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International Conference on High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis

作者： Noack, Matthias Wende, Florian Steinke, Thomas Cordes, Frank Zuse Inst Berlin Takustr 7 D-14195 Berlin Germany GETLIG & TAR GbR D-14612 Falkensee Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781479955008

Standard offload programming models for the Xeon Phi, e.g. Intel LEO and OpenMP 4.0, are restricted to a single compute node and hence a limited number of coprocessors. Scaling applications across a Xeon Phi cluster/supercomputer thus requires hybrid programming approaches, usually MPI+X. In this work, we present a framework based on heterogeneous active messages (HAM-Offload) that provides the means to offload work to local and remote (co) processors using a unified offload API. Since HAM-Offload provides similar primitives as current local offload frameworks, existing applications can be easily ported to overcome the single-node limitation while keeping the convenient offload programming model. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the framework by using it to enable a real-world application from the field of molecular dynamics to use multiple local and remote Xeon Phis. The evaluation shows good scaling behavior. Compared with LEO, performance is equal for large offloads and significantly better for small offloads.

关键词： application program interfaces coprocessors message passing parallel machines HAM-offload Intel LEO MPI+X OpenMP 4.0 Xeon Phi clusters compute node heterogeneous active messages hybrid programming approaches inter-node offloading intra-node offloading molecular dynamics scaling applications scaling behavior standard offload programming models supercomputer unified offload API unified programming model Computational modeling Coprocessors Data transfer Libraries Low earth orbit satellites Performance evaluation programming Coprocessors application programming interfaces UNLOADING programming close-orbit satellite data transmission supercomputer parallel machines message passing Computational modeling Molecular Dynamics Performance Evaluation Libraries

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INVARIABLE CLASSICAL STABILITY OF ENTREPRENEURIAL DEMAND AND SUPPLY FUNCTIONS

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QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 1941年第1期56卷 134-144页

作者： Court, Louis M. University of Chicago

The object of the present article is to prove that entrepreneurial demand and supply functions are always stable in the light of economist John Richard Hicks' extensions. Entrepreneurial demand functions are the derived demand functions of an entrepreneur enjoying unlimited credit for factors of production. Entrepreneurial supply functions are the supply functions of an entrepreneur operating under analogous conditions. The invariable stability of entrepreneurial demand and supply functions is surprising, since demand and supply functions in general, including consumer demand functions and restricted supply functions, are rarely, if ever, stable. A theory of entrepreneurial supply functions can be modeled on the theory of entrepreneurial demand functions. Properly speaking, all supply functions are entrepreneurial. But the chief difference between entrepreneurial and consumer demand theories is that in the former the entrepreneur enjoys unlimited credit and is, therefore, hedged in by no restrictions whereas in the latter the consumer is subject to a budgetary limitation.

关键词： Supply Commodities Entrepreneurs Mathematical functions Derived demand Matrices application programming interfaces Second partial derivative

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Automated analysis of security protocols with global state 35

Automated analysis of security protocols with global state

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35th IEEE-Computer-Society Workshop on Security and Privacy (SP)

作者： Kremer, Steve Kunnemann, Robert INRIA Nancy GrandEst & Loria Villers Les Nancy France Tech Univ Darmstadt Dept Comp Sci Darmstadt Germany INRIA Paris Rocquencourt Paris France

ISBN: (纸本)9781479946860

Security APIs, key servers and protocols that need to keep the status of transactions, require to maintain a global, non-monotonic state, e.g., in the form of a database or register. However, existing automated verification tools do not support the analysis of such stateful security protocols sometimes because of fundamental reasons, such as the encoding of the protocol as Horn clauses, which are inherently monotonic. An exception is the recent tamarin prover which allows specifying protocols as multiset rewrite (msr) rules, a formalism expressive enough to encode state. As multiset rewriting is a "low-level" specification language with no direct support for concurrent message passing, encoding protocols correctly is a difficult and error-prone process. We propose a process calculus which is a variant of the applied pi calculus with constructs for manipulation of a global state by processes running in parallel. We show that this language can be translated to msr rules whilst preserving all security properties expressible in a dedicated first-order logic for security properties. The translation has been implemented in a prototype tool which uses the tamarin prover as a backend. We apply the tool to several case studies among which a simplified fragment of PKCS#11, the Yubikey security token, and an optimistic contract signing protocol.

关键词： Horn clauses application program interfaces cryptographic protocols formal verification message passing pi calculus specification languages PKCS 11 Yubikey security token automated security protocol analysis automated verification tools concurrent message passing encoding protocols error-prone process first-order logic key servers low-level specification language msr rules multiset rewrite rules multiset rewriting nonmonotonic state optimistic contract signing protocol process calculus prototype tool security API security properties tamarin prover Analytical models Calculus Contracts Mathematical model Protocols Security Semantics Multiset rewriting Protocol Analysis Security APIs pi calculus Horn clauses protocols lysyl-arginyl-alanyl-lysyl-alanyl-lysyl-threonyl-threonyl-lysyl-lysyl-arginine message passing application programming interfaces specification description language cryptographic protocols contract Calculus Calculi Formal verification ANALYSIS MODELS Semantics Security

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Evaluating OpenMP 4.0's Effectiveness as a Heterogeneous Parallel programming Model 30

Evaluating OpenMP 4.0's Effectiveness as a Heterogeneous Par...

