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Exploring the Characteristics of Identifiers: A Large-Scale Empirical Study on 5,000 Open Source Projects

IEEE ACCESS 2020年 8卷 140607-140620页

作者： Zhang, Jingxuan Liu, Siyuan Luo, Junpeng Liang, Jiahui Huang, Zhiqiu Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Coll Comp Sci & Technol Nanjing 210016 Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Minist Ind & Informat Technol Key Lab Safety Crit Software Nanjing 210016 Peoples R China Hangzhou Dianzi Univ Key Lab Complex Syst Modeling & Simulat Minist Educ Hangzhou 310018 Peoples R China

Informative identifiers are crucial for the comprehensibility and maintainability of programs. Exploring properties of identifiers and investigating their impact on software artifacts have been an important research focus. However, to enable such capabilities, fundamentally we need to have comprehensive understanding on the main characteristics of identifiers at the first place, which is unfortunately not sufficiently studied. For example, it remained unclear what Part of Speech (POS) tags that developers commonly use to define identifiers. To answer such open issues, we conducted a large-scale empirical study on the naturalness of identifiers, based on 5,000 open source Java and Android projects, concerning five dimensions of identifiers: distributions, compositions, POS tags, lengths, and initializations of identifiers. Results of the empirical study contain five key findings for identifiers in programs, including, e.g., the observation that the three POS tags (i.e., nouns, verbs, and adjectives) are the most commonly used ones when developers define identifiers. Furthermore, based on our findings, we provide implications and insights for developers, researchers, and Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) in the context that identifier-related activities are performed or functionalities are enabled.

关键词： Software Java Androids Humanoid robots programming Licenses Computational modeling application programming interfaces data analysis object oriented programming open source software software engineering software library software maintenance

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Novice-Friendly Multi-Armed Robotics programming 2

Novice-Friendly Multi-Armed Robotics Programming

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2nd IEEE/ACM International Workshop on Robotics Software Engineering (RoSE)

作者： Ritschel, Nico Holmes, Reid Garcia, Ronald Shepherd, David C. Univ British Columbia Dept Comp Sci Vancouver BC Canada ABB Corp Res Raleigh NC USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781728122496

Collaborative robots are being applied in a growing number of usage scenarios, but their adoption is slowed down by the high complexity of robot programming. As previous prototype studies have shown, block-based programming environments can enable novice or end users to program industrial single-armed robots. Some existing block-based tools support parallel programming and therefore show potential to be used for multi-armed robot programming as well. We analyze their designs and argue how improved abstractions and visualizations could make multi-armed parallelism accessible to novice users. Based on this analysis, we then extract a list of features that a block-based environment designed for multi-armed robot programming should provide. Finally, we present our design vision for a novel programming environment for two-armed robots, show how it provides these features and discuss how it can enable both novices and experienced intermediate users to perform parallelized programming tasks.

关键词： application programming interfaces programming environments Robot programming Parallel programming

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Merging Intelligent API Responses Using a Proportional Representation Approach 19th

Merging Intelligent API Responses Using a Proportional Repre...

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19th International Conference on Web Engineering (ICWE)

作者： Ohtake, Tomohiro Cummaudo, Alex Abdelrazek, Mohamed Vasa, Rajesh Grundy, John Deakin Univ Fac Sci Engn & Built Environm Geelong Vic Australia Deakin Univ Appl Artificial Intelligence Inst Geelong Vic Australia Monash Univ Fac Informat Technol Caulfield Australia

ISBN: (纸本)9783030192747;9783030192730

Intelligent APIs, such as Google Cloud Vision or Amazon Rekognition, are becoming evermore pervasive and easily accessible to developers to build applications. Because of the stochastic nature that machine learning entails and disparate datasets used in their training, the output from different APIs varies over time, with low reliability in some cases when compared against each other. Merging multiple unreliable API responses from multiple vendors may increase the reliability of the overall response, and thus the reliability of the intelligent end-product. We introduce a novel methodology - inspired by the proportional representation used in electoral systems - to merge outputs of different intelligent computer vision APIs provided by multiple vendors. Experiments show that our method outperforms both naive merge methods and traditional proportional representation methods by 0.015 F-measure.

关键词： application programming interfaces Web services Data integration Artificial intelligence Supervised learning

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Scalability of the NewMadeleine Communication Library for Large Numbers of MPI Point-to-Point Requests 19

Scalability of the NewMadeleine Communication Library for La...

