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A Low-Cost 4x4 Butler Matrix-Fed Patch antenna array for Millimeter Wave Applications

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2025年第1期67卷

作者： Lin, Chang-Keng Lin, Ding-Bing Chang, Mon-Li Natl Taiwan Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect & Comp Engn Taipei Taiwan

A low-cost, low-profile, high-performance antenna array based on a 4x4 series-fed patch with elliptical slots is presented in this article for fifth-generation millimeter-wave communications (5G mmWave). The antenna array can be manufactured easily on a two-layer printed circuit board because of its simple design and lack of complex structures. It is designed for the Ka-band (n257 band) with an impedance bandwidth of 3.1 GHz, covering the range from 26.1 GHz to 29.2 GHz. There is a fractional bandwidth of about 11.2%, several times greater than the fractional bandwidth of a series-fed antenna. Within the impedance bandwidth, the radiation gain exceeds 11 dBi, with a maximum gain of 18.25 dBi. The radiation efficiency reaches an impressive 94% and the aperture efficiency reaches 44.6%. The isolation between the four excitation ports is less than -30 dB. Additionally, the 70% impedance bandwidth features right-hand elliptical polarization with a 3:1 axial ratio. It also has an excellent beam steering range (theta angle: +/- 45 o ${\pm 45}<^>{o}$). The following section will provide a detailed description of the antenna array and an analysis of the resonance frequencies. Further, the array antenna is combined with the Butler matrix network to form a beamforming function. Finally, the measured results agree well with the simulation results. This low-cost, low-profile, high-performance antenna array will promote the popularization of 5G mmWave communications, which will be widely used worldwide.

关键词： antenna array butler matrix network fifth-generation communication millimeter-wave

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Development of Dual-Slot antenna array Using Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Technique

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MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2025年第2期67卷

作者： Paliwal, Gunjan J. Kumar, Arvind Althuwayb, Ayman A. Visvesvaraya Natl Inst Technol Dept Elect & Commun Engn Nagpur India Jouf Univ Coll Engn Elect Engn Dept Sakaka Saudi Arabia

This study investigates a single-layer substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed slot antenna and its 1 x 4 linear array counterpart. The antenna unit comprises an SIW-based rectangular cavity, dual arc-shaped slots, and a tapered microstrip feed line. Operating in TE102 mode, the antenna exhibits dual resonant frequencies, spanning from 8.71 to 9.05 GHz, with peaks at 8.8 and 8.98 GHz. Fabricated using conventional printed circuit board (PCB) techniques, the array design is subjected to tests for reflection coefficient, gain, and radiation patterns. The measured results closely match simulations, showcasing operational frequencies from 8.65 to 9.025 GHz, with an average gain of 8.24 dBi. With dimensions of 2.15 x 2.48 x 0.023 lambda 0 mm, the array offers advantages such as a planar feeding network, compact size, affordability, and ease of fabrication. These attributes position the proposed design as an ideal candidate for X-band wireless communication transceivers.

关键词： antenna array dual-slot high-gain microstrip patch SIW

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Multiphysical Field Driven Low-Frequency Magnetoelectric antenna array With Nonlinearly Enhanced Magnetic Field Transmission

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON antennaS AND PROPAGATION 2025年第3期73卷 1355-1370页

作者： Guan, Congyi Wang, Yao Xiao, Ning Chen, Lei Wang, Guoqiang Wen, Yumei Li, Ping Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Sch Elect Informat & Elect Engn Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Chongqing Res Inst Chongqing 401133 Peoples R China Chongqing Univ Arts & Sci Key Lab Comp Vis & Intelligent Informat Syst Chongqing 402160 Peoples R China BigDipper Technol Beijing Co Ltd Beijing 100085 Peoples R China

