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2017 IEEE 2nd Information Technology, Networking, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (ITNEC 2017)

作者： Dongchen Jiang Miao Zhou School of Information Science & Technology Beijing Forestry University

ISBN: (纸本)9781509064151;9781509064144

Focusing on the impact different ways of formalization have on the according verifications of sorting algorithm,this paper presents the formal specifications of insertion sort,and verifies its functional correctness using Isabelle/HOL. For the formalization, the value-based method and the index-based method are compared, which turns out that the index-based method is more suitable for verification in various aspects.

关键词： algorithm verification insertion sort algorithm specification verification complexity

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verification of a simple band ratio algorithm for retrieving Great Lakes open water surface chlorophyll concentrations from satellite observations

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JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH 2016年第2期42卷 448-454页

作者： Lesht, Barry M. Barbiero, Richard P. Warren, Glenn J. CSC Govt Solut LLC 845 W Taylor St Chicago IL 60607 USA Univ Illinois Dept Earth & Environm Sci 845 W Taylor St Chicago IL 60607 USA CSC Govt Solut LLC 1359 W Elmdale Ave Suite 2 Chicago IL 60660 USA Loyola Univ Chicago 1359 W Elmdale Ave Suite 2 Chicago IL 60660 USA USEPA Great Lakes Natl Program Off 77 W Jackson Blvd Chicago IL 60604 USA

We compared in situ surface chlorophyll concentration values measured between 2012 and 2015 as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Great Lakes National Program Office (GLNPO) annual monitoring program with corresponding concentration estimates obtained by applying our previously published (Lesht et al., 2013) Great Lakes Fit (GLF) band ratio algorithm to data from the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. Coefficients used in the original GLF algorithm were derived from similarly matched GLNPO and satellite observations collected between 2002 and 2011. The Model II linear relationship between the original GLF-predicted log-transformed values and the new set (2012-2015) of field observations yielded intercept = 0.036, slope = 1.063, and r(2) = 0.830. Residuals for modeled chlorophyll concentrations below similar to 8.0 mg m(-3) were unbiased and normally distributed, but positively biased at higher modeled concentrations. When applied to the entire dataset (2002-2015), the linear relationship between the GLF-modeled and the observed values had intercept = 0.000, slope = 0.999, and r(2) = 0.820. New model coefficients derived from the entire (2002-2015) dataset were very similar to those obtained from the 2002-2011 data. Continual testing and assessment of any empirical model are desirable especially when the model is designed to be employed by a broad community. We conclude that this comparison of the GLF algorithm with the additional four years of independent data further validates its use for estimating surface chlorophyll concentrations from satellite observations of the open waters of the Great Lakes. (C) 2016 International Association for Great lakes Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Remote sensing Ocean color Chlorophyll a Satellite observations algorithm verification

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Test procedures for verification of an electron pencil beam algorithm implemented for treatment planning

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RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY 1996年第3期39卷 271-286页

作者： Blomquist, M Karlsson, M Karlsson, M UMEA UNIV DEPT RADIAT PHYSS-90185 UMEASWEDEN

The calculation of an electron dose distribution in a patient is a difficult problem because of the presence of tissue and surface inhomogeneities. verification of the dose planning system is therefore essential. In this investigation, a novel method is used to evaluate a commercially available system (Helax-TMS), at electron energies between 10 and 50 MeV, both for a conventional treatment unit and an MLC-collimated scanned beam unit with a helium-filled treatment head. First, the experiments were designed to verify the local beam database and some fundamental characteristics of the electron beam calculations. Secondly, a number of generalised situations that would be encountered in the clinical treatment planning were evaluated: oblique incidence, field shaping with multi-leaf collimator, bolus edges, and air cavities. Dose distributions in two generalised anatomical phantoms simulating a neck and a nose were also analysed. The results have, when so possible, been presented as the dose ratio within the 'flattened area' for dose profiles and down to the 'treatment depth' (80% dose level) for depth doses. In the penumbra region and in the dose fall-off region, the comparison has been represented by the distance deviation between calculated and measured dose profiles or depth doses. A new tool, 'volume integration', was used to evaluate the deviations from a more clinical point of view. Most results were within +/-2% in dose for volumes larger than a sphere with a diameter of 15 mm, or +/-2 mm in position. Dose deviations were generally found for oblique incidences and below heterogeneities such as small air cavities and bolus edges in limited volumes.