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30th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS)

作者： Martineau, Matt McIntosh-Smith, Simon Gaudin, Wayne Univ Bristol HPC Grp Bristol BS8 1TH Avon England Atom Weap Estab Aldermaston England

ISBN: (纸本)9781509036820

Although the OpenMP 4.0 standard has been available since 2013, support for GPUs has been absent up until very recently, with only a handful of experimental compilers available. In this work we evaluate the performance of Cray's new NVIDIA GPU targeting implementation of OpenMP 4.0, with the mini-apps TeaLeaf, CloverLeaf and BUDE. We successfully port each of the applications, using a simple and consistent design throughout, and achieve performance on an NVIDIA K20X that is comparable to Cray's OpenACC in all cases. BUDE, a compute bound code, required 2.2x the runtime of an equivalently optimised CUDA code, which we believe is caused by an inflated frequency of control flow operations and less efficient arithmetic optimisation. Impressively, both TeaLeaf and CloverLeaf, memory bandwidth bound codes, only required 1.3x the runtime of hand-optimised CUDA implementations. Overall, we find that OpenMP 4.0 is a highly usable open standard capable of performant heterogeneous execution, making it a promising option for scientific application developers.

关键词： high performance computing parallel computing application programming interfaces OpenMP performance portability

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Mobile Cloud Computing and application Program interfaces - a Review

Mobile Cloud Computing and Application Program Interfaces - ...

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IEEE AFRICON Conference - Science, Technology and Innovation for Africa

作者： van der Westhuizen, Henri W. Hancke, Gerhard P. Univ Pretoria Dept Elect Elect & Comp Engn Pretoria South Africa

ISBN: (纸本)9781538627754

As the demand for higher computing resource systems and more distributed services is increasing, changes are required. Cloud computing has thus enabled distributed networks that enable computing resources in an online manner. This has further developed into concepts such as mobile cloud computing systems which provide mobile devices with resources to help minimize computing limitations. Other technologies, such as virtualization have made it possible to create an entirely new network infrastructure such as network function virtualization and software defined networks. However, the development of these new systems have also brought new challenges. Research topics such as securing the cloud, the impact of network function virtualization and software-defined networks on the cloud, and mobile cloud computing has arisen. These are only some of the future research topics required. Many more variations of cloud usage will be seen as these technologies develop. This paper provides the results of a survey done on the current research available on the above mentioned topics.

关键词： Mobile computing application programming interfaces Data security

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Re-evaluating Network Onload vs. Offload for the Many-Core Era

Re-evaluating Network Onload vs. Offload for the Many-Core E...

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IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing (CLUSTER)

作者： Dosanjh, Matthew G. F. Grant, Ryan E. Bridges, Patrick G. Brightwell, Ron Univ New Mexico Dept Comp Sci Scalable Syst Lab Albuquerque NM 87131 USA Sandia Natl Labs Ctr Res Comp Albuquerque NM 87185 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781467365987

This paper explores the trade-offs between on loaded versus offloaded network stack processing for systems with varying CPU frequencies. This study explores the differences of onload and offload using experiments run at different DVFS settings to change the frequency, while measuring performance and power. This allows for a quantitative comparison of the the performance and power and trade-offs between onload and offload cards, with a wide range of CPU performances. The results show that there is often a significant performance increase in using offloaded cards especially at lower CPU frequencies, with only a small increase in power usage. This study also uses MPI profiling to analyze why some applications see a larger benefit than others. This paper's contributions are an analytical, quantitative analysis of the trade-offs between onload and offload. While there has been debate to this question, this is the first, to the authors' knowledge, analytical evaluation of the performance difference. The range of frequencies analyzed give insight on how this MPI might perform on different architectures, such as the low frequency, many-core CPUs. Finally, the power measurements allow for the study to provide further depth in the analysis.

关键词： application program interfaces message passing multiprocessing systems power aware computing CPU frequency DVFS MPI profiling many-core era network offload re-evaluation network onload re-evaluation offload cards offloaded network stack processing onload cards Bandwidth Benchmark testing Hardware Market research Protocols Runtime Throughput power aware computing message passing application programming interfaces Benchmark testing Multiprocessing systems market research UNLOADING Runtime Computer hardware Throughput Bandwidth protocols central processing units

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Towards an APIs Adoption Agile Model in Large Banks 8th

Towards an APIs Adoption Agile Model in Large Banks

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World Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (WorldCIST)

作者： Tabares, Marta S. Suescun, Elizabeth Univ EAFIT Ave Vegas Medellin Colombia

ISBN: (纸本)9783030456870;9783030456887

Nowadays, large banks are facing challenges related to the generation of differential value, which they can accomplish by starting up a group of APIs which enable new criteria to define financial services for ever more expert clients in the management of opportunities regarding their finances and in the use of diverse information for decision making. This article presents an API adoption agile model to foster new digital capacities which facilitate the transformation from traditional businesses strongly supported on information systems to APIs. To accomplish this a review has been made of the literature which guides the classification of the most relevant aspects of businesses based on APIs in banking, then, the components of the proposed model are defined, and finally, the proposal is validated with a use case from the area of Collections in one of the most important banks in South America. Finally, the research suggests a series of results through a gap analysis which prove that technological transformations based on APIs can be absorbed in a fast way both by the business process as well as by the clients.

