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Basic dosimetric verification in water of the anisotropic analytical algorithm for Varian, Elekta and Siemens linacs

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ZEITSCHRIFT FUR MEDIZINISCHE PHYSIK 2008年第2期18卷 128-135页

作者： Cozzi, Luca Nicolini, Giorgia Vanetti, Eugenio Clivio, Alessandro Glashoerster, Marco Schiefer, Hans Fogliata, Antonella Oncol Inst So Switzerland Dept Radiat Oncol Med Phys Unit CH-6504 Bellinzona Switzerland Univ Munster Dept Radiat Oncol Munster Germany Kantonsspital St Gallen Klin Radioonkol St Gallen Switzerland Univ Lausanne Fac Med Lausanne Switzerland

Since early 2007 a new version of the anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) for photon dose calculations was released by Varian Medical Systems for clinical usage on Elekta linacs and also, with some restrictions, for Siemens linaes. Basic validation studies were peformed and reported for three beams: 4,6 and 15 MV for an Elekta Synergy, 6 and 15 MV for a Siemens Primus and, as a reference, for 6 and 15 MV from a Varian Clinac 2100C/D. Generally AAA calculations reproduced well measured data and small deviations were observed for open and wedged fields. PDD curves showed in average differences between calculation and measurement smaller than 1% or 1.2 mm for Elekta beams, 1% or 1.8 mm for Siemens beams and 1% or I mm for Varian beams. Profiles in the flattened region matched measurements with deviations smaller than 1% for Elekta and Varian beams, 2% for Siemens. Percentage differences in Output Factors were observed as small as 1% in average.

关键词： convolution algorithms anisotropic analytical algorithm treatment planning systems

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COMMISSIONING OF PHOTON BEAMS OF A FLATTENING FILTER-FREE LINEAR ACCELERATOR AND THE ACCURACY OF BEAM MODELING USING AN anisotropic analytical algorithm

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS 2011年第4期80卷 1228-1237页

作者： Hrbacek, Jan Lang, Stephanie Kloeck, Stephan Univ Zurich Hosp Klin Radioonkol Dept Radiat Oncol CH-8091 Zurich Switzerland

Purpose: To investigate dosimetric characteristics of a new linear accelerator designed to deliver flattened, as well as flattening filter-free (FFF), beams. To evaluate the accuracy of beam modeling under physical conditions using an anisotropic analytical algorithm. Methods and Materials: Dosimetric data including depth dose curves, profiles, surface dose, penumbra, out-of-field dose, output, total and scatter factors were examined for four beams (X6, X6FFF, X10, and X10FFF) of Varian's TrueBeam machine. Beams modeled by anisotropic analytical algorithm were compared with measured dataset. Results: FFF beams have lower mean energy (tissue-phantom ratio at the depths of 20 and 10 cm (TPR 20/10): X6, 0.667;X6FFF, 0.631;X10, 0.738;X10FFF, 0.692);maximum dose is located closer to the surface;and surface dose increases by 10%. FFF profiles have sharper but faster diverging penumbra. For small fields and shallow depths, dose outside a field is lower for FFF beams;however, the advantage fades with increasing phantom scatter. Output increases 2.26 times for X6FFF and 4.03 times for X10FFF and is less variable with field size;collimator exchange effect is reduced. A good agreement between modeled and measured data is observed. Criteria of 2% depth-dose and 2-mm distance-to-agreement are always met. Conclusion: Reference dosimetric characteristics of TrueBeam photon bundles were obtained, and successful modeling of the beams was achieved. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc.

