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Reentry survivability and risk

Reentry survivability and risk

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Conference on Image Intensifiers and Applications;and Characteristics and Consequences of Space Debris and Near-Earth Objects

作者： Fudge, ML ITT Syst Alexandria VA 22303 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819428892

This paper is the culmination of the research effort which was reported on last year while still in-progress. As previously reported, statistical methods for expressing the impact risk posed to space systems in general land the International Space Station (IISS) in particular) by other resident space objects have been examined. One of the findings of this investigation is that there are legitimate physical modeling reasons for the common statistical expression of the collision risk. A combination of statistical methods and physical modeling is also used to express the impact risk posed by reentering space systems to objects of interest (e.g., people and property) on Earth. One of the largest uncertainties in the expressing of this risk is the estimation of survivable material which survives reentry to impact Earth's surface. This point was demonstrated in dramatic fashion in January 1997 by the impact of an intact expendable launch vehicle (ELV) upper stage near a private residence in the continental United States. Since approximately half of the missions supporting ISS will utilize ELVs, it is appropriate to examine the methods used to estimate the amount and physical characteristics of ELV debris surviving reentry to impact Earth's surface. This report details reentry survivability estimation methodology, including the specific methodology used by ITT Systems' (formerly Kaman Sciences) "SURVIVE' model. The major change to the model in the last twelve months has been the increase in the fidelity with which upper-atmospheric aerodynamics has been modeled. This has resulted in an adjustment in the factor relating the amount of kinetic energy loss to the amount of heat entering the reentering body, and also validated and removed the necessity for certain empirically-based adjustments made to the theoretical heating expressions. Comparisons between empirical results (observations of objects which have been recovered on Earth after surviving reentry) and SURVIVE estimat

关键词： Optical spheres Titanium Aluminum Systems modeling Rockets Atmospheric modeling Statistical modeling algorithm development Earth's atmosphere Statistical methods

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Stopping rules for active contour segmentation of ultrasound cardiac images

Stopping rules for active contour segmentation of ultrasound...

引用

Medical Imaging 2005 Conference

作者： Tao, Z Tagare, HD Yale Univ Dept Elect Engn New Haven CT 06520 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819457213

The presence of speckle (a spatial stochastic process in an ultrasound image) makes ultrasound segmentation difficult. Speckle introduces local minima in the MAP energy function of an active contour, and when evolving under gradient descent, the contour gets trapped in a spurious local minimum. In this paper, we propose an alternate technique for evolving a MAP active contour. The technique has two parts: a deterministic evolution strategy called tunneling descent which escapes from spurious local minima, and a stopping rule for terminating the evolution. The combination gives an algorithm that is robust and gives good segmentations. The algorithm also benefits from having only a few free parameters which do not require tweaking. We present the conceptual framework of the algorithm in this paper, and study the impact of different stopping rules on the performance of the algorithm. The algorithm is used to segment the endocardium in cardiac ultrasound images. We present segmentation results in this paper and an experimental evaluation of different stopping rules on the performance of the algorithm. Although the algorithm is presented as an ultrasound segmentation technique, in fact, it can be used to segment any first-order texture boundary.

关键词： Image segmentation Ultrasonography Blood Speckle Tissues Echocardiography Image processing algorithms and systems algorithm development Error analysis Stochastic processes

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GIGABIT OPTICAL INTERCONNECTS FOR LAN APPLICATIONS 2

GIGABIT OPTICAL INTERCONNECTS FOR LAN APPLICATIONS

引用

Conference on Photonics for Space Environments II

作者： BONCEK, RK KROL, MF JOHNS, ST STACY, JL HAYDUK, MJ PHOTON CTR ROME LABGRIFFISS AFBNY 13441

ISBN: (纸本)0819415197

We report on the results of experiments performed in areas of technology required to develop gigabit optical interconnects for communication at 1.3 micrometers wavelength. The goal of this work was to develop interconnects not only with very high bandwidth, but with serve to multiple channels having multiple access and simple processing algorithms so as not to rely on high bandwidth electronics, as well. Optical correlation switches (i.e. optical `AND' gates) for use in time-division optical interconnects achieve these goals.

关键词： Optical interconnects Modulators Receivers Clocks Electronics Photonics Switches algorithm development Local area networks Optical fibers

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Application Study of Principal Component Based Physical Retrieval algorithm for Hyperspectral Infrared Sensors

Application Study of Principal Component Based Physical Retr...

