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Parameter estimation of clutter pdf models

Parameter estimation of clutter pdf models

引用

International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology (ICAPT 98)

作者： Lampropoulos, GA Gigli, G Drosopoulos, A AUG Signals Ltd Toronto ON M4T 1X2 Canada

ISBN: (纸本)0819429503

In this paper we present a method to obtain a maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters of the Generalized Gamma and K probability density functions. Explicit closed form expressions are derived between the model parameters and the experimental data. Due to their nonlinear nature global optimization techniques are used for solving the derived expresions with respect to clutter model parameters. Experimental results show in all attempted cases that the resulting expressions are convex functions of the parameters. In addition to the maximum likelihood solution we present two other solutions. One is based on moment and the other on histogram matching.

关键词： Statistical analysis Optimization (mathematics) Data modeling algorithm development Error analysis Statistical modeling Bessel functions Evolutionary algorithms Fourier transforms Neural networks

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Yield improvement via automatic analysis of wafer processing order

Yield improvement via automatic analysis of wafer processing...

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Conference on Microelectronic Manufacturing Yield, Reliability, and Failure Analysis IV

作者： Merino, MA Recio, M Moreno, J Martin, V Fernandez, A Gonzalez, G Borrego, E Barrios, LJ del Castillo, MD Lemus, L Gonzalez, A Lucent Technol Microelect Madrid Spain

ISBN: (纸本)0819429694

Manufacturing tools may process wafers in different fashions: by group of lots, by lot by group of wafers, one-by-one in single or multichamber tools,... The order sequence in which wafers are processed in a given step of the manufacturing routing can be used as a valuable source for yield improvement. Within this scope we published on SPIE'S 1996 Microelectronic Manufacturing an Advanced software System to correlate order-sequences versus any yield related metric. Since then we have developed a new generation of Software named POSISCAN which automates the analysis and detection of "order patterns", that is, footprints of the yield being impacted by the order in which the wafers were processed in a specific tool. Yield degradation induced on each process can have a kind of footprint. We have accumulated a wealth of this footprints and developed a very fine knowledge-based algorithms to automatically detect them on every lot. The effectiveness of this automated POSISCAN tool is remarkably high and is having a big impact on time to detection/analysis/root-cause of yield loss.

关键词： Semiconducting wafers Manufacturing Detection and tracking algorithms Visualization Yield improvement algorithm development Image classification Metals Particles Microelectronics

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NSF-supported undergraduate machine vision research activities

NSF-supported undergraduate machine vision research activiti...

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Conference on Machine Vision Systems for Inspection and Metrology VII

作者： Miller, JWV Shridhar, M Univ Michigan Dearborn MI 48128 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819429821

For the past three summers, students at the University of Michigan-Dearborn have been participating in the development and testing of various aspects of machine vision systems with support from the National Science Foundation under the Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) program. Much of the work has involved algorithm development since useful work can be performed with a fairly modest programming background. Benchmarking of various algorithms is a related activity that has seen much student participation. To a lesser extent, illumination and optics work has also been performed for the development of experimental setups and actual implementation of vision systems. Over the three-year duration of the program, a total of 34 students participated in these activities. While many of the participants were full-time students at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, others were from engineering colleges over a diverse geographical area. Summaries of a number of the projects is included here. It may be noted that the National Science Foundation has established the REU program to encourage more students to obtain advanced degrees in science and engineering and ultimately to pursue careers in research and development.

关键词： Machine vision Cameras Glasses Image filtering Image processing algorithm development Computer programming Software development 3D modeling 3D scanning

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Metrics for image segmentation 7

Metrics for image segmentation

引用

Visual Information Processing VII

作者： Rees, G Greenway, P Morray, D British Aerosp Sowerby Res Ctr Bristol Avon England

ISBN: (纸本)0819428361

An important challenge in mapping image-processing techniques onto applications is the lack of quantitative performance measures. From a systems engineering perspective these are essential if system level requirements are to be decomposed into sub-system requirements which can be understood in terms of algorithm selection and performance optimisation. Nowhere in computer vision is this more evident than in the area of image segmentation. This is a vigorous and innovative research activity, but even after nearly two decades of progress, it remains almost impossible to answer the question "what would the performance of this segmentation algorithm be under these new conditions?" To begin to address this shortcoming, we have devised a well-principled metric for assessing the relative performance of two segmentation algorithms. This allows meaningful objective comparisons to be made between their outputs. It also estimates the absolute performance of an algorithm given ground truth. Our approach is an information theoretic one. In this paper, we describe the theory and motivation of our method, and present practical results obtained from a range of state of the art segmentation methods. We demonstrate that it is possible to measure the objective performance of these algorithms, and to use the information so gained to provide clues about how their performance might be improved.