关键词： TrueBeam Flattening filter free Commissioning anisotropic analytical algorithm

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Critical appraisal of the accuracy of Acuros-XB and anisotropic analytical algorithm compared to measurement and calculations with the compass system in the delivery of RapidArc clinical plans

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RADIATION ONCOLOGY 2013年第2013期8卷 1-9页

作者： Kathirvel, Murugesan Subramanian, Shanmuga Clivio, Alessandro Arun, Gandhi Fogliata, Antonella Nicolini, Giorgia Subramani, Vellaiyan Swamy, Shanmugam Thirumalai Vanetti, Eugenio Cozzi, Luca Yashoda Super Special Hosp Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh India Oncol Inst Southern Switzerland Dept Med Phys Bellinzona Switzerland All India Inst Med Sci New Delhi India Bharathiar Univ Res & Dev Ctr Coimbatore Tamil Nadu India Oncol Inst Southern CH-6504 Bellinzona Switzerland

Background: The accuracy of the two dose calculation engines available for RapidArc planning (both released for clinical use) is investigated in comparison to the COMPASS data. Methods: Two dose calculation algorithms (Acuros-XB and anisotropic Analytic algorithm (AAA)) were used to calculate RA plans and compared to calculations with the Collapsed Cone Convolution algorithm (CC) from the COMPASS system (IBA Dosimetry). CC calculations, performed on patient data, are based on experimental fluence measurements with a 2D array of ion chambers mounted on the linac head. The study was conducted on clinical cases treated with RA. Five cases for each of the following groups were included: Brain, Head and Neck, Thorax, Pelvis and stereotactic body radiation therapy for hypo-fractionated treatments with small fields. COMPASS measurements were performed with the iMatrixx-2D array. RapidArc plans were optimized for delivery using 6MV photons from a Clinac-iX (Varian, Palo Alto, USA). Accuracy of the RA calculation was appraised by means of: 1) comparison of Dose Volume histograms (DVH) metrics;2) analysis of differential dose distributions and determination of mean dose differences per organ;3) 3D gamma analysis with distance-to-agreement and dose difference thresholds set to 3%/3 mm or 2%/2 mm for targets, organs at risks and for the volumes encompassed by the 50 and 10% isodoses. Results: For almost all parameters, the better agreement was between Acuros-XB and COMPASS independently from the anatomical site and fractionation. The same result was obtained from the mean dose difference per organ with Acuros-CC average differences below 0.5% while for AAA-CC data, average deviations exceeded 0.5% and in the case of the pelvis 1%. Relevance of observed differences determined with the 3D gamma analysis resulted in a pass rate exceeding 99.5% for Acuros-CC and exceeding 97.5% for AAA-CC. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that i) a good agreement exists between COMPASS-CC calcu

关键词： Acuros-XB anisotropic analytical algorithm RapidArc Compass

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Dose prediction accuracy of anisotropic analytical algorithm and pencil beam convolution algorithm beyond high density heterogeneity interface

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SOUTH ASIAN JOURNAL OF CANCER 2013年第1期2卷 26-30页

作者： Rana, Suresh B. Arizona Ctr Canc Care Dept Radiat Oncol Peoria AZ 85381 USA

Purpose: It is well known that photon beam radiation therapy requires dose calculation algorithms. The objective of this study was to measure and assess the ability of pencil beam convolution (PBC) and anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) to predict doses beyond high density heterogeneity. Materials and Methods: An inhomogeneous phantom of five layers was created in Eclipse planning system (version 8.6.15). Each layer of phantom was assigned in terms of water (first or top), air (second), water ( third), bone (fourth), and water (fifth or bottom) medium. Depth doses in water ( bottom medium) were calculated for 100 monitor units (MUs) with 6 Megavoltage (MV) photon beam for different field sizes using AAA and PBC with heterogeneity correction. Combinations of solid water, Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC), and Styrofoam were then manufactured to mimic phantoms and doses for 100 MUs were acquired with cylindrical ionization chamber at selected depths beyond high density heterogeneity interface. The measured and calculated depth doses were then compared. Results: AAA's values had better agreement with measurements at all measured depths. Dose overestimation by AAA (up to 5.3%) and by PBC (up to 6.7%) was found to be higher in proximity to the high-density heterogeneity interface, and the dose discrepancies were more pronounced for larger field sizes. The errors in dose estimation by AAA and PBC may be due to improper beam modeling of primary beam attenuation or lateral scatter contributions or combination of both in heterogeneous media that include low and high density materials. Conclusions: AAA is more accurate than PBC for dose calculations in treating deep-seated tumor beyond high-density heterogeneity interface.