引用

Conference on Earth Observing Systems XVIII

作者： Wu, Wan Liu, Xu Li, Hui Zhou, Daniel K. Larar, Allen M. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc 1 Enterprise PkwySuite 200 Hampton VA 23666 USA NASA Langley Res Ctr Hampton VA 23681 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819497161

An ultra-fast principal component based physical retrieval algorithm has been developed at NASA Langley research center. Works are under way to maximize the application potential of the algorithm in order to generate reliable products from hyper-spectral sensor data for climate studies. The algorithm has been tested using synthetic data for various infrared sensors. This paper describes in detail about retrieval sensitivity study carried out for several hyper-spectral infrared sensors using this physical algorithm. The retrieval accuracy obtained using the algorithm for the atmospheric parameters including trace gases of interests is discussed. Its dependence on the sensor system noise and spectral resolution is illustrated by comparing the retrieval performance achieved for different sensors. PCRTM has been demonstrated to be a reliable tool for end-to-end sensor performance simulations and has great potential for real-time trace gas retrieval applications.

关键词： Clouds Absorption Infrared radiation Infrared sensors algorithm development Sensors Carbon monoxide NOx Atmospheric physics Spectral resolution

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RECOGNITION OF CLUSTERED MICROCALCIFICATIONS USING A RANDOM-FIELD MODEL

RECOGNITION OF CLUSTERED MICROCALCIFICATIONS USING A RANDOM-...

引用

CONF ON BIOMEDICAL IMAGE PROCESSING AND BIOMEDICAL VISUALIZATION

作者： KARSSEMEIJER, N Univ. Hospital Nijmegen (Netherlands)

ISBN: (纸本)0819411388

A parallel algorithm has been developed to detect clustered microcalcifications in digital mammography. Labeling of the image is performed by a deterministic relaxation scheme in which both image data and prior beliefs are weighted simultaneously using a Bayesian scheme. The image data is represented by parameter images representing local contrast and shape. A random field models contextual relations between pixel labels, which enables bringing in prior knowledge about the spatial properties of the structures to be detected. By defining long range interaction between background and calcification labels the detector can be tuned to be more sensitive inside clusters than outside, ensuring that isolated spots will only be interpreted as calcifications if they are in the neighborhood of others. In this paper attention is focused on the random field model. Different choices of the energy function defining the interaction model are investigated experimentally using a set of 40 mammograms digitized at 2 k².

关键词： Mammography Image processing Image segmentation Tissues algorithm development Image analysis Sensors CCD cameras Image filtering Detection and tracking algorithms

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Toward perceptual metrics for video watermark evaluation

Toward perceptual metrics for video watermark evaluation

引用

Conference on Applications of Digital Image Processing XXVI

作者： Winkler, S Gelasca, ED Ebrahimi, T Swiss Fed Inst Technol EPFL Audiovisual Commun Lab CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)0819450766

Assessing and comparing the performance of watermarking algorithms is difficult. The visibility of the watermark is an important aspect in this process. In this paper, we propose two metrics for evaluating the visual impact of video watermarks. Based on several different watermarking algorithms and video sequences, we identify the most prominent impairments as spatial noise and temporal flicker. We design the corresponding measurement algorithms and corroborate their performance through subjective experiments.

关键词： Digital watermarking Video Visibility Video compression algorithm development Visualization Discrete wavelet transforms Semantic video Spatial frequencies Visual system

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Evaluation of Optimizations of Murty's M-Best Assignment 27

Evaluation of Optimizations of Murty's M-Best Assignment

引用

Conference on Signal Processing, Sensor/Information Fusion, and Target Recognition XXVII

作者： Lu, Qin Dou, Wenbo Visina, Radu Pattipati, Krishna Bar-Shalom, Yaakov Willett, Peter Univ Connecticut Dept Elect & Comp Engn Storrs CT 06269 USA

ISBN: (数字)9781510618046

ISBN: (纸本)9781510618046

Murty's ranking algorithm provides a clever way of partitioning the solution space to find theM best assignments, whose costs are in a nondecreasing order, to a linear assignment problem with an N x N cost matrix, where total assignment cost is minimized. This paper reviews the optimization techniques for Murty's M-best method combined with successive shortest path assignment algorithms (such as the Jonker and Volgenant assignment algorithm) from two papers. The first paper discussed three optimizations: 1) inheriting dual variables and partial solutions during partitioning, 2) sorting subproblems by lower cost bounds before solving, and 3) partitioning in an optimized order. The second paper proposed updating the dual variables of the previous solution before the shortest path procedure is applied to solve a subproblem without mentioning the use of lower cost bounds. One contribution of this paper is that we propose a much tighter lower bound than that given by the first paper. Comparative tests have been conducted among algorithms employing different combinations of the optimization techniques to evaluate their respective performances.