关键词： Image segmentation Image processing Image processing algorithms and systems Cameras Machine vision Signal processing Image acquisition algorithm development Magnetorheological finishing Computer vision technology

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Building terrain maps and virtual worlds from video imagery

Building terrain maps and virtual worlds from video imagery

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SPIE Conference on Robotic and Semi-Robotic Ground Vehicle Technology

作者： Obermark, J Jacobus, C Cohen, C George, B Cybernet Syst Corp Ann Arbor MI 48108 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819428159

This paper is the result of Cybernet efforts starting in May of 1995 and currently on-going to develop system for capturing high resolution three dimensional terrain and cultural features from multiple position references video sequences. The notion is to test and implement a perception-based image rendering technique for terrain capture of real sites applicable to robotics, virtual reality and simulation applications. These techniques will enable the Army to better understand and evaluate the operational capabilities of vision based task performance. The proposed development effort has focused on the development and evaluation of image-based object constructions and rendering algorithms which will be summarized following.

关键词： Cameras Video 3D modeling Image processing 3D image processing Volume rendering 3D image reconstruction algorithm development Image restoration Video processing

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Comparison of output from ORASIS and Pixel Purity calculations.

Comparison of output from ORASIS and Pixel Purity calculatio...

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Conference on Imaging Spectrometry IV

作者： Bowles, J Daniel, M Grossmann, J Antoniades, J Baumback, M Palmadesso, P USN Res Lab Remote Sensing Div Washington DC 20375 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819428930

We compare the results produced by the NRL ORASIS algorithm with those produced by ENVI's Pixel Purity Index (PPI). Both procedures attempt to find appropriate estimations of the constituent endmembers. In ENVI's PPI, each spectrum in the scene is given a pixel purity index according to the number of times (in a given set of trials) its projection to a random linear subspace is extreme. The spectra with sufficiently high index are then examined with ENVI's n-D Visualizer and endmembers are chosen by inspection. The endmembers thus obtained are averages of spectra in the scene. The ORASIS algorithm begins with a vector quantization procedure producing a list of distinct spectra referred to as exemplars. An altered Gram-Schmidt process is then applied to the exemplars to determine their dimensionality and initial estimates of the endmembers. This is followed by a shrink-wrap - the candidate endmembers are adjusted to form a simplex that best fits the data and thereby determines the final endmembers. The comparison is made on the output from two data cubes. Using the first 64 bands of the AVIRIS 1996 Florida Keys scene and the last 55 bands of the Cuprite scene, the outputs are similar. For all pure pixels with indexes above a certain threshold an exemplar exists that is either identically the same spectrum or within the ORASIS set error angle. Subsequently, the use of ENVI's n-D visualizer allows the viewing of clusters in the data, which allows the selection of endmembers.

关键词： Acquisition tracking and pointing Visualization Mathematical modeling Diamond Hyperspectral imaging Sensors algorithm development Analytical research Quantization Transform theory

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Microoptics for chromatic control of extended polychromatic sources

Microoptics for chromatic control of extended polychromatic ...

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International Symposium on Optical Information Science and Technology (OIST 97) - Optical Recording Mechanisms and Media

作者： Perlo, P Bigliati, C Lambertini, V Repetto, PM Sinesi, S Ctr Ric Fiat I-10043 Orbassano Italy

ISBN: (纸本)0819427950

The paper addresses the design and the fabrication of beam shapers for polychromatic light. A design criteria is proposed to correct both the color of the zero order, typical of binary structure, and to correct rainbow effects often visible at the border of the shaped beam. A simple case based on binary zone plates is presented with a simplified explanation of the more general procedure. Large binary and continuous profile elements are shown.

关键词： Binary data Beam shaping Zone plates Colorimetry Micro optics Superposition Diffraction Chromatic aberrations Spatial coherence algorithm development

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Detection of 60° phase defects on alternating PSMs

Detection of 60° phase defects on alternating PSMs

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Conference on Photomask and X-Ray Mask Technology V

作者： Spence, C Emery, D Zurbrick, L Prakash, D Chang, X Khanna, S Leback, B Tsujimoto, E Hughes, G Yang, B Adv Micro Devices Inc Sunnyvale CA 94088 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819428647

In this paper we present results of an algorithm that has been developed which is sensitive to phase defects of 60 degrees on i-line alternating PSMs. This algorithm consists of microcode and software, which can be loaded into existing inspection hardware. The algorithm works in die-to-die inspection mode and uses both transmitted and reflected light images to maximize sensitivity. Isolated phase defects as well as phase defects close to chrome edges were inspected. In addition, the algorithm is able to detect missing and misaligned shifter edges. A programmed phase defect test plate was developed to characterize defect detection sensitivity. Detection of 60 degrees defects smaller than 0.75 mu m has been demonstrated with this algorithm. Defect sensitivity characterization and actual production plate defect results are shown. Finally, recent results showing the application of the algorithm to the inspection of Deep-UV multiphase reticles using a shorter (364nm) inspection wavelength are presented.