关键词： anisotropic analytical algorithm dose prediction high density heterogeneity inhomogeneity corrections pencil beam convolution

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Dosimetric comparison and validation of Eclipse anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) and AcurosXB (AXB) algorithms in RapidArc-based radiosurgery plans of patients with solitary brain metastasis

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MEDICAL DOSIMETRY 2022年第1期47卷 E7-E12页

作者： Menon, Sharika Venugopal Raghukumar, P. Bhasi, Saju Gopalakrishnan, Zhenia Sarin, B. Shilpa, K. Nair, Raghuram K. Reg Canc Ctr Div Radiat Phys Thiruvananthapuram 695011 Kerala India Bharathiar Univ Ctr Res & Evaluat Coimbatore Tamil Nadu India SUT Royal Hosp Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is increasingly being used to manage solitary or multiple brain metastasis. This study aims to compare and validate anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) and AcurosXB (AXB) algorithms of Eclipse Treatment Planning System (TPS) in RapidArc-based SRS plans of patients with solitary brain metastasis. Twenty patients with solitary brain metastasis who have been already treated with RapidArc SRS plans calculated using AAA plans were selected for this study. These plans were recalculated using AXB algorithm keeping the same arc orientations, multi-leaf collimator apertures, and monitor units. The two algorithms were compared for target coverage parameters, isodose volumes, plan quality metrics, dose to organs at risk and integral dose. The dose calculated by the TPS using AAA and AXB algorithms was validated against measured dose for all patient plans using an in-house developed cylindrical phantom. An Exradin AI4SL ionization chamber was positioned at the center of this phantom to measure the in-field dose. NanoDot Optically Stimulated Luminescent Dosimeters (OSLDs) (Landauer Inc.) were placed at distances 3.0 cm, 4.0 cm, 5.0 cm, and 6.0 cm respectively from the center of the phantom to measure the non-target dose. In addition, the planar dose distribution was measured using amorphous silicon a51000 Electronic Portal Imaging Device. The measured 2D dose distribution was compared against AAA and AXB estimated 2D distribution using gamma analysis. All results were tested for significance using the paired t-test at 5% level of significance. Significant differences between the AAA and AXB plans were found only for a few parameters analyzed in this study. In the experimental verification using cylindrical phantom, the difference between the AAA calculated dose and the measured dose was found to be highly significant (p < 0.001). However, the difference between the AXB calculated dose and the measured dose was not significant (p = 0.197). The d

关键词： anisotropic analytical algorithm AcurosXB RapidArc Radiosurgery Brain metastasis

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Dosimetric effects of the acuros XB and anisotropic analytical algorithm on volumetric modulated arc therapy planning for prostate cancer using an endorectal balloon

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RADIATION ONCOLOGY 2015年第1期10卷 48-48页

作者： Koo, Taeryool Chung, Jin-Beom Eom, Keun-Yong Seok, Jin-Yong Kim, In-Ah Kim, Jae-Sung Seoul Natl Univ Coll Med Dept Radiat Oncol Seoul 110799 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Bundang Hosp Dept Radiat Oncol Songnam 463707 South Korea