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19th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud, and Grid Computing (CCGRID)

作者： Denis, Alexandre Inria Bordeaux Sud Ouest Talence France

ISBN: (纸本)9781728109121

New kinds of applications with lots of threads or irregular conununication patterns which rely a lot on point-topoint MPI communications have emerged. It stresses the MPI library with potentially a lot of simultaneous MPI requests for sending and receiving at the same lime. To deal with large numbers of simultaneous requests, the bottleneck lies in two main mechanisms: the tag-matching (the algorithm that matches an incoming packet with a posted receive request), and the progression engine. In this paper, we propose algorithms and implementations that overconw, these issues so as to scale up to thousands of requests if needed. In particular our algorithms are able to perform constant-time tag-matching even with any-source and any-tag support. We have implemented these mechanisms in our New-Madeleine communication library. Through micro-benchmarks and computation kernel benchmarks, we demonstrate that our MPI library exhibits better performance than state-of-the-art MPI implementations in cases with many simultaneous requests.

关键词： application program interfaces message passing multi-threading parallel processing software libraries message passing application programming interfaces Software libraries Multithreading mannose phosphate isomerase remote procedure calls PARALLEL PROCESSING (COMPUTERS) Large Numbers Scalability Communication Research Libraries

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Provisioning of UE Behavior Prognostic by Multi-access Edge Computing

Provisioning of UE Behavior Prognostic by Multi-access Edge ...

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International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC)

作者： Atanasov, Ivaylo Pencheva, Evelina Nametkov, Aleksandar Trfonov, Ventsislav Tech Univ Sofia Fac Telecommun Sofia Bulgaria

ISBN: (纸本)9781728112442

Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) provides cloud intelligence at the mobile network edge. MEC provides services for access to radio network information and User Equipment (UE) location and for data plane handling. The potential of MEC is beyond standardized services. In this paper, we propose a new mobile edge service, which provides open access information about UE reachability and activity and enables analytics mobile edge applications to provide UE behavior prognostic to the network. The service is described by typical use cases illustrating the service functionality, data providing uniform access to and storage of data for different applications, and interface definition. Some implementation aspects are considered in terms of modeling the resource state as seen by the network and mobile edge application.

关键词： edge computing expected user behavior data model application programming interfaces state models

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Fuzzy Matching: Hardware Accelerated MPI Communication Middleware 19

Fuzzy Matching: Hardware Accelerated MPI Communication Middl...

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19th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud, and Grid Computing (CCGRID)

作者： Dosanjh, Matthew G. F. Schonbein, Whit Grant, Ryan E. Bridges, Patrick G. Gazimirsaeed, S. Mandieh Afsahi, Ahmad Sandia Natl Labs Ctr Computat Res POB 5800MS-1110 Atlanta GA 30332 USA Univ New Mexico Dept Comp Sci Albuquerque NM 87131 USA Queens Univ Elect & Comp Engn Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781728109121

Contemporary parallel scientific codes often rely on message passing for inter-process communication. However, inefficient coding practices or multithreading (e.g., via MP I_THREAD_MULTIPLE) can severely stress the underlying message processing infrastructure, resulting in potentially unacceptable impacts on application performance. In this article, we propose and evaluate a novel method for addressing this issue: 'Fuzzy Matching'. This approach has two components. First, it exploits the fact most server-class CPUs include vector operations to parallelize message matching. Second, based on a survey of point-to-point communication patterns in representative scientific applications, the method further increases parallelization by allowing matches based on 'partial truth', i.e., by identifying probable rather than exact matches. We evaluate the impact of this approach on memory usage and performance on Knight's Landing and Skylake processors. At scale (262,144 Intel Xeon Phi cores), the method shows up to 1.13 GiB of memory savings per node in the MPI library, and improvement in matching time of 95.9%;smaller-scale runs show run-time improvements of up to 31.0% for full applications, and up to 6.1% for optimized proxy applications.

关键词： application program interfaces message passing middleware multiprocessing systems multi-threading message passing Multithreading application programming interfaces Multiprocessing systems Middleware mannose phosphate isomerase remote procedure calls

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Packet Data Session Management as a Service

Packet Data Session Management as a Service

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International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC)

作者： Pencheva, Evelina Atanasov, Ivaylo Vladislavov, Vladislav Trifonov, Ventsislav Tech Univ Sofia Fac Telecommun Sofia Bulgaria

ISBN: (纸本)9781728112442

Service-oriented fifth generation (5G) core network is designed with the aim to support the diverse requirements of different use cases. Core network functions are defined as services accessible through application programming interfaces. In this paper, we propose an approach to design radio access network (RAN) functions as services based on the functions of Next Generation application Protocol (NGAP). The focus is on Packet Data Session Management procedures, where the management of session resources is exposed as a service. The Representational State Transfer (REST) style is followed. Service implementation is considered in terms of modeling the packet data session resource state as seen by the core network and RAN node. The models are formally described and it is proved that they expose equivalent behavior. The major advantage of the proposed approach among the others is that one can run many instances of services for given RAN function and thus to obtain scalability and availability.

