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amorphous computing: a research agenda for the near future

NATURAL computing 2012年第1期11卷 59-63页

作者： Wiedermann, Jiri Acad Sci Czech Republ Inst Comp Sci Prague 18207 8 Czech Republic

amorphous computing presents a novel computational paradigm. The respective computational models have been recently introduced and studied in a series of works by J. Wiedermann and his Ph.D. student L. PetrA-. From a computational viewpoint, amorphous computing systems differ from the classical ones almost in every aspect: they consist of a set of tiny, independent and self-powered processors or robots that can communicate wirelessly to a limited distance. The processors are randomly placed in a closed area or volume and form an ad-hoc network;in some applications they can move, either actively, or passively (e.g., in a bloodstream). Assuming the exponential progress in all sciences resulting in our ability to produce amorphous computing systems with myriads of processors, an unmatched application potential is expected profoundly to change all areas of science and life. But prior to this state of the matters theoretical and practical studies of the computational properties and efficiency of amorphous computing systems must be performed. It is expected that an indispensable part of computer science will be affected by this trend.

关键词： amorphous computing Nano-machines Flying amorphous computer

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amorphous computing: examples, mathematics and theory

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NATURAL computing 2013年第3期12卷 377-392页

作者： Stark, W. Richard Univ S Florida Dept Math & Stat Tampa FL 33620 USA

The cellular automata model was described by John von Neumann and his friends in the 1950s as a representation of information processing in multicellular tissue. With crystalline arrays of cells and synchronous activity, it missed the mark (Stark and Hughes, BioSystems 55:107-117, 2000). Recently, amorphous computing, a valid model for morphogenesis in multicellular information processing, has begun to fill the void. Through simple examples and elementary mathematics, this paper begins a computation theory for this important new direction.

关键词： amorphous computing Computation theory Distributed processes Asynchronous Probability measure

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On the Universal computing Power of amorphous computing Systems

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THEORY OF computing SYSTEMS 2009年第4期45卷 995-1010页

作者： Wiedermann, Jiri Petru, Lukas Acad Sci Czech Republ Inst Comp Sci Prague 18207 8 Czech Republic Charles Univ Prague Fac Math & Phys CR-11800 Prague 1 Czech Republic

amorphous computing differs from the classical ideas about computations almost in every aspect. The architecture of amorphous computers is random, since they consist of a plethora of identical computational units spread randomly over a given area. Within a limited radius the units can communicate wirelessly with their neighbors via a single-channel radio. We consider a model whose assumptions on the underlying computing and communication abilities are among the weakest possible: all computational units are finite state probabilistic automata working asynchronously, there is no broadcasting collision detection mechanism and no network addresses. We show that under reasonable probabilistic assumptions such amorphous computing systems can possess universal computing power with a high probability. The underlying theory makes use of properties of random graphs and that of probabilistic analysis of algorithms. To the best of our knowledge this is the first result showing the universality of such computing systems.

关键词： amorphous computing Probabilistic automata Communication protocol Simulation Universality

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Three-dimensional Morphogenesis by Cell Division and Death in Viscoelastic amorphous computing

Three-dimensional Morphogenesis by Cell Division and Death i...

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16th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics (AROB 16th '11)

作者： Arai, Eisuke Tanaka, Fumiaki Hagiya, Masami Univ Tokyo Dept Comp Sci Grad Sch Informat Sci & Technol Bunkyo Ku 7-3-1 Hongo Tokyo 1138656 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9784990288051

amorphous computing is a computational paradigm for realizing global computation as a result of local communication among identical computational particles which are irregularly distributed over space. Each computational particle has a small computing power and a small amount of memory, and executes an identical program with no synchronization. In the original model of amorphous computing, particles did not have motility resulting from physical interactions and could not form any significant structures by their self-organization in three-dimensional space. In this paper, we propose a new approach to construct desired structures of programmable particles in three-dimension by extending the original model of amorphous computing. In addition to general operations in the original model, we introduce operations for generation and destruction of particles. Furthermore, we allow particles to have slight motility by viscoelasticity, because we assume physical interactions among particles. So far, we have built a simulator to observe behaviors of moving particles in three-dimensional space and control their morphogenetic process. In this simulator, the particles execute an identical program which includes the operations for generation and destruction. We have investigated and optimized parameters of the simulator so that the particles moderately cluster and form some fixed structure.

关键词： amorphous computing Morphogenesis Viscoelasticity Three-dimension

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Stable Metrics in amorphous computing: An Application to Validate Operation and Monitor Behavior

Stable Metrics in Amorphous Computing: An Application to Val...

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9th International Conference on Intelligent Environments (IE)

作者： Lear, Malcolm Univ Essex Sch Comp Sci & Elect Engn Colchester CO4 3SQ Essex England

ISBN: (纸本)9780769550381

A recurring theme in intelligent environments is the intelligent surface composed of nanoscale processing units (smart dust). Such a surface (iSurface) can be considered an amorphous computer composed of a large array of identical processing units (iCells) each with its own sensor/effectors. Whilst nano-sized particles interconnecting in an ad hoc way may just be a dream, there are more practical approaches that could have short term applications in intelligent environments. One such approach is a structured array of iCells constructed at more modest scales perhaps making use of new printing methods onto paper. An important requirement of such a surface is the need for a fast, reliable method to determine iCell operation, performance and code integrity. This paper describes a method to create long (>=32 bit) stable, robust metrics using a profiling technique that represents the current operational state of an iCell and thus enabling the quick exchange of diagnostics between iCells along with data traffic. This paper looks at how stable diagnostic metrics and in particular a metric of code integrity can be created even when external events affect program flow within the iCell. Key requirements in the development of this system were fast acquisition of diagnostic variables, minimal affect on normal operation and the possibility of a hardware implementation which could be completely non intrusive in operation. The described method can create several types of metrics, allowing quick determination of for example, code validation, abnormal operation and unusual behavior.