关键词： Optimization (mathematics) algorithm development MATLAB

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Image restoration in multi-sensor missile seeker environments for design of intelligent integrated processing architectures

Image restoration in multi-sensor missile seeker environment...

引用

Conference on Image Reconstruction and Restoration II

作者： Sundareshan, MK Pang, HY Amphay, S Sundstrom, B Univ. of Arizona (United States) Air Force Wright Lab. (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)0819425923

Two major factors that could limit successful implementations of image restoration and superresolution algorithms in missile seeker applications ate, (i) lack of accurate knowledge of sensor point spread function (PSF) parameters, and (ii) noise-induced artifacts in the restoration process. The robustness properties of a recently developed blind iterative Maximum Likelihood (ML) restoration algorithm to inaccuracies in sensor PSF are established in this paper. Two modifications to this algorithm that successfully equip it to suppress artifacts resulting from the presence of high frequency noise components are outlined. Performance evaluation studies with one-dimensional and two-dimensional signals are included to demonstrate that these algorithms have superresolution capabilities while possessing also attractive robustness and artifact suppression properties. The algorithms developed here hence contribute to efficient designs of intelligent integrated processing architectures for smart weapon applications.

关键词： Image processing algorithm development Image restoration Missiles Point spread functions Sensors Super resolution Weapons

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引用

Symposium on Laser Technology IV - Research Trends, Instrumentation, and Applications in Metrology and Materials Processing

作者： SIKORSKI, Z MIL UNIV TECHNOL INST OPTOELECTRPL-01489 WARSAWPOLAND

ISBN: (纸本)0819414999

Kinoform is a phase modulating computer-generated hologram. Most often, algorithms for nonparaxial kinoform synthesis use discrete propagation operators and solution is given in a discrete form. Kinoform is obtained by interpolation from these discrete samples in its plane. This paper gives the relationship between the continuous reconstruction of that kinoform and the discrete synthesis solution in the image plane. The relationship allows us to describe complex amplitude distribution in diffraction orders, predicts the possibility of speckle-like reconstruction, and is a basis for an efficient method of zero-order image calculation. Spatial frequency filtering properties of discrete algorithms are analyzed and criteria for algorithm sampling parameters are derived.

关键词： Computer generated holography Reconstruction algorithms Convolution Diffraction Sensors Spatial frequencies algorithm development Fourier transforms 3D image reconstruction Free space

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Clustered-Dot Halftoning with Direct Binary Search

Clustered-Dot Halftoning with Direct Binary Search

引用

Conference on Color Imaging XV - Displaying, Processing, Hardcopy, and Applications

作者： Gupta, Madhur Staelin, Carl Fischer, Mani Shacham, Omri Jodra, Rodolfo Allebach, Jan Purdue Univ W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Hewlett Packard Lab Israel Tech City IL-32000 Haifa Israel Hewlett Packard Ltd IL-76101 Rehovot Israel Hewlett Packard Corp Boise ID 83714 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819479211

Printers employing electrophotographic technology typically use clustered-dot screening to avoid potential artifacts caused due to unstable dot rendering. Periodic clustered-dot screens are quite smooth, but also suffer from periodic moire artifacts due to interference with other color channels. Stochastic, clustered-dot screens provide an alternative solution. In this paper, we introduce a new approach for stochastic, clustered-dot halftoning and screen design based on direct binary search. The method deviates from conventional DBS in its use of different filters in different phases of the algorithm. We provide an intuitive explanation for the clustering achieved as a result of this modification, and also discuss ways to control the coarseness of clusters. Due to the non-applicability of conventional screen design procedures to the new halftoning method, we propose a new method for screen design also. Results include images of individually designed constant-tone halftones and halftones of screened folded ramps.

关键词： Halftones Image filtering Stochastic processes Binary data Printing Linear filtering algorithm development Inkjet technology Diffusion Gaussian filters

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