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TOOLS OF THE TRADE APIs, Libraries, and Code

IEEE SOFTWARE 2012年第6期29卷 85-86页

作者： Spinellis, Diomidis Athens Univ Econ & Business Dept Management Sci & Technol Athens Greece

The choice between using the functionality of the application's platform (Java EE or .NET), calling one of several available external libraries, or writing code on your own involves numerous factors. When you write your own code, you control its quality. If some alternatives come in the form of external libraries, start by looking at the licensing terms. Next, judge the usability of the library or the platform API and the library's compatibility with your system. Elements with diverse naming conventions are an open invitation for disorder and style abuses. Other compatibility areas you should investigate include error handling, memory management, multithreading, and build management. Finish your examination by looking into the library's dependencies, quality, and support.

关键词： application programming interfaces Encoding Libraries Licenses Java Memory Management Multithreading Dependencies Reuse API Library application Platform

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VISUALIZING CONCURRENCY FAULTS IN ARINC-653 REAL-TIME applicationS

VISUALIZING CONCURRENCY FAULTS IN ARINC-653 REAL-TIME APPLIC...

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IEEE/AIAA 31st Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)

作者： Tchamgoue, Guy Martin Gan, Lin Ha, Ok-Kyoon Yang, Sang-Woo Jun, Yong-Kee Gyeongsang Natl Univ Dept Informat Jinju South Korea Korea Aerosp Ind Ltd Sacheon South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9781467317009

The ARINC-653 standard architecture for flight software specifies an application executive (APEX) which provides an application programming interface and defines a hierarchical framework which provides health management for error detection and recovery. In every partition of the architecture, however, processes may have to deal with asynchronous real-time signals from peripheral devices or may communicate with other processes through blackboards or buffers. This configuration may lead programs into concurrency faults such as unintended race conditions which are common and difficult to be removed by testing. Unfortunately, existing tools for reporting concurrency faults in applications that use concurrent signal handlers can neither represent the complex interactions between an ARINC-653 application and its error handlers nor provide effective means for understanding the dynamic behavior of concurrent signal handlers involved into data races. Thus, this paper presents an intuitive tool that visualizes the partial ordering of runtime events to detect concurrency faults in an ARINC-653 application that uses concurrent signal handlers. It uses vertically parallel arrows with different colors to capture the logical concurrency between the application, its error handlers and concurrent signal handlers, and materializes synchronization operations with differently colored horizontal arrows. Our visualization tool allows at a glance, to visually detect data races and provides a great understanding of the program internal for an easy debugging process.

关键词： Concurrency Flight Software hazards and race conditions application programming interfaces Partial ordering faults Error detection and recovery Computer equipment health care management signals real-time application program

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Overview and Comparison of OpenCL and CUDA Technology for GPGPU

Overview and Comparison of OpenCL and CUDA Technology for GP...

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IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems (APCCAS)

作者： Su, Ching-Lung Chen, Po-Yu Lan, Chun-Chieh Huang, Long-Sheng Wu, Kuo-Hsuan Natl Yunlin Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect Engn Yunlin Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9781457717284

GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) has a great impact on computing field. To enhance the performance of computing systems, researchers and developers use the parallel computing architecture of GPU. On the other hand, to reduce the development time of new products, two programming models are included in GPU, which are OpenCL (Open Computing Language) and CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture). The benefit of involving the two programming models in GPU is that researchers and developers don't have to understand OpenGL, DirectX or other program design, but can use GPU through simple programming language. OpenCL is an open standard API, which has the advantage of cross-platform. CUDA is a parallel computer architecture developed by NVIDIA, which includes Runtime API and Driver API. Compared with OpenCL, CUDA is with better performance. In this paper, we used plenty of similar kernels to compare the computing performance of C, OpenCL and CUDA, the two kinds of API's on NVIDIA Quadro 4000 GPU. The experimental result showed that, the executive time of CUDA Driver API was 94.9%similar to 99.0% faster than that of C, while and the executive time of CUDA Driver API was 3.8%similar to 5.4% faster than that of OpenCL. Accordingly, the cross-platform characteristic of OpenCL did not affect the performance of GPU.