Background: To compare the dosimetric effects of Acuros XB (AXB) and anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) on volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) planning for postoperative prostate cancer patients irradiated using an endorectal balloon (ERB). Methods: We measured central axis doses with film in a phantom containing an air cavity, and compared measurements with calculations of the AAA and AXB. For clinical study, 10 patients who had undergone whole pelvic radiotherapy (WPRT) followed by prostatic bed-only radiotherapy (PBRT) using VMAT were enrolled. An ERB was used for PBRT but not for WPRT. To compare dosimetric parameters, the cumulative dose-volume histograms, mean, maximum, and minimum doses were measured for the planning target volume. Homogeneity of plans were confirmed using V-95%, V-107% (V-X%, percentage volumes receiving at least X% of prescribed doses) and conformity indices (homogeneity index [HI], conformity index [CI], and conformation number [CN]). We compared volumes of the organ-at-risk receiving 10% to 100% (10-tier at 10% interval) of prescribed doses (V-10% - V-100%). Results: In the phantom study, the AAA showed larger disagreement with the measurements, and overestimated the dose in the air cavity, comparing with the AXB. For WPRT planning, the AAA predicted a lower maximum dose and V-107% than the AXB. For PBRT planning, the AAA estimated a higher minimum dose, lower maximum dose, and smaller V-107%, and larger V-95% than the AXB. Regarding the conformity indices, the AAA was estimated to be more homogenous than the AXB for PBRT planning (HI, 0.088 vs. 0.120, p = 0.005;CI, 1.052 vs. 1.038, p = 0.022;and CN, 0.920 vs. 0.900, p = 0.007) but not for WPRT planning. Among V-10% to V-100% of the rectum, the PBRT exhibited significant discrepancies in V-30%, V-40%, V-70%, V-80%, and V-90%;while the WPRT did in V-20% and V-30%. Conclusions: The phantom study demonstrated that the AXB calculates more accurately in the air cavity than the AAA. In

关键词： Acuros XB anisotropic analytical algorithm Endorectal balloon Prostate cancer Volumetric modulated arc therapy

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Dose calculation of Acuros XB and anisotropic analytical algorithm in lung stereotactic body radiotherapy treatment with flattening filter free beams and the potential role of calculation grid size

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RADIATION ONCOLOGY 2015年第1期10卷 53-53页

作者： Huang, Baotian Wu, Lili Lin, Peixian Chen, Chuangzhen Shantou Univ Coll Med Canc Hosp Dept Radiat Oncol Shantou 515031 Peoples R China Shantou Univ Coll Med Affiliated Hosp 2 Dept Nosocomial Infect Management Shantou 515041 Peoples R China

Background: The study aimed to appraise the dose differences between Acuros XB (AXB) and anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) in stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) treatment for lung cancer with flattening filter free (FFF) beams. Additionally, the potential role of the calculation grid size (CGS) on the dose differences between the two algorithms was also investigated. Methods: SBRT plans with 6X and 10X FFF beams produced from the CT scan data of 10 patients suffering from stage I lung cancer were enrolled in this study. Clinically acceptable treatment plans with AAA were recalculated using AXB with the same monitor units (MU) and identical multileaf collimator (MLC) settings. Furthermore, different CGS (2.5 mm and 1 mm) in the two algorithms was also employed to investigate their dosimetric impact. Dose to planning target volumes (PTV) and organs at risk (OARs) between the two algorithms were compared. PTV was separated into PTV_soft (density in soft-tissue range) and PTV_lung (density in lung range) for comparison. Results: The dose to PTV_lung predicted by AXB was found to be 1.33 +/- 1.12% (6XFFF beam with 2.5 mm CGS), 2.33 +/- 1.37% (6XFFF beam with 1 mm CGS), 2.81 +/- 2.33% (10XFFF beam with 2.5 mm CGS) and 3.34 +/- 1.76% (10XFFF beam with 1 mm CGS) lower compared with that by AAA, respectively. However, the dose directed to PTV_soft was comparable. For OARs, AXB predicted a slightly lower dose to the aorta, chest wall, spinal cord and esophagus, regardless of whether the 6XFFF or 10XFFF beam was utilized. Exceptionally, dose to the ipsilateral lung was significantly higher with AXB. Conclusions: AXB principally predicts lower dose to PTV_lung compared to AAA and the CGS contributes to the relative dose difference between the two algorithms.

