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EMPLOYMENT EXPECTATIONS OF LAW STUDENTS

SOCIOLOGICAL QUARTERLY 1965年第3期6卷 222-232页

作者： WARKOV, S University of Chicago

It is clear then that the achievement orientation that currently permeates the organization of legal education in all probability does not extend to the organization of the legal profession. Mechanisms for coping with this institutional hiatus in recruitment and allocation on the basis of performance criteria operate at two levels. First, when the recruiter for the large firm is unable to find the 'right' man, the need to ensure organizational survival by hiring technically competent professionals may induce the firm to recruit the requisite legal talent and overlook the absence of preferred social attributes. Smigel indicates that this occasionally does happen among the Wall Street firms. And, second, social barriers to professional recruitment grounded solely in performance criteria should influence student conceptions concerning the practice of law and the expected organizational context for future employment. National Opinion Research Center's longitudinal survey of career development. These data should permit an assessment of how future lawyers adapt to the organization of a profession that emphasizes nonintellectual factors in distributing the neophyte professionals among the various sectors that comprise the legal labor market. The data are derived from mail questionnaires that were employed to gather information on the students' educational plans, career preferences, social origins, and the like. The survey, initiated in Spring, 1961, is comprised of a weighted sample of some 40,000 June, 1961, graduating seniors including a group of 1,797 male graduating seniors who reported a long-mn career preference for Law. One year later, 1,179 men in this group (66 per cent) were attending 124 of the 151 available accredited and unaccredited law schools offering professional preparation in the United States. With the exception of Lortie's work, the literature on the legal profession is lacking in documentation on the molding of expectations of law students for one rat

关键词： Law schools Law students Collaboration Attorneys College admission Employment statistics Legal practice Government application programming interfaces

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An inscribed linen plea from the Sacred Animal Necropolis, North Saqqara

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JOURNAL OF EGYPTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2005年第1期91卷 171-179页

作者： Ray, John D.

Publication of a linen fragment bearing a plea in demotic to Osorapis, the presiding deity of the Saqqara Animal Necropolis, for justice in a legal case. It was discovered by the EES in the Main Temple Enclosure at Saqqara in 1968-9. Two pieces of wood reveal how it was attached to the shrine wall or gate/door frame. Characteristics of the early demotic suggest a date in the fourth century BC, perhaps the Thirtieth Dynasty or Macedonian Period. Comparable pleas and cursive texts on linen, and the link between linen and the hereafter, are discussed.

关键词： Linen Excavations Papyrus Reading Mummies Hieroglyphics Tuna Narrators Ancient Egypt application programming interfaces

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Motor-Structure Interaction and API 546 Compliance

Motor-Structure Interaction and API 546 Compliance

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Structures Congress

作者： Hogue, Tim Hargrove Engn Constructors 20 South Royal St Mobile AL 36602 USA

ISBN: (数字)9780784479117

ISBN: (纸本)9780784479117

Dynamic analysis was required for a motor and its 18.6 m (61 ft) x 4.3 m (14 ft) x 5.2 m (17 ft) (length x width x height) reinforced concrete table top support. Motor power rating was 17.2 MW (23 300 hp), weight 388 kN (43.6 ton) and nominal operating speed 1800 rpm. Governing document was API 546. Provision for motor-structure interaction was the key element of the finite element model;motor, not structure, responses were at issue. Motor rotor journal displacement was well below the API 546 limit, even though a dominant natural frequency was within the normal operating range. Though low modes were governed by columns, the dominant mode in the operating range was governed by strong-axis flexure of the 1070 mm (42 in) thick table top. The higher mode was self-restraining so the resonance condition was well controlled. The motor-structure system was judged compliant with API 546.

