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Leashing the Corporate Dogs of War: The Legal Implications of the Modern Private Military Company

JOURNAL OF CONFLICT & SECURITY LAW 2010年第1期15卷 141-168页

作者： Liu, Hin-Yan Kings Coll London Sch Law London WC2R 2LS England

The modern private military company (PMC) is a company that provides martial services through a corporate legal framework, and as such is the contemporary heir to private force providers of the past. This paper challenges the idea that modern PMCs operate in an alleged legal 'vacuum', and instead shows that there is a wide array of potentially applicable instruments. This paper addresses this patchwork of law primarily through the lens of mercenarism, first through proscribing international instruments followed subsequently by utilizing South Africa and the United Kingdom as the poles of their domestic counterpart responses. The rights and obligations of PMCs and its employees are then considered in the context of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law, and tentative steps are taken towards considering their liability for war crimes. An attempt is made to advocate for state responsibility of PMC actions to both control their operational excesses and encourage states to address the phenomenon in a unified fashion. At the same time, the paper acknowledges the fact that state responsibility is not the panacea as claimed by some commentators;an analysis of a case study involving the sale of the Indonesian military's services to private interest shows that the privatization of forces is more than simply about the form of its organizational structure. The paper concludes that the PMC activity should nevertheless be included within the state framework to utilize the strength of both International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law.

关键词： Private military industry Mercenaries Armed conflict Prisoners of war Treaties War crimes application programming interfaces Civilian personnel

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programming the platform university: Learning analytics and predictive infrastructures in higher education

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RESEARCH IN EDUCATION 2021年第1期109卷 53-71页

作者： Perrotta, Carlo Monash Univ Fac Educ Melbourne Vic Australia

This article offers a case study of how platforms and predictive infrastructures are emerging in higher education. It examines a Learning Analytics application programming Interface (API) from a popular Learning Management System. The API is treated firstly as an artefact based on the computational abstraction of educational principles, and secondly as an empirical entry point to investigate the emergence of a Learning Analytics infrastructure in a large Australian university. Through in-depth ethnographic interviews and the interpretative analysis of software development workflows, the paper describes an API-mediated platformisation process involving a range of actors and systems: computational experts, algorithms, data-savvy administrative staff and large corporate actors inserting themselves through back-ends and various other dependencies. In the conclusion, the article argues that the platformisation of higher education is part of a broader project that mobilises programmability and computation to re-engineer educational institutions in the interest of efficiency and prediction. However, the social-scientific study of this project cannot ignore the practical and compromised dimension where human actors and technical systems interact and, in the process, generate meaning.

关键词： Platforms infrastructure studies application programming interfaces higher education software studies

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OIL REFINING: YIELD COEFFICIENTS AND ACTUAL PRICES

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QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 1951年第3期65卷 400-416页

作者： Manne, Alan S. Harvard University

The article presents a discussion on problems related to petroleum refining. The end products obtained by the distillation of crude petroleum are found in virtually fixed proportions. By using various cracking processes, the middle distillates such as kerosene and gas oil may be converted into gasoline-plus-residual-oil or into gasoline-plus-coke. Since the introduction of cracking in 1913, the refiner's problem has no longer been a matter of selecting a single optimal rate of output, but rather an optimal product-mix. There is a decreasing marginal rate of substitution between the various refined products. Petroleum refiners are facing problems related to the operating conditions of the cracking reaction. Vapor phase cracking needs higher temperatures, lower pressures, and a shorter reaction time. With the higher temperature, which occurs in vapor phase cracking, there is associated an increase in the yield of residual oil. It may be profitable for the refiner to sacrifice yields in order to enhance octane ratings.

关键词： Gasoline Kerosene Statistical median Residual gas Coefficients Vapor phases Oil prices Residuums Market prices application programming interfaces

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28th International Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM)

作者： Thung, Ferdian Lo, David Jiang, Lingxiao Singapore Management Univ Sch Informat Syst Singapore Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9781467323123

Detecting similar applications are useful for various purposes ranging from program comprehension, rapid prototyping, plagiarism detection, and many more. McMillan et al. have proposed a solution to detect similar applications based on common Java API usage patterns. Recently, collaborative tagging has impacted software development practices. Various sites allow users to give various tags to software systems. In this study, we would like to complement the study by McMillan et al. by leveraging another source of information aside from API usage patterns, namely software tags. We have performed a user study involving several participants and the results show that collaborative tagging is a promising source of information useful for detecting similar software applications.

关键词： Information source TAGGING computer software Reverse engineering applications software Software systems Use Studies application programming interfaces AXIAL POWER INDICATOR API American Petroleum Institute Software design

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Configuration of Smart Environments Made Simple Combining Visual Modeling with Semantic Metadata and Reasoning

Configuration of Smart Environments Made Simple Combining Vi...

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International Conference on the Internet of Things (IOT)

作者： Mayer, Simon Inhelder, Nadine Verborgh, Ruben Van de Walle, Rik Mattern, Friedemann Swiss Fed Inst Technol Inst Pervas Comp Zurich Switzerland Ghent Univ iMinds Multimedia Lab Ghent Belgium

ISBN: (纸本)9781479951543

We present an approach that combines semantic metadata and reasoning with a visual modeling tool to enable the goal-driven configuration of smart environments for end users. In contrast to process-driven systems where service mashups are statically defined, this approach makes use of embedded semantic API descriptions to dynamically create mashups that fulfill the user's goal. The main advantage of the presented system is its high degree of flexibility, as service mashups can adapt to dynamic environments and are fault-tolerant with respect to individual services becoming unavailable. To support end users in expressing their goals, we integrated a visual programming tool with our system. This tool enables users to model the desired state of their smart environment graphically and thus hides the technicalities of the underlying semantics and the reasoning. Possible applications of the presented system include the configuration of smart homes to increase individual well-being, and reconfigurations of smart environments, for instance in the industrial automation or healthcare domains.