关键词： Dose difference Acuros XB anisotropic analytical algorithm Stereotactic body radiotherapy Calculation grid size

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Radiation as an Immune Modulator: Where We Are With Modern Total Body Irradiation

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SEMINARS IN RADIATION ONCOLOGY 2025年第1期35卷 67-86页

作者： Simiele, Eric Dandapani, Savita Han, Chunhui Wong, Jeffrey Hiniker, Susan M. Kovalchuk, Nataliya Stanford Univ Dept Radiat Oncol Stanford CA 94305 USA Univ Alabama Birmingham Dept Radiat Oncol Birmingham AL USA City Hope Natl Med Ctr Dept Radiat Oncol Duarte CA USA

Total body irradiation (TBI) has been an important component of myeloablative and nonmyeloablative conditioning regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for decades. Playing a dual role, both cytotoxic and immuno-suppressive, TBI eliminates residual disease while also impairing the immune system from rejecting the foreign donor cells being transplanted. Unlike chemotherapy, radiotherapy is not hampered by perfusion, diffusion, or the blood-barrier effect and can effectively treat sanctuary sites. However, radiotherapy is subject to radiobiological trade-offs between destroying cancer cells, preserving immune and hematopoietic stem cells, and causing various adverse effects in normal tissue. Optimizing the immuno- suppressive effect of fractionated TBI while sparing normal organs requires careful consideration of total dose, dose per fraction, dose rate, target dose coverage, and dose to organs. Prospective multi-institutional trials are required to elucidate this matter further. However, as various recent surveys across the world indicate, the heterogeneity of 2D TBI practices, inaccurate dose calculation and dosimetry, and differences in reporting across institutions makes conducting these multi-institutional studies of TBI challenging. Technological advancements in radiotherapy planning and delivery are prompting a transition to (VMAT) TBI and helical TomoTherapyTM TBI, which can better spare normal organs and potentially reduce radiotherapy-related toxicities without compromising TBI effectiveness. This review discusses the present developments and outcomes and toxicity for modern TBI techniques as well as total marrow irradiation (TMI), and total marrow and Semin Radiat Oncol 35:67-86 (c) 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

关键词： AAA anisotropic analytical algorithm ALL acute lymphoblastic leukemia AML acute myeloblastic leukemia AP/PA anteroposterior-posteroanterior BID twice per day BU busulfan CBCT cone beam computed tomography CML chronic myeloid leukemia CNS central nervous system COG Children's Oncology Group CR1, first complete remission CR2 second complete remission CR3 third complete remission Cy cyclophosphamide DFS disease free survival DVH dose-volume histogram EFS event free survival EPID electronic portal imaging detector Flu fludarabine FFS feet first supine cGVHD chronic graft versus host disease GVHD graft versus host disease HFS head first supine HSCT hematopoietic stem cell transplantation IC ion chamber IF induction failure IMRT intensity-modulated radiation therapy MDS myelodysplastic syndrome Mel melphalan MF modulation factor MM multiple myeloma MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor NCT numbers Clinicaltrials.gov identifiers NRM nonrelapse mortality OAR organ at risk OS overall survival OSLD optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter P pitch PFS progression-free survival PR partial response PTCy post-transplant cyclophosphamide PTV planning target volume RT radiotherapy TBI total body irradiation TLD thermo-luminescent dosimeters VMAT volumetric modulated arc therapy TMI total marrow irradiation TMLI total marrow lymphoid irradiation TPS treatment planning system

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Dosimetry of small bone joint calculated by the analytical anisotropic algorithm: a Monte Carlo evaluation using the EGSnrc

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JOURNAL OF APPLIED CLINICAL MEDICAL PHYSICS 2014年第1期15卷 262-273页

作者： Chow, James C. L. Jiang, Runqing Owrangi, Amir M. Univ Toronto Dept Radiat Oncol Toronto ON Canada Univ Hlth Network Princess Margaret Caner Ctr Radiat Med Program Toronto ON Canada Grand River Reg Canc Ctr Dept Med Phys Kitchener ON Canada Univ Waterloo Dept Phys Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada Univ Michigan Hlth Syst Dept Radiat Oncol Ann Arbor MI USA

