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Transparency benchmarking on audio watermarks and steganography

Transparency benchmarking on audio watermarks and steganogra...

引用

Conference on Security, Steganography and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents VIII

作者： Kraetzer, C Dittmann, J Lang, A Univ Magdeburg Dept Comp Sci Res Grp Multimedia & Secur Univ Pl 2 D-39106 Magdeburg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0819461121

The evaluation of transparency plays an important role in the context of watermarking and steganography algorithms. This paper introduces a general definition of the term transparency in the context of steganography, digital watermarking and attack based evaluation of digital watermarking algorithms. For this purpose the term transparency is first considered individually for each of the three application fields (steganography, digital watermarking and watermarking algorithm evaluation). From the three results a general definition for the overall context is derived in a second step. The relevance and applicability of the definition given is evaluated in practise using existing audio watermarking and steganography algorithms (which work in time, frequency and wavelet domain) as well as an attack based evaluation suite for audio watermarking benchmarking - StirMark for Audio (SMBA). For this purpose selected attacks from the SMBA suite are modified by adding transparency enhancing measures using a psychoacoustic model. The transparency and robustness of the evaluated audio watermarking algorithms by using the original and modified attacks are compared. The results of this paper show that transparency benchmarking will lead to new information regarding the algorithms under observation and their usage. This information can result in concrete recommendations for modification, like the ones resulting from the tests performed here.

关键词： Digital watermarking Transparency Steganography Detection and tracking algorithms Data hiding Wavelets Modeling algorithm development Data modeling Performance modeling

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FAST DECORRELATION algorithm FOR PERMUTATION ARRAYS 2

FAST DECORRELATION ALGORITHM FOR PERMUTATION ARRAYS

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CONF ON OPTICAL INFORMATION-PROCESSING SYSTEMS AND ARCHITECTURES 2

作者： YOVANOF, GS GOLOMB, SW Kodak Berkeley Research (United States) Univ. of Southern California (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)081940408X

A fast algorithm has been developed for the reconstruction of an arbitrary permutation array from its two-dimensional aperiodic autoconelation function. The method is simple to apply. It is based on a backtracking search of a difference triangle associated with the permutation array. The issue of homometric arrays is also addressed. These are inequivalent arrays under the group ofEuclidean motions which share the same autocorrelation function. It is shown that the developed algorithm determines all homometric permutation arrays corresponding to a given autocorrelation function.

关键词： algorithm development Reconstruction algorithms

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Explainability and causality for robust, fair, and trustworthy artificial reasoning 5

Explainability and causality for robust, fair, and trustwort...

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Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Multi-Domain Operations Applications V

作者： Rawal, Atul Raglin, Adrienne Sadler, Brian M. Rawat, Danda B. Howard Univ Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Ctr Excellence AI ML CoE AIML Washington DC 20059 USA DEVCOM Army Res Lab Adelphi MD USA

ISBN: (数字)9781510661936

ISBN: (纸本)9781510661929;9781510661936

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) systems are required to be fair and trustworthy. They must be capable of bias detection and mitigation to achieve robustness. To this end, a plethora of research fields have seen growth in research related to making AI/ML systems more trustworthy. Causal learning and Explainable AI (XAI) are two such fields that have been used extensively in the past few years to achieve explainability and fairness. However, they have been used as separate methodologies, not together. This paper provides a new perspective in using causal learning and XAI together to create a more robust and trustworthy system. Having causality and explainability together in the same model presents an extra layer of robustness, that is not achieved by using either of them individually. We present a use case for combining causality via causal discovery, and explainability via feature relevance. Using causal discovery, the generated causal graphs are compared to the feature relevance plots from the ML model. Directed causal graphs can display the features that are causally relevant for the predictions, and these causally relevant features can be directly compared to the features listed from correlation-based explanations from XAI.

关键词： Machine learning Artificial intelligence Systems modeling Evolutionary algorithms algorithm development Library classification systems Data modeling Education and training Performance modeling Random forests

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OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS FROM UNDERWATER TOWED VEHICLES DEPLOYED FROM SHIPS-OF-OPPORTUNITY IN THE NORTH-SEA

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CONF ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION MEASUREMENT SENSORS AND SYSTEMS

作者： WILLIAMS, R AIKEN, J Plymouth Marine Lab./Natural Environment Research Council (United Kingdom)

ISBN: (纸本)0819403164

Since 1988 oceanographic vehicles equipped with a variety of optical sensors have been deployed successfully from ships-of-opportunity in the North Sea as part of an environmental monitoring programme. The towed vehicles are deployed and recovered by the ship's crew and the instrument packages are activated automatically during the tow by electronic sea water switches. The vehicles carry sensors for measuring chlorophyll fluorescence, turbidity, conductivity, temperature, depth and upwelling and downwelling light in three wavebands; the measurements are stored in a solid state logger. The filters used in the irradiance sensors have wavelengths at 412, 450 and 550 nm with sensitivity at 0.1 pW cm2. The light measurements are used for the determination of the diffuse attenuation coefficient and the reflectance of blue light (R4l2, R450) and green light (R55O) and together with measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence are being used for the development of an algorithm for estimation of primary production in coastal waters and the open sea. Data are shown from a number of fixed-depth and variable-depth vehicle deployments from selected shipping routes in 1988/89, including a Copenhagen, Kattegat, Skagerrak, North Sea, Harwich route. From March 1990 a nutrient sensor measuring combined nitrite, nitrate in a continuous flow analyser will be carried by these towed vehicles.