关键词： Agile model API application programming interfaces Digital transformation Banking digital transformation Fintech Large bank Banking Collection

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ShenTu: Processing Multi-Trillion Edge Graphs on Millions of Cores in Seconds

ShenTu: Processing Multi-Trillion Edge Graphs on Millions of...

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International Conference on High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage, and Analysis (SC)

作者： Lin, Heng Zhu, Xiaowei Yu, Bowen Tang, Xiongchao Xue, Wei Chen, Wenguang Zhang, Lufei Hoefler, Torsten Ma, Xiaosong Liu, Xin Zheng, Weimin Xu, Jingfang Tsinghua Univ Beijing Peoples R China Fma Technol Beijing Peoples R China State Key Lab Math Engn & Adv Comp Zhengzhou Henan Peoples R China Swiss Fed Inst Technol Zurich Switzerland Qatar Comp Res Inst Doha Qatar Natl Res Ctr Parallel Comp Engn & Technol Wuxi Jiangsu Peoples R China Beijing Sogou Technol Dev Co Ltd Beijing Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781538683842

Graphs are an important abstraction used in many scientific fields. With the magnitude of graph-structured data constantly increasing, effective data analytics requires efficient and scalable graph processing systems. Although HPC systems have long been used for scientific computing, people have only recently started to assess their potential for graph processing, a workload with inherent load imbalance, lack of locality, and access irregularity. We propose ShenTu(8), the first general-purpose graph processing framework that can efficiently utilize an entire Petascale system to process multi-trillion edge graphs in seconds. ShenTu embodies four key innovations: hardware specialization, supernode routing, on-chip sorting, and degree-aware messaging, which together enable its unprecedented performance and scalability. It can traverse a record-size 70-trillion-edge graph in seconds. Furthermore, ShenTu enables the processing of a spam detection problem on a 12-trillion edge Internet graph, making it possible to identify trustworthy and spam webpages directly at the fine-grained page level.

关键词： application programming interfaces Big data applications Data analysis Graph theory Supercomputers

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An Observational Study on API Usage Constraints and Their Documentation 22

An Observational Study on API Usage Constraints and Their Do...

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22nd IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution, and Reengineering (SANER)

作者： Saied, Mohamed Aymen Sahraoui, Houari Dufour, Bruno Univ Montreal DIRO Montreal PQ Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781479984695

Nowadays, APIs represent the most common reuse form when developing software. However, the reuse benefits depend greatly on the ability of client application developers to use correctly the APIs. In this paper, we present an observational study on the API usage constraints and their documentation. To conduct the study on a large number of APIs, we implemented and validated strategies to automatically detect four types of usage constraints in existing APIs. We observed that some of the constraint types are frequent and that for three types, they are not documented in general. Surprisingly, the absence of documentation is, in general, specific to the constraints and not due to the non documenting habits of developers.

关键词： Documentation Observational Study Client application Apis Developers application programming interfaces AXIAL POWER INDICATOR API American Petroleum Institute Constraint DEVELOPERS

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Ambient Flow: A Visual Approach for Remixing the Internet of Things 5

Ambient Flow: A Visual Approach for Remixing the Internet of...

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5th International Conference on the Internet of Things (IOT)

作者： Carlson, Darren Moegerle, Matthias Pagel, Max Verma, Shivam Rosenblum, David S. Natl Univ Singapore Felicitous Comp Inst Singapore 117548 Singapore Univ Stuttgart Inst Visualizat & Interact Syst Stuttgart Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781467380584

The number of networked "smart devices" available in everyday environments is rapidly increasing;however, most adopt mutually incompatible networks, protocols, and application programming interfaces. In previous work, we introduced a variety of adaptive middleware techniques that enables a user's commodity mobile device (e.g., a smartphone) to serve as an adaptive gateway between mutually incompatible devices -providing service adaptation and protocol translation services through plug-ins that can be installed on-the-fly. In this paper, we present a complementary set of novel smart space design tools, which enable non-programmers to visually "remix" their ambient environments in new, playful and potentially unforeseen ways using an intuitive flow-graph model. Visual designs can be sent over the network to the user's mobile device, which instantiates them during runtime. This paper presents a detailed overview of the approach, introduces our fully functional prototype, and presents a user study that provides encouraging first results.

关键词： Context Internet of things Libraries Logic gates Protocols Robot sensing systems Internet of things Manipulator sensing systems Logic gates protocols Libraries remixing visual approach PLUG-IN ambient environment application programming interfaces Smartphone Thing

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