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检索条件"主题词=Algorithm development"

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BEARINGS-ONLY TRACKING IN A DISTRIBUTED SENSOR NETWORK USING REDUCED SUFFICIENT STATISTICS

BEARINGS-ONLY TRACKING IN A DISTRIBUTED SENSOR NETWORK USING...

引用

Conference on Signal and Data Processing of Small Targets 1994

作者： ANDERSON, KL ILTIS, RA UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA CTR INFORMAT PROC RESDEPT ELECT & COMP ENGNSANTA BARBARACA 93106

ISBN: (纸本)0819415391

A distributed parameter estimation algorithm is presented for a general nonlinear measurement model with additive Gaussian noise. We show that the Bayes-closed estimation algorithm developed by Kulhavy, when extended to the multisensor case leads to a linear fusion rule, regardless of the form of a local a posteriori densities. Specifically, the Kulhavy algorithm generates a set of reduced sufficient statistics representing the local sensor densities, which are simply added and subtracted at the global processor to obtain optimum fusion. We discuss various approximations to the Bayes-closed algorithm which leads to a practical parameter estimator for the nonlinear measurement model, and apply such an approximate technique to the bearings-only tracking problem. The performance of the distributed tracker is compared to an alternative algorithm based on the extended Kalman filter (EKF) implemented in modified polar coordinates. It is shown that the Bayes-closed estimator does not diverge in the sense of an ordinary EKF, and hence the Bayes-closed technique can be employed in both a unidirectional and bidirectional transmission mode.

关键词： Received signal strength Detection and tracking algorithms Sensors Reconstruction algorithms algorithm development Error analysis Data communications Statistical analysis Filtering (signal processing) Sensor networks

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OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO THE BISPECTRUM OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL INFRARED ASTRONOMICAL SPECKLE DATA

OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO THE BISPECTRUM OF ONE-DIM...

引用

CONF ON AMPLITUDE AND INTENSITY SPATIAL INTERFEROMETRY

作者： FREEMAN, J Steward Observatory/Univ. of Arizona (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)0819402818

Optimization techniques are applied to the bispectrum. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm for nonlinear least squares is used to determine the parameters of binary stars. The conjugate gradient and conjugate direction algorithms are used to estimate the full set of object phases and moduli. Simulated and observed data are utilized in each optimization.

关键词： Stars Signal to noise ratio Astronomy Infrared radiation Interferometry algorithm development Computer simulations Information operations Infrared astronomy Speckle

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Utilization of GPS surface reflected signals to provide aircraft altitude verification for SVS

Utilization of GPS surface reflected signals to provide airc...

引用

Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2005 Conference

作者： Ganoe, GG Young, SD NASA Langley Res Ctr Hampton VA 23681 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819457876

The Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of a constellation of Earth orbiting satellites that transmit continuous electromagnetic signals to users on or near the Earth surface. At any moment of time, at least four GPS satellites, and sometimes nine or more, are visible from any point. The electromagnetic signal transmitted from the satellites is reflected to at least some degree from virtually every place on the Earth. When this signal is received by a specially constructed receiver, its characteristics can be used to determine information about the reflected surface. One piece of information collected is the time delay encountered by the reflected signal versus the direct signal. This time delay can be used to determine the altitude (or height) above the local terrain when the terrain in the reflection area is level. However, given the potential of simultaneously using multiple reflections, it should be possible to also determine the elevation above even terrains where the reflecting area is not level. Currently an effort is underway to develop the technology to characterize the reflected signal that is received by the GPS Surface Reflection Experiment (GSRE) instrument. Recent aircraft sorties have been flown to collect data that can be used to refine the technology. This paper provides an update on the status of the instrument development to enable determination of terrain proximity using the GPS Reflected signal. Results found in the data collected to date are also discussed.

关键词： Global Positioning System Satellites Receivers Reflection Signal detection Reflectometry Navigation systems Computing systems Databases algorithm development

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Continuous identification technology

Continuous identification technology

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Conference on algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery VIII

作者： Diemunsch, J AFRL SNAA Wright Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819440779

The Air Force Research Laboratory's Sensor Directorate is developing the next step in target recognition, a continuous identification capability. This capability consists of a wide range of algorithms, sensor modes and technologies that work in concert to contribute to the overall goal of identification of moving as well as stationary targets. Three major pieces of this emerging capability are stationary identification, correlation of this information with tracks and the moving target recognition technologies. Although a brief discussion of each of these pieces will be provided in this paper, the concentration will be on the actual algorithms and technologies of the moving target recognition exploiting High Range Resolution (HRR) radar mode and how this complements Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI) tracking and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Automatic Target Recognition (ATR). This paper will expand on the overall continuous ID vision, work performed under several efforts, new sources of HRR data, and how this data will push the state of the art. The advantages of continuous ID should be obvious to the warfighter in many dimensions. As a command and control structure it is very difficult to identify and target time critical targets especially when the identification process is limited to stationary targets. These technologies will provide a wider range of targeting options so the enemy has no sanctuary in moving, setting up and in hiding.