关键词： Sensors Lawrencium Luminescence Temperature metrology Environmental sensing Pollution Optical testing algorithm development Infrared sensors Water

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SHAPE RECONSTRUCTION FROM SHADING WITH PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION

SHAPE RECONSTRUCTION FROM SHADING WITH PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIO...

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CONF ON APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 1993 : MACHINE VISION AND ROBOTICS ( PREPRINTS )

作者： LEE, KM KUO, CCJ Univ. of Southern California (South Korea) Univ. of Southern California (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)0819412007

In this research, we propose a novel algorithm which recovers the surface height directly from images obtained via perspective projection. Most existing shape from shading (SFS) algorithms are developed under the assumption of an orthogonal projection model, which is a special case of the general perspective projection model. As a result, there exist substantial reconstruction errors in their real applications especially for the case when the object is not far away from the camera. By introducing an explicit triangular element surface model and combining perspective imaging geometry, we are able to relax the orthogonal projection assumption and derive a more general reflectance model with perspective projection. We formulate the perspective SFS problem as a minimization problem parameterized by surface nodal heights, and determine the surface height by solving an equivalent linear system of equations. Simulation results for several test images are given to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The proposed perspective SFS algorithm gives more accurate results than conventional SFS algorithms and is very attractive in practical applications.

关键词： Evolutionary algorithms Reconstruction algorithms Reflectivity Artificial intelligence Cameras Image processing 3D modeling Light sources algorithm development Visual process modeling

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Measuring temporal resolution of cardiac CT reconstructions

Measuring temporal resolution of cardiac CT reconstructions

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Medical Imaging 2005 Conference

作者： Matthews, D Heuscher, D Philips Med Syst Highland Hts OH 44143 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819457191

Multi-slice CT today is capable of imaging the heart with excellent temporal resolution. algorithms have been developed to perforin reconstructions combining data from multiple cardiac cycles. This paper presents a simulation phantom that enables a direct measurement of the actual temporal resolution achieved by these algorithms. This is not only useful for assessing the temporal resolution but also for validating the algorithms themselves. A simulation phantom was developed that consists of a 20 cm. diameter water phantom containing an array of cylinders whose intensities are pulsed for various durations ranging from 10 msec. to 2 5 0 msec. The intensity varied between the background value of water (0 HU) and 800 HU. By measuring the nominal attenuation value at the center of each cylinder, a curve can be derived representing the response over the given temporal range. A temporal resolution representing the FWHM value is determined based on the half-max value of this curve. Reconstructions were performed using a multi-cycle cardiac algorithm described previously in the literature. The measured FWHM values agree quite well to the temporal resolution predicted by the cardiac algorithm itself. Even the variation along the longitudinal axis can be accounted for by the predicted values. A simulated phantom can be used to accurately assess the temporal resolution of cardiac reconstruction algorithms. Excellent agreement was achieved between the predicted and measured temporal resolution values for the multi-cycle algorithm used in this study.

关键词： Temporal resolution Reconstruction algorithms Heart Signal attenuation Beam propagation method algorithm development Computed tomography Computer simulations CT reconstruction Scanners

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SUBPIXEL RESOLUTION WITH STEERABLE FILTERS 2

SUBPIXEL RESOLUTION WITH STEERABLE FILTERS

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Conference on Image and Video Processing II

作者： BRAKEFIELD, JC Conceptual MindWorks Inc. (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)0819414778

As part of a project to utilize advanced software to diagnose multi-layer circuit card assemblies, the signal traces were separated into top and bottom layers. The source images were stereo x-ray images, 2 K by 2 K by 12 bits. The a stereo software algorithm was developed using steerable filters as a means of precisely determining signal trace location and orientation. A new stereopsis algorithm was derived which efficiently allocates signal traces to particular layers. The paper relates the approach taken to biological vision and its characteristic of hyperacuity. And to the subject of model building and model fitting.

关键词： Image segmentation Simulation of CCA and DLA aggregates Wavelets Signal processing X-rays Image filtering X-ray imaging algorithm development Image processing Electronic filtering

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Statistics-based endmember extraction algorithms for hyperspectral imagery

Statistics-based endmember extraction algorithms for hypersp...