关键词： Graphics Processing Unit GRAPPER PICK UP API application programming interfaces AXIAL POWER INDICATOR American Petroleum Institute Developers development time computational performance Program Design Drivers

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Recovering Traceability Links between an API and Its Learning Resources

Recovering Traceability Links between an API and Its Learnin...

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34th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)

作者： Dagenais, Barthelemy Robillard, Martin P. McGill Univ Sch Comp Sci Montreal PQ Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781467310673

Large frameworks and libraries require extensive developer learning resources, such as documentation and mailing lists, to be useful. Maintaining these learning resources is challenging partly because they are not explicitly linked to the frameworks' API, and changes in the API are not reflected in the learning resources. Automatically recovering traceability links between an API and learning resources is notoriously difficult due to the inherent ambiguity of unstructured natural language. Code elements mentioned in documents are rarely fully qualified, so readers need to understand the context in which a code element is mentioned. We propose a technique that identifies code-like terms in documents and links these terms to specific code elements in an API, such as methods. In an evaluation study with four open source systems, we found that our technique had an average recall and precision of 96%.

关键词： application programming interfaces Evaluation Studies traceability RECOVERING

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Generalization of Parallel Analysis for a Power Electronic System by Circuit Partitioning

Generalization of Parallel Analysis for a Power Electronic S...

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IEEE Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics

作者： Toshiji Kato Kaoru Inoue Yukiko Kotani Takumi Ogawa Dept. of Electrical Engineering Doshisha University

ISBN: (纸本)9781467349154

This paper proposes a general-purpose numerical technique of a new fast parallel circuit simulation method for a power electric system by applying an explicit integration formula to selected energy storage elements such as inductors and/or capacitors. The optimum step-size is selected for each subcircuit. A general parallel method is proposed to utilize thread processing techniques based on the OpenMP application program interfaces with a multicore CPU and shared-memory system to reduce its processing time. Its efficiency is validated by the effects of reducing numbers of time steps and circuit sizes of example circuits.

关键词： Generalization Electronic systems Cache Memory System analog approach Electric circuits processing time application programming interfaces Parallel Lines energy storage element shunt circuit power systems Power (Psychology) Energy sources

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28th International Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM)

作者： Thung, Ferdian Lo, David Jiang, Lingxiao Singapore Management Univ Sch Informat Syst Singapore Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9781467323123

Detecting similar applications are useful for various purposes ranging from program comprehension, rapid prototyping, plagiarism detection, and many more. McMillan et al. have proposed a solution to detect similar applications based on common Java API usage patterns. Recently, collaborative tagging has impacted software development practices. Various sites allow users to give various tags to software systems. In this study, we would like to complement the study by McMillan et al. by leveraging another source of information aside from API usage patterns, namely software tags. We have performed a user study involving several participants and the results show that collaborative tagging is a promising source of information useful for detecting similar software applications.

关键词： Information source TAGGING computer software Reverse engineering applications software Software systems Use Studies application programming interfaces AXIAL POWER INDICATOR API American Petroleum Institute Software design

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Synthesizing API Usage Examples

Synthesizing API Usage Examples

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34th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)

作者： Buse, Raymond P. L. Weimer, Westley Univ Virginia Dept Comp Sci Charlottesville VA 22903 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781467310673

Key program interfaces are sometimes documented with usage examples: concrete code snippets that characterize common use cases for a particular data type. While such documentation is known to be of great utility, it is burdensome to create and can be incomplete, out of date, or not representative of actual practice. We present an automatic technique for mining and synthesizing succinct and representative human-readable documentation of program interfaces. Our algorithm is based on a combination of path sensitive dataflow analysis, clustering, and pattern abstraction. It produces output in the form of well-typed program snippets which document initialization, method calls, assignments, looping constructs, and exception handling. In a human study involving over 150 participants, 82% of our generated examples were found to be at least as good at human-written instances and 94% were strictly preferred to state of the art code search.