关键词： electron beams algorithm verification treatment planning inhomogeneities

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verification in the water phantom of the irradiation time calculation done by the algorithm used in intraoperative radiotherapy

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REPORTS OF PRACTICAL ONCOLOGY AND RADIOTHERAPY 2010年第5期15卷 132-137页

作者： Slyk, Maria Litoborski, Marcin Greater Poland Canc Ctr Dept Med Phys Poznan Poland

Aim: The investigation of the irradiation time calculation accuracy of the GGPB algorithm used for IORT. Background: Conventionally, breast conserving therapy consists of breast conserving surgery followed by postoperative whole breast irradiation and boost. The use of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) enables the boost to be delivered already during the surgery. In this case, the treatment dose for IORT can be calculated by use of General Gaussian Pencil Beam (GGPB) algorithm, which is implemented in TPS Eclipse. Materials and methods: PDDs and OFs for electron beams from Mobetron and all available applicators were measured in order to configure the GGPB algorithm. Afterwards, the irradiation times for the prescribed dose of 3Gy were calculated by means of it. The results of calculations were verified in the water phantom using the Marcus ionization chamber. Results: The results differed between energies. For 6MeV the irradiation times calculated by the GGPB algorithm were correct, for the energy of 9MeV they were too small and for the energy of 4MeV theywere too large for applicators with smaller diameters, while acceptable for the remaining ones. Conclusion: The GGPB algorithm can be used in intraoperative radiotherapy for energy and applicator sets for which no significant difference between the measured and the prescribed dose was obtained. For the rest of energy-applicator sets the configuration should be verified and possibly repeated. (C) 2010 Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poland. Published by Elsevier Urban & Partner Sp. z.o.o. All rights reserved

关键词： GGPB algorithm algorithm configuration algorithm verification IORT

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On verification of a Distributed algorithm of Databases Arranged as a Ring

On Verification of a Distributed Algorithm of Databases Arra...

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International Conference on Innovative Computing and Communication/Asia-Pacific Conference on Information Technology and Ocean Engineering

作者： Qi, Minglong Guo, Qingping Zhong, Luo Wuhan Univ Technol Coll Comp Sci & Technol Wuhan 430070 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9780769539423

In a paper, Roscoe has proposed two algorithms that can preserve a form of consistency in the distributed databases arranged a ring, and validated them using a group-like algebra, invented by the same author. In this paper, we have simplified one of the algorithms and tried to validate it by applying a simple set theory. We suppose that each process located at a node of the ring emits one only one update in its history and all processes insert their updates in the ring at the same time. The behavior of the system is synchronized by a global system clock, and at each tick of the system clock, all updates move to their right neighbors.

关键词： algorithm verification Distributed algorithm Ring databases Data consistency

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verification of the accuracy of a photon dose-calculation algorithm.

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Journal of applied clinical medical physics / American College of Medical Physics 2002年第1期3.0卷 26-45页

作者： Gifford, Kent A Followill, David S Liu, H Helen Starkschall, George Department of Radiation Physics The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas United States

An extensive set of measured data was developed for the purpose of verifying the accuracy of a photon dose-calculation algorithm. Dose distributions from a linear accelerator were measured using an ion chamber in a water phantom and thermoluminescent dosimeters in a heterogeneous anthropomorphic phantom. Test cases included square fields, rectangular fields, fields having different source-to-surface distances, wedged fields, irregular fields, obliquely incident fields, asymmetrically collimated fields with wedges, multileaf collimator-shaped fields, and two heterogeneous density cases. The data set was used to validate the photon dose-calculation algorithm in a commercial radiation treatment planning system. The treatment planning system calculated photon doses to within the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group 53 (TG-53) criteria for 99% of points in the buildup region, 90% of points in the inner region, 88% of points in the outer region, and 93% of points in the penumbra. For the heterogeneous phantoms, calculations agreed with actual measurements to within +/-3%. The monitor unit tests revealed that the 18-MV open square fields, oblique incidence, oblique incidence with wedge, and mantle field test cases did not meet the TG-53 criteria but were within +/-2.5% of measurements. It was concluded that (i) the photon dose calculation algorithm used by the treatment planning system did not meet the TG-53 criteria 100% of the time;(ii) some of the TG-53 criteria may need to be modified, and (iii) the generally stated goal of accuracy in dose delivery of within 5% cannot be met in all situations using this beam model in the treatment planning system.

