Heavy oil and oil sands deposits constitute an important resource, with in-place estimates varying between 600 × 109and 980 × 109m3. These deposits are mostly concentrated in Canada, the US and Venezuela. Th...
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Heavy oil and oil sands deposits constitute an important resource, with in-place estimates varying between 600 × 109and 980 × 109m3. These deposits are mostly concentrated in Canada, the US and Venezuela. The gradual depletion of conventional oil reserves is leading to a greater interest in heavy oil *** paper presents on overview of heavy oil characteristics, worldwide deposits and recovery methods, with special emphasis on the heavy oils and oil sands of Canada. Thermal recovery techniques such as cyclic steam stimulation, steamflooding and in-situ combustion have been generally more successful than non-thermal methods. The principal thermal recovery processes are discussed in detail. Reservoir characteristics influencing the applicability of these processes are mentioned, and possible operational problems are *** of the Canadian heavy oils and oil sands deposits occur in the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Selected recovery projects currently in operation are described, outlining modifications to the basic process, problems encountered and range of success.
The recent excavations carried out by the Egypt Exploration Society at North Saqqara have brought to light a remarkable community. The site lies on a plateau of the western desert some 20 km. south of Cairo, more or l...
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The recent excavations carried out by the Egypt Exploration Society at North Saqqara have brought to light a remarkable community. The site lies on a plateau of the western desert some 20 km. south of Cairo, more or less opposite the ruins of Memphis, the ancient capital, and consists of a series of temples dedicated to various gods of the Egyptian pantheon. Each god was also represented by a sacred animal or animals, and these, whether bulls, cows, birds or baboons, were mummified and stacked in galleries beneath the surface of the desert. In the last centuries B.C. this area, known generally as the Serapeum, became the focus for pilgrimage from all over the known world; and through its written records, as much as in its physical remains, the Serapeum represents a unique link between archaeology and religion.
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