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Conference on Imaging Spectrometry XII

作者： Chu, Shih-Yu Wu, Chao-Cheng Chang, Chein-, I Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty Dept Comp Sci & Elect Engn Baltimore MD 21250 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819468093

Endmember extraction has received considerable interest in recent years. Many algorithms have been developed for this purpose and most of them are designed based on convexity geometry such as vertex or endpoint projection and maximization of simplex volume. This paper develops statistics-based approaches to endmember extraction in the sense that different orders of statistics are used as criteria to extract endmembers. The idea behind the proposed statistics-based endmember extraction algorithms (EEAs) is to assume that a set of endminembers constitute the most un-correlated sample pool among all the same number of signatures with correlation measured by statistics which include variance specified by 2(nd) order statistics, least squares error (LSE) also specified by 2(nd) order statistics (variance), 3(rd) order statistics (skewness), 4(th) order statistics (kurtosis), e moment, entropy specified by infinite order of statistics and statistical independency measured by mutual information. Of particular interest are Independent Component Analysis-based EEAs which use statistics of various orders such as variance, skewness, kurtosis the k(th) moment and infinite orders including entropy and divergence. In order to substantiate proposed statistics-based EEAs, experiments using synthetic and real images are conducted in comparison with several popular and well-known EEAs such as Pixel Purity Index (PPI), N-finder algorithm (N-FINDR).

关键词： Independent component analysis Principal component analysis Minerals Picosecond phenomena Hyperspectral imaging algorithm development Neodymium Reflectivity Remote sensing Statistical analysis

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A Comparative Study of Fatigue Damage Sensing in Aluminum Alloys using Electrical Impedance and Laser Ultrasonic Methods

A Comparative Study of Fatigue Damage Sensing in Aluminum Al...

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Conference on Health Monitoring of Structural and Biological Systems

作者： Channels, Lindsey Chakraborty, Debejyo Butrym, Brad Kovvali, Narayan Spicer, James Papandreou-Suppappola, Antonia Afshari, Mana Inman, Daniel Chattopadhyay, Aditi Johns Hopkins Univ Dept Mat Sci & Engn Baltimore MD 21218 USA Arizona State Univ Dept Elect Engn Tempe AZ 85287 USA Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ Dept Mech Engn Blacksburg VA USA Arizona State Univ Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn Tempe AZ 85287 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819475558

Fatigue damage sensing and measurement in aluminum alloys is critical to estimating the residual useful lifetime of a range of aircraft structural components. In this work, we present electrical impedance and ultrasonic measurements in aluminum alloy 2024 that has been fatigued under high cycle conditions. While ultrasonic measurements can indicate fatigue-induced damage through changes in stiffness, the primary indicator is ultrasonic attenuation. We have used laser ultrasonic methods to investigate changes in ultrasonic attenuation since simultaneous measurement of longitudinal and shear properties provides opportunities to develop classification algorithms that can estimate the degree of damage. Electrical impedance measurements are sensitive to changes in the conductivity and permittivity of materials - both are affected by the microstructural damage processes related to fatigue. By employing spectral analysis of impedance over a range of frequencies, resonance peaks can be identified that directly reflect the damage state in the material. In order to compare the impedance and ultrasonic measurements for samples subjected to tension testing, we use processing and classification tools that are matched to the time-varying spectral nature of the measurements. Specifically, we process the measurements to extract time-frequency features and estimate stochastic variation properties to be used in robust classification algorithms. Results are presented for fatigue damage identification in aluminum lug joint specimens.

关键词： Ultrasonics Aluminum Signal attenuation Time-frequency analysis Stochastic processes Associative arrays Chemical species algorithm development Transducers Data acquisition

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EXTRACTION OF 2D GROUPINGS FOR 3D OBJECT RECOGNITION 3

EXTRACTION OF 2D GROUPINGS FOR 3D OBJECT RECOGNITION

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Conference on Visual Information Processing III

作者： ARSENEAULT, JL BERGEVIN, R LAURENDEAU, D UNIV LAVAL DEPT ELECT ENGNCOMP VIS & SYST LABQUEBEC CITY G1K 7P4QUEBECCANADA

ISBN: (纸本)081941543X

An approach for the recognition of 3D objects from single 2D views is presented. Using perceptual organization, hierarchies of features based on parallelism, co-linearity, and intersection are generated. Our local grouping algorithm is particularly inspired by the formalism defined by Etamadi et al., which is concerned with the formation of self-consistent groupings of straight lines from which all higher level groupings may be derived. Our approach extends this formalism to circular arcs. Surfaces in the scene are then extracted based on perceptual laws of symmetry and closure. The recognition process uses relational graphs of surfaces constructed by establishing the proximity, adjacency, and inclusion relations that exist between the surfaces. We identify closures which can be interpreted as the borders of the visible surfaces of objects and can also be used to describe the 2D shape of the surfaces. We show that a graph can be constructed from the relations between these closures and that similarities can be extracted from two different graphs obtained by analyzing two views of the same scene. Typical results obtained for complex indoor scenes are presented.

关键词： Image segmentation Detection and tracking algorithms Object recognition algorithm development Visual information processing Lutetium Image processing algorithms and systems Computer vision technology Feature extraction Machine vision

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