关键词： Synthetic aperture radar Automatic target recognition Target recognition Detection and tracking algorithms Doppler effect Radar algorithm development Data modeling Model-based design Sensors

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A Bootstrapped PMHT with Feature Measurements and a New Way to Derive Its Information Matrix 26

A Bootstrapped PMHT with Feature Measurements and a New Way ...

引用

Conference on Signal Processing, Sensor/Information Fusion, and Target Recognition XXVI

作者： Lu, Qin Domrese, Katherine Willett, Peter Bar-Shalom, Yaakov Pattipati, Krishna Univ Connecticut Dept Elect & Comp Engn Storrs CT 06269 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781510609013;9781510609020

The probabilistic multiple-hypothesis tracker (PMHT), a tracking algorithm of considerable theoretical elegance based on the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, will be considered for the problem of multiple target tracking (MTT) with multiple sensors in clutter. Aside from position observations, continuous measurements associated with the unique and constant feature of each target are incorporated to jointly estimate the states and feature of the targets for the sake of tracking and classification, leading to a bootstrapped implementation of the PMHT. In addition, we rederived the information matrix for the big state vector stacking states for all the targets at all the time steps during the observation time. Simulation results have been conducted for both closely spaced and well separated scenarios with and without feature measurements. The normalized estimation error squared (NEES) calculated using the information matrix for both scenarios with and without feature measurements are within the 95% probability region. In other words, the estimates are consistent with the corresponding covariances.

关键词： Expectation maximization algorithms Detection and tracking algorithms Sensors Feature extraction Motion measurement Motion models algorithm development Matrices algorithms Time metrology

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Pattern noise in e-beam exposed sub-35nm contacts

Pattern noise in e-beam exposed sub-35nm contacts

引用

Conference on Advances in Resist Technology and Processing XXIII

作者： Poppe, Wojtek Liddle, Alexander Anderson, Erik Neureuther, Andrew Univ Calif Berkeley Elect Res Lab Berkeley CA 94720 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819461962

The variability in the printing of small contacts with electron-beam lithography in a fast high resolution resist was characterized using automated SEM image analysis of an identical array of contact holes. The goal of this study was to evaluate the sources and severity of pattern noise in an e-beam system. A matrix of 391 contacts, 17x23 (dictated by the dimensions of the SEM display 768x1024), was printed at 100KeV on the LBNL nano-writer in KRS-XE2 photoresist. The doses ranged from 28uC/cm(boolean AND)2 to 851uC/cm(boolean AND)2 with 8nm, 16nm, 24nm, 32nm, and 40nm contact holes. Printed contacts were counted by image processing of SEM images using NIH's ImageJ program. The amount of pattern noise was found to be 14X larger than the noise that would be predicted by the traditional Poisson shot noise of 5500 electrons per contact. Surprisingly, the pattern noise was independent of PEB time and resist thickness. The main source of noise was found to be associated with the surface of the resist, most likely outgassing of acid in the e-beam vacuum chamber. The contact hole experiment provides a practical method for quantifying random effects in evaluating resists, processes, and treatments.

关键词： Semiconducting wafers Electrons Scanning electron microscopy Detection and tracking algorithms Printing Edge detection Chemically amplified resists Image processing Electron beam lithography algorithm development

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Relevant modelling & comparison of geometric distortions in watermarking systems

Relevant modelling & comparison of geometric distortions in ...

引用

Conference on Applications of Digital Image Processing XXV

作者： Delannay, D Setyawan, I Lagendijk, RL Macq, B Catholic Univ Louvain Commun & Remote Sensing Lab B-3000 Louvain Belgium

ISBN: (纸本)0819445576

A challenging aspect in the development of robust watermarking algorithms is the ability to withstand complex geometric distortion of the media. A few existing techniques are known to deal with such transformations up to a certain level. Traditionally, the measure of the degradation caused by an attack on an image only addressed the pixel value modification. However, a degradation consequent to the geometric distortion of an image cannot be measured with traditional criteria. Therefore the evaluation and comparison of the robustness to desynchronization of different watermarking schemes was not possible. In this paper, we present an innovative method to measure the distortion introduced by complex geometric deformations of an image. The distortion measure is expressed in term of how closely the applied transform can be approximated by a simpler transform model (e.g. RST transform, affine transform). The scheme relies on the local least square estimation of the parameters of the reference transform model. Eventually, we illustrate the proposed measure by presenting some results for different complex image distortions.

关键词： Digital watermarking algorithm development Image segmentation Systems modeling Detection and tracking algorithms Mathematical modeling Digital imaging Error analysis Image processing Resistance

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Energy flux method for inspection of contact and VIA layer reticles

Energy flux method for inspection of contact and VIA layer r...