This study compared a small bone joint dosimetry calculated by the anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) and Monte Carlo simulation using megavoltage (MV) photon beams. The performance of the AAA in the joint dose calculation was evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation, and dependences of joint dose on its width and beam angle were investigated. Small bone joint phantoms containing a vertical water layer (0.5-2 mm) sandwiched by two bones (2 x 2 x 2 cm(3)) were irradiated by the 6 and 15 MV photon beams with field size equal to 4 x 4 cm(2). Depth doses along the central beam axis in a joint (cartilage) were calculated with and without a bolus (thickness = 1.5 cm) added on top of the phantoms. Different beam angles (0 degrees-15 degrees) were used with the isocenter set to the center of the bone joint for dose calculations using the AAA (Eclipse treatment planning system) and Monte Carlo simulation (the EGSnrc code). For dosimetry comparison and normalization, dose calculations were repeated in homogeneous water phantoms with the bone substituted by water. Comparing the calculated dosimetry between the AAA and Monte Carlo simulation, the AAA underestimated joint doses varying with its widths by about 6%-12% for 6 MV and 12%-23% for 15 MV without bolus, and by 7% for 6 MV and 13%-17% for 15 MV with bolus. Moreover, joint doses calculated by the AAA did not vary with the joint width and beam angle. From Monte Carlo results, there was a decrease in the calculated joint dose as the joint width increased, and a slight decrease as the beam angle increased. When bolus was added to the phantom, it was found that variations of joint dose with its width and beam angle became less significant for the 6 MV photon beams. In conclusion, dosimetry deviation in small bone joint calculated by the AAA and Monte Carlo simulation was studied using the 6 and 15 MV photon beam. The AAA could not predict variations of joint dose with its width and beam angle, which were predicted by the Mo

关键词： bone heterogeneity heterogeneous correction anisotropic analytical algorithm dose calculation

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From AAA to Acuros XB-clinical implications of selecting either Acuros XB dose-to-water or dose-to-medium

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AUSTRALASIAN PHYSICAL & ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN MEDICINE 2016年第2期39卷 431-439页

作者： Zifodya, Jackson M. Challens, Cameron H. C. Hsieh, Wen-Long Tamworth Rural Referral Hosp North West Canc Ctr Tamworth NSW 2340 Australia

When implementing Acuros XB (AXB) as a substitute for anisotropic analytic algorithm (AAA) in the Eclipse Treatment Planning System, one is faced with a dilemma of reporting either dose to medium, AXB-Dm or dose to water, AXB-Dw. To assist with decision making on selecting either AXB-Dm or AXB-Dw for dose reporting, a retrospective study of treated patients for head & neck (H&N), prostate, breast and lung is presented. Ten patients, previously treated using AAA plans, were selected for each site and re-planned with AXB-Dm and AXB-Dw. Re-planning was done with fixed monitor units (MU) as well as non-fixed MUs. Dose volume histograms (DVH) of targets and organs at risk (OAR), were analyzed in conjunction with ICRU-83 recommended dose reporting metrics. Additionally, comparisons of plan homogeneity indices (HI) and MUs were done to further highlight the differences between the algorithms. Results showed that, on average AAA overestimated dose to the target volume and OARs by less than 2.0 %. Comparisons between AXB-Dw and AXB-Dm, for all sites, also showed overall dose differences to be small (< 1.5 %). However, in non-water biological media, dose differences between AXB-Dw and AXB-Dm, as large as 4.6 % were observed. AXB-Dw also tended to have unexpectedly high 3D maximum dose values (> 135 % of prescription dose) for target volumes with high density materials. Homogeneity indices showed that AAA planning and optimization templates would need to be adjusted only for the H&N and Lung sites. MU comparison showed insignificant differences between AXB-Dw relative to AAA and between AXB-Dw relative to AXB-Dm. However AXB-Dm MUs relative to AAA, showed an average difference of about 1.3 % signifying an underdosage by AAA. In conclusion, when dose is reported as AXB-Dw, the effect that high density structures in the PTV has on the dose distribution should be carefully considered. As the results show overall small dose differences between the algorithms, when transitioning fr

关键词： Treatment planning Dose-volume analysis Monte Carlo Acuros XB anisotropic analytical algorithm IMRT

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