关键词： photon-dose calculations radiation treatment planning quality assurance algorithm verification

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Systematic verification of a three-dimensional electron beam dose calculation algorithm

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MEDICAL PHYSICS 1996年第5期23卷 685-693页

作者： Cheng, A Harms, WB Gerber, RL Wong, JW Purdy, JA Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri 63110

A three-dimensional electron beam dose calculation algorithm implemented on a commercial radiotherapy treatment planning system is described. The calculation is based on the M. D. Anderson Hospital (M.D.A.H.) pencil beam model, which uses the Fermi-Eyges theory of thick-target multiple Coulomb scattering. To establish the calculation algorithm's accuracy as well as its limitations, it was systematically and extensively tested and evaluated against a set of benchmark measurements. Various levels of dose and spatial tolerances were used to validate the calculation quantitatively. Results are presented in terms of the percentage of data points meeting a specific tolerance level. The algorithm's ability to accurately simulate commonly used clinical setup geometries, including standard or extended SSDs, blocked fields, irregular surfaces, and heterogeneities, is demonstrated. Regions of disagreement between calculations and measurements are also shown. The clinical implication of such disagreements is addressed, and the algorithmic assumptions involved are discussed. (C) 1996 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.

关键词： electron beams 3D radiation treatment planning pencil beam calculation algorithm verification

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The Study on verification of Distributed algorithm for Ring Databases

The Study on Verification of Distributed Algorithm for Ring ...

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2010 The 2nd International Conference on Industrial Mechatronics and Automation (ICIMA 2010)

作者： Gao Guohong,Li Xueyong,Xiao Wenxian,Yan Shitao School of Information Engineer Henan Institute of Science and Technology Henan Xinxiang,China,453003

In this paper,we have applied a simple set theory for validating a simplified version of the *** though Rescoes algorithm is dramatically simplified so that some inner characteristics of the algorithm are accidentally removed,the mathematical structure we have developed is already relatively *** abstraction could make some useful insights into this so complicated problem that is the data replication consistency over a distributed database.

关键词： algorithm verification Set Theory Ring Databases

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Automatic Refinement to Efficient Data Structures: A Comparison of Two Approaches

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JOURNAL OF AUTOMATED REASONING 2019年第1期63卷 53-94页

作者： Lammich, Peter Lochbihler, Andreas Tech Univ Munich Inst Informat Boltzmannstr 3 D-85748 Garching Germany Swiss Fed Inst Technol Dept Informat Inst Informat Secur Univ Str 6 CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland

We consider the problem of formally verifying an algorithm in a proof assistant and generating efficient code. Reasoning about correctness is best done at an abstract level, but efficiency of the generated code often requires complicated data structures. Data refinement has been successfully used to reconcile these conflicting requirements, but usability calls for automatic tool support. In the context of Isabelle/HOL, two frameworks for automating data refinement have been proposed (Lammich, in: Blazy, Paulin-Mohring, Pichardie (eds) ITP 2013, LNCS, vol 7998, Springer, Heidelberg, pp 84-99, 2013;Lochbihler, in: Blazy, Paulin-Mohring, Pichardie (eds) ITP 2013, LNCS, vol 7998, Springer, Heidelberg, pp 116-132, 2013). In this paper, we present and compare the two frameworks and their underlying ideas in depth. Thereby, we identify the challenges of automating data refinement, highlight the similarities and differences of the two approaches, and show their strengths and limitations both from the implementer's and the user's perspectives. A case study demonstrates how to combine both frameworks, benefiting from the strengths of each.

关键词： Data refinement algorithm verification Code generation

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Prostate boundary detection from ultrasonographic images

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JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2003年第6期22卷 605-623页

作者： Shao, F Ling, KV Ng, WS Wu, RY Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Mech & Prod Engn Singapore 639798 Singapore Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Elect & Elect Engn Singapore 639798 Singapore

Objective. Prostate diseases are very common in adult and elderly men, and prostate boundary detection from ultrasonographic images plays a key role in prostate disease diagnosis and treatment. However, because of the poor quality of ultrasonographic images, prostate boundary detection still remains a challenging task. Currently, this task is performed manually, which is arduous and heavily user dependent. To improve the efficiency by automating the boundary detection process, numerous methods have been proposed. We present a review of these methods, aiming to find a good solution that could efficiently detect the prostate boundary on ultrasonographic images. Methods. A full description of various methods is beyond the scope of this article;instead, we focus on providing an introduction to the different methods with a discussion of their advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, verification methods for estimating the accuracies of the algorithms reported in the literature are discussed as well. Results. From the investigation, we summarize several key issues that might be confronted and project possible future research. Conclusions. Those model-based methods that minimize user involvement but allow for interactive guidance of experts will likely be most immediately successful.

关键词： algorithm verification boundary detection prostate ultrasonographic image

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