Recently, acoustically driven magnetoelectric (ME) antennas provide a promising candidate for portable low frequencies (LFs 30-300 kHz) transceivers in the high-loss medium. A single ME antenna, hence, constrains the transmitted magnetic field due to the weak magnetic moment and low strain-modulated magnetization efficiency. A multiphysical field driven ME antenna array consisting of double elastic plates sandwiched between multiple arranged PZT8/Metglas/Ni laminates is, hence, proposed, which can enhance the transmitted magnetic field nonlinearly with increased antennas. Here, the accumulated ac strain and magnetic field of multiple antennas intensify with increased antennas and couple in a positive feedback way. Specifically, the ac piezostrain of adjacent antennas couples through the elastic plate along the length direction, enhancing the modulation of neighboring antennas' magnetization oscillations;meanwhile, the enhanced magnetic coupling among adjacent antennas along the width direction produces additional magnetostrictive strains, which enhance the Q values of converse ME (CME) effect and effective strains propagated in the elastic plate, thereby further improving the transmitted magnetic field. First, an equivalent circuit model based on magnetic and strain-modulated motion equations is proposed to understand and optimize the ME antenna array. Furthermore, due to the multiphysical field driven effect of the fabricated antenna array, the $3 \times 3$ array can enhance the transmitted magnetic field to 19.8 times compared to that of a single antenna. Such nonlinear improvements can further reach 1337 times for the $10 \times 10$ antenna array. This provides a power-efficient method to enhance the magnetic field transmission efficiency at LF.

关键词： Magnetoelectric effects Magnetostriction antenna arrays Strain Transmitting antennas Magnetostatics Magnetostatic waves Amorphous magnetic materials Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetoacoustic effects antenna array magnetoelectric (ME) antenna magnetoelectric equivalent circuit multiphysical field coupling effect

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Millimeter-wave circularly polarized complementary antenna array based on sequential rotation technique

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ELECTROMAGNETICS 2025年

作者： Li, Bing Qin, Wenhua Song, Qiuyan Xu, Juan Qufu Normal Univ Cyberspace Secur Acad Qufu Peoples R China

In this paper, a sequentially rotated (SR), broadband, circularly polarized (CP), high gain, low profile magneto-electric (ME) dipole antenna array is proposed. According to the design evolution, the antenna is derived from a linearly polarized antenna fed by an inverted "L" microstrip. First, the antenna elements are cut to introduce a pair of "L" bends, and the antenna complementary theory is applied to cut the corners of the other pair of patches as well, thus increasing the axial specific bandwidth of the antenna. The axial bandwidth of the antenna is then further increased by fine-tuning the L-bends to create high frequency axial resonance points. For verification, a 4 x 4 sequential rotating array is designed using a microstrip line feed. Measurement results show that the array has an ARBW of 66.4% in the range 18.29-36.83 GHz, an IBW of 66.8% in the range 15.28-37.83 GHz and a peak gain of 17.1 dBic.

关键词： antenna array broadband antenna CP antenna millimeter wave (mmW) sequential rotation (SR)

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Performance Analysis of antenna array-Aided RTK Positioning

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS 2025年第2期61卷 5325-5336页

作者： Liu, Xing Ballal, Tarig Al-Naffouri, Tareq Y. King Abdullah Univ Sci & Technol KAUST Thuwal 23955 Saudi Arabia

array-aided real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning leverages Global Navigation Satellite System measurements acquired from an antenna array with known geometry to improve positioning. This study investigates the impact of the antenna array by utilizing its known geometry to varying degrees. Initially, we establish the positioning error bounds for array-aided RTK by deriving the Cram & eacute;r-Rao bound (CRB) and the constrained CRB. We then formulate the corresponding optimization problems and introduce estimation algorithms to validate these performance bounds and assess the effectiveness of array-assisted positioning across various scenarios. Our empirical findings underscore the significance of antenna arrays in enhancing RTK positioning and provide insights into strategies for utilizing and configuring the array's geometry.

关键词： antenna arrays Global navigation satellite system Geometry antennas Vectors Satellites Base stations antenna array Cram & eacute r-Rao bound (CRB) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning

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An Irregular U-shaped Broadband Circularly Polarized Magneto-Electric Dipole antenna array

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ELECTROMAGNETICS 2025年

作者： Zhang, Lixin Xu, Juan Qufu Normal Univ Sch Cyber Sci & Engn Qufu 273165 Peoples R China