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Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVII

作者： Garcia, H Volk, W Xiong, YL Watson, S Yu, ZC Guo, Z Wang, LT KLA Tencor San Jose CA 95134 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819448435

Contacts and VIAs are features whose integrity are very susceptible to reticle CD defects or in general, to defects that produce a change of total energy (flux) projected through the reticle. As lithography is extended beyond the 130nm node, the problem becomes more critical. Detecting and analyzing photomask critical dimension (CD) errors and semitransparent defects is vital for qualifying reticles to enable high IC wafer yield for the 90nm node. The current state of the art inspection methods are unable to meet the industry requirements for contact and via features. Using the TeraStar(TM) pattern inspection system's image computer platform, a new algorithm, TeraFlux(TM), has been implemented and tested for the inspection of small "closed" features. The algorithm compares the transmitted energy flux difference between a test contact (or a group of contacts) and a reference image for small closed features, such as, contacts, trenches, and cells on chrome and half-tone reticles. The algorithm is applicable to both clear and dark field reticles. Sensitivity characterization tests show that the new algorithm provides CD error detection to 6% energy flux variation with low false defect counts. We performed experiments to correlate the sensitivity performance of the new algorithm with wafer printability results. The results will be presented together with results of inspections results of programmed defect plates and production reticles.

关键词： Inspection Reticles Defect detection Critical dimension metrology Semiconducting wafers Image segmentation Lithography algorithm development Defect inspection Detection and tracking algorithms

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Measurement of Hearing Loss due to Perforated Tympanic Membrane using Image Processing Techniques 11

Measurement of Hearing Loss due to Perforated Tympanic Membr...

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Conference on Smart Biomedical and Physiological Sensor Technology XI

作者： Sardesai, Neha Sardesai, Ravindra Chang, Chein-, I Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore MD 21250 USA Jehangir Hosp Pune Maharashtra India

ISBN: (纸本)9781628410440

The tympanic membrane (ear drum) is a thin tissue film that is stretched between the outer and middle ear. Sound waves travel from outside the ear, and strike the tympanic membrane resulting in its vibration. These vibrations amplify the sound waves and transmit them to the ossicles (auditory bones). The magnitude of amplification is directly proportional to vibrating area of tympanic membrane. Hence a perforation in this membrane would result in hearing loss. Pure-tone audiometry is the traditional procedure used to detect the amount of hearing loss in a patient. However, it is lengthy and less efficient, as it largely depends on the response of the patient to sound intensity and frequency of pure-tones. We present a relatively more efficient approach to determine hearing loss due to perforated tympanic membrane using image processing techniques. We describe an algorithm that uses unsharp masking to sharpen images of the perforations as well as the tympanic membrane. Then, it converts the image into a binary image using thresholding. A median filter is applied to get rid of the noise component in the image. The ratio of the area of perforation and total area of tympanic membrane will define the percentage of hearing loss. Our approach will eliminate the error introduced due to patient dependency as in the traditional method.

关键词： Ear Image processing Bone algorithm development Binary data Image enhancement Sensors Brain Nerve Tissues

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Analysis of analytic nonresonant background removal algorithm for MCARS spectra 17

Analysis of analytic nonresonant background removal algorith...

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17th Meeting of the Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives (CBRNE) Sensing Conference met as part of the SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing (DCS) Symposium

作者： Roberson, Stephen D. Pilkington, Sherrie Bowman Pellegrino, Paul M. US Army Res Lab 2800 Powder Mill Rd Adelphi MD 20783 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781510600652

Multiplex Coherent Anti Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (MCARS) has been shown to generate a complete Raman spectrum of a material on a millisecond time scale which allows for rapid identification of a wide variety of molecular targets. Along with the desired resonant spectrum due to the vibrational Raman spectroscopy of the analyte, MCARS is known to simultaneously generate a nonresonant spectrum that can obscure the desired Raman spectrum which hinders detection. Extracting the desired resonant Raman signal analytically from the overall MCARS signal has proven difficult without having prior knowledge of the analyte. We have developed an algorithm that utilizes a combination of the maximum entropy method in conjunction with advanced Fourier filtering to analytically remove the nonresonant background from our MCARS spectra without having prior knowledge of the vibrational spectrum of the analyte. In this report, we will report on the theoretical background for this algorithm as well as our experimental work testing this algorithm under various nonresonant spectra conditions for a number of analytes. We will systematically vary the amount of nonresonant background generated in the sample by changing the temporal overlap of the two beams necessary to generate the MCARS signal. Additionally, we place the analyte into increasing concentrations of water to generate increasing amounts of nonresonant background spectra to test the algorithm's effectiveness. Finally, we compare the analyte vibrational spectral output from the algorithm to the Raman spectrum measured with the spontaneous Raman system in the laboratory of the same sample in an effort to ascertain accuracy of the output spectra.

关键词： Raman spectroscopy Optical filters Fourier transforms Molecules Microscopes Spectroscopy algorithm development algorithms Analytical research Molecular spectroscopy

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