关键词： operating range API application programming interfaces AXIAL POWER INDICATOR American Petroleum Institute Table Top Foot British Dynamic analysis ASPECT RATIO Motor Crucial components MOTOR ROTORS

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Type Checking for Reliable APIs 1

Type Checking for Reliable APIs

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1st IEEE/ACM International Workshop on API Usage and Evolution (WAPI)

作者： Kechagia, Maria Spinellis, Diomidis Athens Univ Econ & Business Dept Management Sci & Technol Athens Greece

ISBN: (纸本)9781538628058

In this paper, we propose to configure at compile time the checking associated with application programming interfaces' methods that can receive possibly malformed values (e.g. erroneous user inputs and problematic retrieved records from databases) and thus cause application execution failures. To achieve this, we design a type system for implementing a pluggable checker on the Java's compiler and find at compile time insufficient checking bugs that can lead to application crashes due to malformed inputs. Our goal is to wrap methods when they receive external inputs so that the former generate checked instead of unchecked exceptions. We believe that our approach can improve Java developers' productivity, by using exception handling only when it is required, and ensure client applications' stability. We want to evaluate our checker by using it to verify the source code of Java projects from the Apache ecosystem. Also, we want to analyze stack traces to validate the identified failures by our checker.

关键词： application programming interfaces exceptions type systems

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Third Party Session Control at the Network Edge 5

Third Party Session Control at the Network Edge

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5th International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC)

作者： Atanasov, Ivaylo Pencheva, Evelina Velkova, Denitsa Trifonov, Ventsislav Tech Univ Sofia Fac Telecommun Sofia Bulgaria

ISBN: (纸本)9781728172163

Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) brings the cloud services at the network edge. It is efficient solution for use cases requiring low latency such as mission-critical communications and real-time Internet of Things applications. Furthermore, third-party session control is essential for many of these use cases. The paper presents an approach to design a new mobile edge service which enables third-party applications to place a session with required quality of service, to manipulate session participants and to terminate the session. The service design follows Representational State Transfer architectural style. The proposed service is described by service data model, application programming interfaces and state models. Service latency is evaluated by emulation.

关键词： Multi-access Edge Computing Internet of Things Data model application programming interfaces State models Service performance

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Evaluating Performance and Power Efficiency of Scientific applications on Multi-threaded Systems 2

Evaluating Performance and Power Efficiency of Scientific Ap...

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E2SC 2nd International Workshop on Energy Efficient Supercomputing

作者： Gioiosa, Roberto Kerbyson, Darren J. Hoisie, Adolfy Pacific Northwest Natl Lab High Performance Comp Grp Richland WA 99354 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781479970360

The power and energy walls are changing the way users utilize supercomputers: Time-to-completion is not the only important goal but other metrics, such as the energy required to solve a problem or the power efficiency, are becoming as important as performance. This shift towards power- and energy-aware computing is expected to continue in the exascale era, thus, understanding the performance, power and energy implications of different hardware configurations is of paramount importance. In this paper we analyze the performance, power efficiency and energy consumption of scientific applications programmed in MPI, OpenMP and MPI+OpenMP on two different architectures that have take different approaches to limit power consumption, IBM POWER7+ and AMD Interlagos. We compare the scalability, power efficiency and energy consumption of distributed and shared memory versions of each applications and analyze performance and bottlenecks of different combinations of MPI tasks/OpenMP threads. Our results show that, although shared memory programming models usually provide lower synchronization cost, achieving the highest performance/efficiency requires a combination for MPI tasks/ OpenMP threads that is dependent on the underlying architecture and takes into consideration how hardware resources are distributed among the computing elements. More importantly, our results show that the "best configuration" strongly depends on the particular target metric.

关键词： application program interfaces mainframes message passing multi-threading natural sciences computing performance evaluation power aware computing shared memory systems AMD Interlagos IBM POWER7+ MPI OpenMP distributed memory versions energy consumption energy walls energy-aware computing exascale era hardware configurations hardware resources multithreaded systems power efficiency power walls power-aware computing scientific applications shared memory programming models shared memory versions supercomputer time-to-completion Benchmark testing Computer architecture Hardware Instruction sets Measurement Power demand programming dynamic efficiency power aware computing message passing hardware resource Performance Evaluation instruction sets Multithreading Mainframes application programming interfaces supercomputer Benchmark testing mannose phosphate isomerase remote procedure calls shared memory systems Power demand

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Inferring the Data Access from the Clients of Generic APIs

Inferring the Data Access from the Clients of Generic APIs

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28th International Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM)