关键词： application program interfaces fault tolerance home computing inference mechanisms meta data visual programming dynamic environments embedded semantic API descriptions fault-tolerant goal-driven configuration process-driven systems reasoning semantic metadata service mashups smart environment smart homes visual modeling visual programming tool Cognition Context Internet of things Mashups Semantics Thermostats Visualization Fault tolerance PLUG-IN Metadata Reasoning Smart homes visual programming Semantics application programming interfaces Home Computers thermostats Inference mechanisms Internet of things Visualization Cognition Flexibility

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Smart: A MapReduce-Like Framework for In-Situ Scientific Analytics 15

Smart: A MapReduce-Like Framework for In-Situ Scientific Ana...

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International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC)

作者： Wang, Yi Agrawal, Gagan Bicer, Tekin Jiang, Wei Ohio State Univ Comp Sci & Engn Columbus OH 43210 USA Argonne Natl Lab Math & Comp Sci Div Lemont IL 60439 USA Quantcast Corp San Francisco CA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450337236

In-situ analytics has lately been shown to be an effective approach to reduce both I/O and storage costs for scientific analytics. Developing an efficient in-situ implementation, however, involves many challenges, including parallelization, data movement or sharing, and resource allocation. Based on the premise that Map Reduce can be an appropriate API for specifying scientific analytics applications, we present a novel MapReduce-like framework that supports efficient in-situ scientific analytics, and address several challenges that arise in applying the MapReduce idea for in-situ processing. Specifically, our implementation can load simulated data directly from distributed memory, and it uses a modified API that helps meet the strict memory constraints of in-situ analytics. The framework is designed so that analytics can be launched from the parallel code region of a simulation program. We have developed both time sharing and space sharing modes for maximizing the performance in different scenarios, with the former even avoiding any copying of data from simulation to the analytics program. We demonstrate the functionality, efficiency, and scalability of our system, by using different simulation and analytics programs, executed on clusters with multi-core and many-core nodes.

关键词： MapReduce-Like Framework Situ Scientific Analytics many-core nodes Frameworks time sharing simulating distributed memory IO PREMISES application programming interfaces AXIAL POWER INDICATOR API American Petroleum Institute Scalability Resource utilization space-sharing

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TIME AND CHANGE IN SAMKHYA-YOGA

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JOURNAL OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY 1984年第1期12卷 35-49页

作者： PRASAD, HS Department of Philosophy University of Delhi Delhi India

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A Student-friendly Approach in Teaching/Learning Theoretical Concepts in Automation 25

A Student-friendly Approach in Teaching/Learning Theoretical...

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25th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED)

作者： Soares, Filomena Leao, Celina P. Oliveira, Paulo Moura Algoritmi R&D Ctr Engn Sch Ind Elect Dept Campus Azurem P-4800058 Guimaraes Portugal Algoritmi R&D Ctr Engn Sch Prod Syst Dept Campus Azurem P-4800058 Guimaraes Portugal Univ Tras Os Montes & Alto Douro INESC TEC INESC Technol & Sci P-5001801 Vila Real Portugal Univ Tras Os Montes & Alto Douro Sch Sci & Technol Dept Engn P-5001801 Vila Real Portugal

ISBN: (纸本)9781509045334

This paper presents some teaching strategies applied in a curricular unit of the 3rd year of the Integrated Master of Engineering and Industrial Management at the University of Minho The goal was to teach theoretical concepts associated to automation topics. The practical aspects as designing an automated machine or developing the corresponding Ladder Logic diagram is often well accepted by students. On the other hand, topics related to instrumentation, sensor type and functioning for example, more theoretical, are usually less attractive to students. So, different tools have been developed and tested along the past years to overcome this concern. This paper presents the last experience tested: evaluating a previously developed APP Inventor tool (developed by students) as wondering if it is a suitable way to learn automation;an automation conquest, where the competition may promote the stimulus to learn.

关键词： Automation Tools Principal component analysis Education programming Mobile applications application programming interfaces

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Fiber laser fire detection in the Tunnel Simulator 11

Fiber laser fire detection in the Tunnel Simulator

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ELEKTRO 11th International Conference

作者： Miklosik, Igor Kello, Peter Spalek, Juraj Univ Zilina Fac Elect Engn Dept Control & Informat Syst Zilina Slovakia

ISBN: (纸本)9781467386982

This paper deals with fire detection simulation by fiber laser in the road tunnel. Influence of the pressure difference for various vehicle type fire scenarios on the air speed in the tunnel is considered by evaluation of the average temperature in the fire section. Final simulation experiment is realized in programmable logic controller based tunnel simulator of road tunnels technological equipment.

关键词： simulation application programming interfaces programmable logic devices fires fiber lasers

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PARAPHRASE AND SENTENCE ANALYSIS, SOME INDIAN VIEWS

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JOURNAL OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY 1975年第3-4期3卷 259-281页

作者： CARDONA, G UNIV PENN PHILADELPHIAPA 19104

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