关键词： Inspection Reticles Photomasks Deep ultraviolet Detection and tracking algorithms algorithm development Defect detection Etching Phase shifts Semiconducting wafers

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Adaptive scalar quantization for perceptual coding in the wavelet domain

Adaptive scalar quantization for perceptual coding in the wa...

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Meeting on Visual Communications and Image Processing

作者： Liu, S Hewlett Packard Labs Palo Alto CA 94304 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819431249

A generic transform/wavelet compression system is illustrated in Figure 1. In this system, a transform such as the DCT or a wavelet decomposition is first applied to the image. The resulting transform/wavelet coefficients are then quantized and coded to produce the compressed bitstream. The goal of perceptual image coding is not to achieve the best SNR but to produce an image with the best visual fidelity at the target bitrate. To accomplish this goal, the quantizer need to be both frequency and spatially adaptive. As an example of frequency adaptation, DCT based compression systems such as JPEG use a frequency weighted table, Q-table, to adjust the relative value of the quantization stepsizes. The weights typically increase with respect to the frequency to better match the noise masking property of the human visual system (HVS). Similarly, perceptual weighting has also been successfully applied to wavelet based coders, where the frequency bands are weighted based on a wavelet Q-table. As an example of spatial adaptation, the JPEG-Part3 and MPEG allows the Q-table to be scaled by a factor on a block by block basis. Spatial adaptation by scale factor modulation plays two important roles. First it allows the encoder to adaptively quantize each block based on the local spatial characteristics such as edge, texture, flat region, etc. Second it allows the encoder to achieve the target bitrate in a single pass, which is a very desirable feature in a practical coder. In light of this, the wavelet Q-table should also be allowed to change spatially in order to better reflect the HVS's response to various coefficient type, edge, texture, etc. This paper describes how spatial and frequency adaptive scalar quantization can be used in a wavelet coding framework, both embedded and non-embedded, to achieve perceptual coding and single-pass rate-control. The proposed quantization strategy can be easily supported syntactically, yet if offers a powerful tool to optimize wavelet coder

关键词： Wavelets Quantization Computer programming Image compression Image quality Modulation Detection and tracking algorithms Visualization Signal to noise ratio algorithm development

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Data acquisition scheduling algorithm for multi-telescope instrument with pointing function

Data acquisition scheduling algorithm for multi-telescope in...

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Conference on Advanced and Next-Generation Satellites II

作者： Ohno, T Watanabe, H Kawakami, T Fujita, S Cohen, RH Information and Mathematical Science Lab. Inc. (Japan) Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Ctr. (Japan) Jet Propulsion Lab. (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)0819423610

Planned for launch in June 1998, the Earth Observing System (EOS) AM1-spacecraft will carry five instruments which will be placed into a polar,sun-synchronous, 705 km orbit. EOS AM-1 will cross the equator at 10:30a.m. local time when daily cloud cover is typically at a minimum over land, such that surface features can be more easily observed The Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) of Japan is providing the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer(ASTER) instrument. The ASTER instrument is a high performance spatial imager which has three sensors (VNIR: Visible Near Infrared Radiometer, SWIR: Short Wave Infrared Radiometer, and TIR: Thermal Infrared Radiometer). The interval between the nearest two orbits is 172 km at the equator. The swath of sensors is 60 km. Therefore ASTER must have pointing capability in order to cover the whole surface of the earth. ASTER accepts xARs (Acquisition Requests) from many users. Because of constrained spacecraft data capacity, ASTER's data acquisition duty cycle is Limited. These conditions make the scheduling algorithm very complex. This paper presents the data acquisition scheduling algorithm which will perform the most effective scheduling from the inputs which consist of many xARs and which is derived from prioritization information.

关键词： Polysomnography Clouds Seaborgium Sensors Data acquisition algorithm development Detection and tracking algorithms Radiometry Image processing Short wave infrared radiation

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