable effect compared with the outputs of the best algorithms. The proposed algorithm performs object extraction and matching between the reconstructed left frame and the original right frame to identify those objects that match but are displaced by varying amounts due to binocular parallax. Different coding strategies are then applied separately to internal areas and the bounding areas for each identified object. Based on the mean squared matching error of the internal blocks and a selected threshold, a decision is made whether or not to encode the predictive errors inside these objects. The output bit stream includes entropy coding of object disparity, block disparity and possibly some errors, which fail to meet the threshold requirement in the proposed algorithm.

关键词： stereo image compression video compression contour analysis algorithm development

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Exposure-focus critical dimension feedback control in 300mm manufacturing technologies

Exposure-focus critical dimension feedback control in 300mm ...

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Conference on Advanced Process Control and Automation

作者： Narendra, A Carson, S Morrison, C Intel Corp Hillsboro OR 97124 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819448494

Control of DCCDs (Develop Check Critical Dimension) is a key aspect of successfully manufacturing semiconductors at Intel. DCCD control was formerly achieved through manual adjustments of the exposure dose on the tool to account for the known effects of non-stationary tool/process drift. An automated application EFCC (Exposure-Focus CD Control) was developed at Intel, to create a robust algorithm and automated implementation, replacing the manual adjustment process. The EFCC algorithm uses DCCD summary measurements as the feedback to the stepper. At the stepper, the exposure setting is adjusted to correct for non-stationary tool/process drift. A weighted average of data from previous lots is used to determine the recommended exposure dose settings. The feedback scheme weights prior lots using a combination of traditional EWMA based weighting and within lot (across sites on wafer) variance based weighting. The EFCC implementation has benefits in increased Cpk, reduced rework, continuous adjustment. Furthermore, as this is an automated control solution, it can be easily extended to support more sophisticated adjustment algorithms.

关键词： Manufacturing Data modeling Process control Process modeling algorithm development Control systems Feedback control Correlation function Detection and tracking algorithms Semiconductor manufacturing

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