作者： Song, Hui Huang, Gang Xiong, Yingfei Sun, Yanchun Peking Univ Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Minist Educ Key Lab High Confidence Software Technol Beijing Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781467323123

Many programs access external data sources through generic APIs. The class hierarchy of such a generic API does not reflect the schema of any particular data source, and thus it is hard to clarify what data an API client accesses and how it obtains them. This makes it difficult to maintain the API clients. In this paper, we show that the data access of an API client can be recovered through static analysis on the client's source code. We provide a formal and intuitive way to represent the data access, as a graph of so-called summoning snippets. Each snippet stands for a type of data accessed by the client, and carries the code slice from the client about how to obtain the data via the API. We provide an automated approach to inferring a complete and well-simplified set of summoning snippets from the client source code, based on points-to analysis and code slicing. We implement this approach as a development assistant tool, and evaluate it on eight open source data processing programs, with average precision and recall of 89% and 95%, respectively. Further inspection of these clients, as well as a user study about writing data accessing code on their data sources, show that the inference results are useful in the inspection of existing clients and the development of new data access logics.

关键词： customers Clients Data sources API application programming interfaces AXIAL POWER INDICATOR American Petroleum Institute Access to Information information retrieval Use Studies Codes Apis data types Formal logic schema

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A Systematic Mapping Study on API Documentation Generation Approaches 44

A Systematic Mapping Study on API Documentation Generation A...

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44th Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced applications (SEAA)

作者： Nybom, Kristian Ashraf, Adnan Porres, Ivan Abo Akad Univ Fac Sci & Engn Vesilinnantie 3 SF-20500 Turku Finland

ISBN: (纸本)9781538673836

Background: application programming interfaces (APIs) are key to software reuse. Software developers can link functionality and behavior found in other software with their own software by taking an API into use. However, figuring out how an API works is usually demanding, and may require that the developers spend a notable amount of time familiarizing themselves with the API. Good API documentation is of key importance for simplifying this task. Objective: To present a comprehensive, unbiased overview of the state-of-the-art on tools and approaches for API documentation generation. Method: A systematic mapping study on published tools and approaches that can be used for generating API documentation, or for assisting in the API documentation process. Results: 36 studies on API documentation generation tools and approaches analyzed and categorized in a variety of ways. Among other things, the paper presents an overview of what kind of tools have been developed, what kind of documentation they generate, and what sources the documentation approaches require. Conclusion: Out of the identified approaches, many contribute to API documentation in the areas of natural language documentation and code examples. Many of the approaches contribute to the accuracy and correctness of API documentation , but also to ease developers understanding of the documentation. Most of the approaches are automatic, simplifying the API documentation generation notably, under the assumption that relevant sources for the generation are available. Most of the API documentation approaches are evaluated either by execution of the approach followed by analysis of the results, or by empirical evaluation methods.

关键词： Documentation Data mining Tools Software Libraries Systematics application programming interfaces

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Use of an application programming Interface (API) to allow non-optical designers to perform specific optical evaluations - art. no. 634205

Use of an Application Programming Interface (API) to allow n...

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International Optical Design Conference

作者： Sanson, Mark C. Corning Tropel Corp Fairport NY 14450 USA

A person lacking training in optical design programs may perform tasks using the design program's power. This paper addresses how API, with Windows Component Object Model, allows a person lacking understanding of ... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)0819464279

关键词： application programming interfaces AXIAL POWER INDICATOR API American Petroleum Institute Designers Component object models Persons Religious Missions optical Optical design Surgery

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THE 'PEWENHOR' DOCUMENTS FROM THE SACRED ANIMAL NECROPOLIS AT NORTH SAQQARA

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JOURNAL OF EGYPTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2012年第1期98卷 139-184页

作者： Smith, H. S. Davies, Sue Biggs, George R.

This article presents a textual edition of a group of 15 Demotic letters and ration lists of the fourth century BC recovered from the site of the Sacred Animal Necropolis at North Saqqara.

关键词： Papyrus Rationing Verbs Transliteration Inks Nouns application programming interfaces Numerals Pronouns Legibility

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