In this paper, a U-shaped magneto-electric (ME) dipole circularly polarized (CP) microstrip antenna array with an irregular configuration is proposed. The antenna units are composed of a set of similarly irregular U-shaped patches and a set of similarly irregular rectangular patches. These patches couple energy to four metallized openings (acting as magnetic dipoles) through a unique "(sic)"-shaped slit. Subsequently, the energy is transferred to the U-shaped radiating patches (electric dipoles) to obtain the rotating electric field necessary for CP radiation, generating left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP) waves. By arranging the designed antenna units into a 2 x 2 array with sequential rotating feed (SRF), the array achieves an impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 61.7% (20.12-38.08 GHz) and an axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 52.1% (21.9-37.33 GHz). It exhibits a peak gain of 12.2 dBic, with stable gain within the AR bandwidth range. The average radiation efficiency is above 90%, and the overall size is 2.15 lambda$_0$ 0x.96 lambda$_0$ 0 x0.17 lambda$_0$ 0. The proposed antenna array boasts several advantages, such as wide impedance and AR bandwidths and ease of integration, making it suitable for a wide range of applications in mm-wave communication systems.

关键词： antenna array circular polarization low profile microstrip antenna -irregular

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A 60-GHz Wideband High-Efficiency Circularly Polarized Dual-Coil antenna array

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SENSORS 2025年第7期25卷 2211-2211页

作者： Xiao, Jun Gan, Qi Ye, Zihang Han, Chong-Zhi Ding, Tongyu Ye, Qiubo Jimei Univ Sch Ocean Informat Engn Xiamen 361021 Peoples R China Hohai Univ Coll Informat Sci & Engn Changzhou 213200 Peoples R China

A wideband high-efficiency circularly polarized (CP) dual-coil antenna array is presented for 60-GHz applications in this letter. The proposed CP dual-coil antenna is composed of a resonant substrate-integrated cavity (SIC) and a pair of centrally symmetrical coils, which are fed differentially by a substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) coupling slot. A novel sequential rotation feeding technique is introduced to enhance the axial ratio (AR) and impedance bandwidths of both the 2 x 2 subarray and the 4 x 4 array. The proposed feeding network significantly improves radiation efficiency. The measured results of the fabricated prototype indicate that the proposed array achieves an impedance bandwidth of 20.8% (54.6-67.3 GHz) for |S11| <= -10 dB, a 3-dB AR bandwidth of 21.5% (54-67 GHz), a high radiation efficiency of 96.6%, and a peak gain reaching 19.3 dBic at 58 GHz. The proposed circularly polarized (CP) antenna element and array design stand out as strong contenders for 60-GHz wireless applications.

关键词： high efficiency circularly polarized (CP) self-sequential rotation technique antenna array 60-GHz

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An Improved Gain antenna array for Telehealth Monitoring on the Internet of Things Platform

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IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL 2025年第3期12卷 3055-3066页

作者： Sharma, Deepti Tiwari, Rakesh N. Kumar, Sachin Poddar, Ajay K. GL Bajaj Inst Technol & Management Dept Elect & Commun Engn Greater Noida 201306 India Madanapalle Inst Technol & Sci Dept Elect & Commun Engn Madanapalle 517325 India Galgotias Coll Engn & Technol Dept Elect & Commun Engn Greater Noida 201310 India Synergy Microwave Corp Paterson NJ 07504 USA Univ Oradea Fac Engn & Management Oradea 410087 Romania

The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized the healthcare sector by connecting at-home patients to doctors. In this article, an improved gain antenna array is proposed to further improve the telehealth monitoring systems on the IoT platform. The proposed 1x2 antenna array has ultracompact footprints of 0.38 lambda(2 )(g)and operates at 2.4 and 5.8 GHz bands. The antenna array is implanted inside a multilayer (skin-blood-fat-muscle) canonical phantom model in the simulation environment to validate its performance. Also, the proposed antenna array's performance is checked in the gel-based skin phantom for experimental verification. The improved performance of the designed antenna array is proved by comparing it with the single antenna. The gain improvement in the 1x2 antenna array configuration is due to the reduced cross-polarization component and increased gain in the boresight direction. However, a single antenna element has comparatively high cross-polarization, leading to low gain in the boresight direction. Due to this, compared to the single antenna element, an 1x2 antenna array has 10.1 and 4.1 dB improvement in total gain at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz frequency bands, respectively. And improvements in efficiency and front-to-back ratio (FBR) at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz are 10% and 28% and 5.3 and 6.4 dB, respectively. The antenna array is chosen over multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) as it provides significant benefits for wireless biotelemetry, including directional beamforming, interference reduction, range extension, and energy efficiency, making it particularly suitable for IoT applications. To date, as per the authors' literature survey, this is the most compact implantable antenna array with significantly improved gain, bandwidth, efficiency, FBR, and low cross-polarization proposed for telehealth monitoring on the IoT platform.