关键词： human subject data types exception handling application programming interfaces concrete specification mining Strictly programming interface state of the art data flow analysis

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All Necessary Means to Protect Civilians: What the Intervention in Libya Says About the Relationship Between the Jus in Bello and the Jus ad Bellum

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JOURNAL OF CONFLICT & SECURITY LAW 2012年第1期17卷 117-146页

作者： Lehmann, Julian M. UNHCR Geneva Switzerland INTERIGHTS London England

This article scrutinizes the phrase 'all necessary means to protect civilians under threat of attack', contained in the United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolution 1973 (2011) authorizing military force in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Libya). It assesses both the meaning of this phrase and the legal regime pursuant to the resolution. That regime challenges the teleological separation but concurrent application of the law on the use of force (the jus ad bellum), and the law applicable in international and non-international armed conflict [the jus in bello or international humanitarian law ( IHL)]. Security Council Resolution 1973, and its understanding of the term 'civilian', should be read in accordance with other international law norms;prima facie conflict of the resolution with IHL on the issue of targeting can be resolved. The resolution was however ambiguous on when force can be used. It is suggested that Resolution 1973 required a demonstrable risk of indiscriminate attack to civilians, per se necessity and jus ad bellum proportionality, the latter exceeding IHL's concept of proportionality because of the specificity of the resolution's aim. In examining the concurrent application of the jus ad bellum and the jus in bello in the context of specific interventions in Libya, the criticism that some states contributing coalition forces overstretched their mandate is corroborated. A combination of the resolution's ambiguity and political considerations lie at the heart of that overstretch. In developing international law for analogous situations, the intervention is likely to exacerbate existing quarrels over future council action to protect civilians.

关键词： Right to war Just war Armed conflict Aesthetic proportionality Military alliances application programming interfaces Military operations

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Inferring Method Specifications from Natural Language API Descriptions

Inferring Method Specifications from Natural Language API De...

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34th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)

作者： Pandita, Rahul Xiao, Xusheng Zhong, Hao Xie, Tao Oney, Stephen Paradkar, Amit N Carolina State Univ Dept Comp Sci Raleigh NC 27695 USA Chinese Acad Sci Inst Software Lab Internet Software Technol Beijing Peoples R China Carnegie Mellon Univ Human Comp Interact Inst Pittsburgh PA USA IBM Corp TJ Watson Res Ctr Hawthorne NY USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781467310673

application programming Interface (API) documents are a typical way of describing legal usage of reusable software libraries, thus facilitating software reuse. However, even with such documents, developers often overlook some documents and build software systems that are inconsistent with the legal usage of those libraries. Existing software verification tools require formal specifications (such as code contracts), and therefore cannot directly verify the legal usage described in natural language text in API documents against code using that library. However, in practice, most libraries do not come with formal specifications, thus hindering tool-based verification. To address this issue, we propose a novel approach to infer formal specifications from natural language text of API documents. Our evaluation results show that our approach achieves an average of 92% precision and 93% recall in identifying sentences that describe code contracts from more than 2500 sentences of API documents. Furthermore, our results show that our approach has an average 83% accuracy in inferring specifications from over 1600 sentences describing code contracts.

关键词： Formal specifications application programming interfaces Codes Libraries Software libraries Software reuse natural languages Language contract Software systems

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Interfacing archaeology and the world of citizen sensors: exploring the impact of neogeography and volunteered geographic information on an authenticated archaeology

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WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY 2012年第4期44卷 580-591页

作者： Harris, Trevor M. W Virginia Univ Morgantown WV 26506 USA

Emerging out of Web 2.0 there have been almost breath-taking technological advances in the geospatial web spurred on by developments in neogeography and the inter-connectivity provided by published open-source application programming interfaces. In addition, the greater availability of location-intelligent devices, social media technologies and the advent of volunteered geographic information promises to further revolutionize traditionally conceived geospatial technologies and empower a world of spatially aware citizen sensors. Together, these new Web 2.0 geospatial platforms and citizen-generated geotagged media pose significant opportunities and challenges to the traditional geospatial framework of GIS and standards-based spatial databases, and to archaeology. The new Web 2.0 geospatial capabilities enable communities of stakeholders and interest groups to contribute, participate, and draw upon spatial data and mapping services formerly in the domain of expert geospatial and archaeological communities.

关键词： Neogeography volunteered geographic information citizen sensors geospatial web Web 2.0 application programming interfaces

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