关键词： session management service-oriented architectture application programming interfaces state models

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fAST: Flattening Abstract Syntax Trees for Efficiency 19

fAST: Flattening Abstract Syntax Trees for Efficiency

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IEEE/ACM 41st International Conference on Software Engineering - Software Engineering in Practice (ICSE-SEIP)

作者： Yu, Yijun Open Univ Sch Comp & Commun Milton Keynes Bucks England

ISBN: (纸本)9781728117645

Frequently source code analysis tools need to exchange internal representations of abstract syntax trees (AST) with each other. Conveniently, and intuitively, the externalised representations are in the form of hierarchical trees. We argue, counter-intuitively, that hierarchical representation is not the most efficient way for source analysis tools to exchange parsed AST. In this work, we propose to speed up AST parsing whilst preserving the equivalence of hierarchies in binary forms: (1) AST could be saved as a flat one-dimensional array where pointers to tree nodes are converted into integer offsets, and (2) such flattened AST are more efficient to access by programming tools through the generated application programming interfaces (API). In programming language-agnostic evaluations, we show that parsing flattened AST becomes 100x faster than in textual form AST on a benchmark of open-source projects of 6 different programming languages.

关键词： application program interfaces program compilers program diagnostics programming languages source code (software) trees (mathematics) application programming interfaces analysis programme compilers Computer programming Languages AST tree nodes Internal representations syntax open source

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Concept of interlinking mobility services for urban transport towards intermodal mobility including private and shared electromobility 14

Concept of interlinking mobility services for urban transpor...

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14th International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)

作者： Breuer, Daniel Spichartz, Philipp Sourkounis, Constantinos Ruhr Univ Bochum Inst Power Syst Technol & Power Mechatron Univ Str 150 D-44801 Bochum Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781728137032

This paper presents a user-friendly solution for the generation of individually tailored intermodal mobility solutions involving various mobility providers. This consists of three essential elements. The users request the route planning via an interactive communication platform (smartphone- and web application), book one of the given solutions and pay for it as a bundle. Preferences or boundary conditions, such as the necessity of accessibility, can be specified by the users. A cloud-based data management system (CDMS) serves as a central interconnection and computing unit. Here, the offers of various mobility providers, including local public transport, car and bike sharing providers, as well as real-time data from various modes of transport are bundled and used to calculate reliable, tailor-made overall solutions for users. The real-time data also includes states of charge and the current charging power of electric vehicles as well as the utilisation of the charging infrastructure and the supply network. Thus, the CDMS also promotes smart charging and grid services with vehicle batteries. Users are guaranteed a sufficient state of charge at the start of the journey. For vehicle owners, vehicle parking also becomes a business model by permitting the distribution network operator to use the rechargeable battery. A mobility and energy module (MEMo) serves as an interface for providing the necessary data of the vehicles and the infrastructure to the CDMS and for transmitting the control signals from the CDMS.

关键词： application programming interfaces bike sharing car sharing cloud based data management electromobility intermodal mobility mobility services public transport sustainable mobility

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A Vision for Helping Developers Use APIs by Leveraging Temporal Patterns 7

A Vision for Helping Developers Use APIs by Leveraging Tempo...

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7th IEEE/ACM International Workshop on Formal Methods in Software Engineering (FormaliSE)

作者： Raelijohn, Erick Famelis, Michalis Sahraoui, Houari Univ Montreal Montreal PQ Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781728133737

To achieve any meaningful task of a certain complexity, developers need to use APIs. Learning to use them is both time consuming and cognitively demanding. We propose to leverage a formal description of API usage as temporal patterns to help developers make sense of the complexities of working with APIs. To achieve this, we propose to deploy recommender systems at various points of the development process that make these patterns useful when most needed. In this paper, we illustrate the approach on a non trivial, real world running example from Android development. The example allows us to articulate a research agenda for leveraging API usage patterns during: (a) testing and compilation times by recommending potential violations of the patterns;(b) coding time by recommending API method calls;and (c) API delivery by recommending improvements to documentation.

关键词： Testing Documentation Silicon Databases Task analysis Encoding task analysis Database Developers Documentation Silicon Apis application programming interfaces AXIAL POWER INDICATOR API American Petroleum Institute DEVELOPERS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT coding

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