关键词： amorphous computing metrics diagnostics profiling non intrusive embedded systems

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Stable Metrics in amorphous computing: An Application to Validate Operation and Monitor Behavior

Stable Metrics in Amorphous Computing: An Application to Val...

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International Conference on Intelligent Environments

作者： Malcolm Lear School of Computer Science & Electronic Engineering University of Essex

ISBN: (纸本)9781479907458

关键词： amorphous computing Metrics Diagnostics Profiling Non intrusive Embedded systems

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Composable continuous-space programs for robotic swarms

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NEURAL computing & APPLICATIONS 2010年第6期19卷 825-847页

作者： Bachrach, Jonathan Beal, Jacob McLurkin, James BBN Technol Cambridge MA 02138 USA Other Lab San Francisco CA 94107 USA Rice Univ Houston TX 77005 USA

Programmability is an increasingly important barrier to the deployment of multi-robot systems, as no prior approach allows routine composition and reuse of general aggregate behaviors. The Proto spatial computing language, however, already provides this sort of aggregate behavior programming for non-mobile systems using an abstraction of the network as a continuous-space-filling device. We extend this abstraction to mobile systems and show that Proto can be applied to multi-robot systems with an actuator that turns a vector field into device motion. Proto programs operate on fields of values over an abstract device called the amorphous medium and can be joined together using functional composition. These programs are then automatically transformed for execution by individual devices, producing an approximation of the specified continuous-space behavior. We are thus able to build up a library of simple swarm behaviors, and to compose them together into highly succinct programs that predictably produce the desired complex swarm behaviors, as demonstrated in simulation and on a group of 40 iRobot SwarmBots.

关键词： Spatial computing amorphous medium Swarm robotics amorphous computing Multi-robot

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Functional blueprints: an approach to modularity in grown systems

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SWARM INTELLIGENCE 2011年第3-4期5卷 257-281页

作者： Beal, Jacob BBN Technol Cambridge MA USA

The engineering of grown systems poses fundamentally different system integration challenges than ordinary engineering of static designs. On the one hand, a grown system must be capable of surviving not only in its final form, but at every intermediate stage, despite the fact that its subsystems may grow unevenly or be subject to different scaling laws. On the other hand, the ability to grow offers much greater potential for adaptation, either to changes in the environment or to internal stresses developed as the system grows. I observe that the ability of subsystems to tolerate stress can be used to transform incremental adaptation into the dynamic discovery of viable growth trajectories for the system as a whole. Using this observation, I propose an engineering approach based on functional blueprints, under which a system is specified in terms of desired performance and means of incrementally correcting deficiencies. I explore how manifold geometric programming can support such an approach by simplifying the construction of distortion-tolerant programs, then demonstrate the functional blueprints approach by applying it to integrate simplified models of tissue growth and vascularization, and further show how the composed system may itself be modulated for use as a component in a more complex design.

关键词： Morphogenetic engineering Spatial computing amorphous computing Functional blueprints Proto

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Path finding in the tile assembly model

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THEORETICAL COMPUTER SCIENCE 2009年第15期410卷 1461-1472页

作者： Brun, Yuriy Reishus, Dustin Univ So Calif Dept Comp Sci Los Angeles CA 90089 USA

Swarm robotics, active self-assembly, and amorphous computing are fields that focus on designing systems of large numbers of small, simple components that can cooperate to complete complex tasks. Many of these systems are inspired by biological systems, and all attempt to use the simplest components and environments possible, while still being capable of achieving their goals. The canonical problems for such biologically-inspired systems are shape assembly and path finding. In this paper, we demonstrate path finding in the well-studied tile assembly model, a model of molecular self-assembly that is strictly simpler than other biologically-inspired models. As in related work, our systems function in the presence of obstacles and can be made fault-tolerant. The path-finding systems use (sic) (1) distinct components and find minimal-length paths in time linear in the length of the path. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Self assembly Tile assembly model amorphous computing Swarm computing Robotics Crystal growth Molecular computation Natural computation Path-finding

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On the Evaluation of Space-Time Functions

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COMPUTER JOURNAL 2013年第12期56卷 1500-1517页

作者： Beal, Jacob Usbeck, Kyle Benyo, Brett BBN Technol Cambridge Cambridge MA 02138 USA

In an environment increasingly saturated with computing devices, it is desirable for some services to be distributed, executing via local interactions between devices. Creating fast, flexible and dynamic distributed services requires a general model of function calls distributed over space-time. Prior models, however, have either depended strongly on large-scale Internet infrastructure or have restrictions in the scope or resolution of space-time for inputs, outputs or evaluation of the function. We address this by providing a formal general model of function calls over space-time. We then fully realize a practical model of space-time function calls, based in the Proto language and present both theoretical and empirical results. Finally, we show how our results for Proto generalize into implications for any model of distributed computing.

关键词： spatial computing distributed algorithms amorphous computing distributed function calls

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