关键词： antenna arrays Gain antennas Monitoring Internet of Things Telemedicine Patch antennas Phantoms Biological tissues Slot antennas antenna array biomedical gain implantable medical devices (IMDs) industrial scientific and medical (ISM) band

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A Dual-Band Butler Matrix-Based Millimeter-Wave Dual-Band Multibeam antenna array Using a Simple Dual-Mode Transmission Line Scheme

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES 2025年第4期73卷 2170-2182页

作者： Shen, Shuhao Zhou, Kang Lu, Yunlong Wu, Ke Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Dept Elect Engn Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China Eastern Inst Technol Ningbo 315200 Zhejiang Peoples R China Ningbo Univ Fac Elect Engn & Comp Sci Ningbo 315211 Zhejiang Peoples R China Ecole Polytech Montreal Poly Grames Res Ctr Montreal PQ H3T 1J4 Canada

This article reports a millimeter-wave (mmW) dual-band multibeam antenna array (MAA) based on a dual-bandButler matrix (BM) utilizing a novel dual-mode transmissionline (DMTL) structure. This kind of DMTL scheme enables therealization of distinct operating modes at different frequencybands, facilitating the design of a dual-band device through aninitial determination of the frequency ratio (FR) followed by topo-logical and structural adjustments. Compared to conventionaldual-band design techniques, this scheme significantly simplifiesthe design process while enhancing the efficiency. Based on thisscheme and the proposed DMTL structure, a dual-band BMis designed and implemented with several dual-band couplers,crossovers, and shifters as a proof of concept. The structureincorporates nested sets of BMs operating at two distinct bands,providing antenna excitations with a uniform amplitude and pro-gressive phase. Moreover, four wideband dual-polarized antennasare designed to constitute an MAA to verify its dual-band perfor-mance. A prototype operating at 24 and 30 GHz with FR=1.25 isdesigned, fabricated, and evaluated. The measured results showthat excellent reflection coefficients (-19.2 dB) and port isolations(15.1 dB) are achieved, ensuring a stable dual-band multibeamperformance. Additionally, four beam angles of [14 degrees,-45 degrees,46 degrees,-12 degrees]/[12 degrees,-35 degrees, 35 degrees,-11 degrees] and cross-polarization discrim-ination (XPD) of 12.8 dB are realized across the required bands.

关键词： Dual band antenna arrays Couplers Complexity theory Butler matrices Substrates Millimeter wave communication Dielectric substrates Wireless communication Wideband antenna array beamforming network (BFN) Butler matrix (BM) dual band dual mode millimeter wave (mmW) multibeam

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Dual-Band Multi-Layer antenna array with Circular Polarization and Gain Enhancement for WLAN and X-Band Applications

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MICROMACHINES 2025年第2期16卷 203-203页

作者： Virdee, Bal S. Aribi, Tohid Sedghi, Tohid Metropolitan Univ Ctr Commun Technol London London N7 8DB England Islamic Azad Univ Dept Elect Engn Miandoab Branch Miandoab Iran Islamic Azad Univ Dept Elect Engn Urmia Branch Orumiyeh Iran

This paper presents a novel multi-layer, dual-band antenna array designed for WLAN and X-band applications, incorporating several innovative features. The design employs a pentagon-shaped radiating element with parasitic strips to enable dual-band operation. A dual-transformed feed network with chamfered feed strip corners minimizes radiation distortion and cross-polarization while introducing orthogonal phase shifts to achieve circular polarization (CP) at the X-band. A Fabry-Perot structure, strategically placed above the array, enhances gain in the WLAN band. The antenna demonstrates an impedance bandwidth of 1.8 GHz (S-11 < -10 dB) at the WLAN band, with 36% fractional bandwidth, and 4.3 GHz at the X-band, with 43% fractional bandwidth. Measured peak gains are 7 dBi for the WLAN band and 6.8 dBi for the X-band, with favourable S-11 levels, omni-directional radiation patterns, and consistent gain across both bands. Circular polarization is achieved within 8.5-10.4 GHz. Experimental results confirm the array's significant advancements in multi-band performance, making it highly suitable for diverse wireless communication applications.

关键词： antenna antenna array circular polarization microstrip technology

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