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OpenCL and parallel primitives for digital TV applications

IBM JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2010年第5期54卷 7:1-7:14页

作者： Cho, S. M. Im, D. W. Jang, O. Y. Song, H. J. Paulovicks, B. D. Sheinin, V. Yeo, H. Samsung Adv Inst Technol Multicore Software Grp Gyeonggi Di South Korea Samsung Adv Inst Technol Future IT Lab Youngin Si Gyeounggi Do South Korea Nippon Telegraph & Tel Corp Commun Sci Lab Tokyo Japan Samsung Elect Seoul South Korea SAIT Seoul South Korea Univ Calif San Diego San Diego CA 92103 USA IBM Res Div Thomas J Watson Res Ctr Yorktown Hts NY 10598 USA IBM Corp TJ Watson Res Ctr Hawthorne NY USA TJ Watson Res Ctr Next Generat Comp Dept Hawthorne NY USA Elect Corp Israel Haifa Israel IBM Res Multimedia Technol Dept Yorktown Hts NY USA IBM Res Hybrid Comp Dept Yorktown Hts NY USA

Open Computing Language (R) (OpenCL (R)), which is created to support parallel programming of heterogeneous multicore-processor systems, has a very large potential for high-performance computing and consumer electronics since it provides application programming interfaces (APIs) to help make a portable code that runs across multiple devices. OpenCL is still under development, and it is not clear whether OpenCL has any advantages over other frameworks aside from portability. The purpose of our project was to define evaluation criteria, empirically evaluate OpenCL as a programming framework using evaluation criteria (e.g., performance, productivity, and portability criteria), define and implement parallel primitives in OpenCL, and demonstrate how the use of the implemented parallel primitives can have benefits for our target applications. Parallel primitive library APIs are defined to implement parallel algorithms in OpenCL, and a set of data-and task-parallel primitives is implemented and incorporated in the target applications. Multicore central processing units, the Cell Broadband Engine (R) (Cell/B.E.(R)), and graphics processing units are used as target platforms, and digital TV applications are used to evaluate usefulness of OpenCL. Preliminary results show that parallel primitives can be one of the ways to improve application performance and programmer productivity with respect to OpenCL while still maintaining software portability.

关键词： evaluation criterion High Performance Computing Parallel algorithms software portability application programming interfaces consumer electronics Portability Parallel programming Parallel Lines evaluation method central processing units Apis

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How API Documentation Fails

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IEEE SOFTWARE 2015年第4期32卷 68-75页

作者： Uddin, Gias Robillard, Martin P. McGill Univ Sch Comp Sci Montreal PQ H3A 2T5 Canada Univ British Columbia Vancouver BC V5Z 1M9 Canada

Formal documentation can be a crucial resource for learning to how to use an API. However, producing high-quality documentation can be nontrivial. Researchers investigated how 10 common documentation problems manifested themselves in practice. The results are based on two surveys of a total of 323 professional software developers and analysis of 179 API documentation units. The three severest problems were ambiguity, incompleteness, and incorrectness of content. The respondents often mentioned six of the 10 problems as "blockers"' that forced them to use another API.

关键词： application Program interfaces Learning Artificial Intelligence Software Engineering System Documentation Formal Documentation Crucial Resource Learning API Documentation Unit Documentation Software Development application programming interfaces Uniform Resource Locators Standards Databases API Documentation User Study Software Engineering Software Development

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Remobilizing P elements out of the stambh A locus of Drosophila melanogaster

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CURRENT SCIENCE 2001年第3期81卷 311-314页

作者： Rao, MP Jain, C Chandrashekaran, S Indian Agr Res Inst Div Genet New Delhi 110012 India

P elements from two P-tagged alleles, stm A(P1) and stm A(P4), of the temperature-sensitive paralytic mutant stambh A (stm A) were remobilized to derive wild-type revertants and P excision lethals. stm Apt remutated to lethality, while stm A(P4) reverted to the wild type. The P excision lethals are not amorphic mutations, since they were weaker in paralytic phenotype (i) than the parental P-tagged allele and (ii) for deficiencies for stm A. The lethals collectively affected all stages of the life cycle, demonstrating that stm A(+) is needed throughout fly development.

关键词： Alleles Transposons Paralysis Phenotypes Genetic mutation Chromosomes Kinetics Genetic loci Drosophila application programming interfaces

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Modeler-independent feature recognition in a distributed environment

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COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN 1998年第6期30卷 453-463页

作者： Han, JH Requicha, AAG Sungkyunkwan Univ Sch Elect & Comp Engn Suwon 440746 South Korea Univ So Calif Dept Comp Sci Los Angeles CA 90089 USA

Solid modelers and other CAD/CAM subsystems are moving to distributed heterogeneous computing environments, so as to support design and manufacturing processes that are temporally and spatially distributed. Communication and collaboration among the software components of such distributed systems require protocols for accessing remote objects. This paper discusses an approach that provides transparent access to diverse solid modelers in a distributed environment. A solid modeler is augmented with a software wrapper, called an adaptor, so as to provide a uniform application programming interface (API). applications interact with the uniform API and need not concern themselves with the specifics of the modeling systems used. API calls are implemented in a client-server architecture, in which a modeler and its adaptor function as a geometry server, and various applications communicate with the server through remote procedure calls (RPCs). A few adaptors have been implemented at the University of Southern California's Programmable Automation Laboratory, and have been used routinely for several years. This paper discusses adaptor design problems and our approach to their solutions. It illustrates the application of our methods through an example that involves the incremental recognition of machinable features in a distributed environment. This environment includes a geometry server, a simple feature-based design system, a state-of-the-art feature recognizer, and a graphics renderer, all running as separate processes in different machines. To our knowledge, this is the first documented effort in which a complex application such as feature recognition is capable of running, unmodified, on top of modelers based on constructive solid geometry or on boundary representations, which are fundamentally different. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： constructive solid geometry Client Server Architecture Feature extraction modeler Distributed Systems remote program application programming interfaces Boundary representations graphic images geometry support design Servers Manufacturing process

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SOFTWARE STANDARDS FOR THE MULTICORE ERA

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IEEE MICRO 2009年第3期29卷 40-50页

作者： Holt, Jim Agarwal, Anant Brehmer, Suen Domeika, Max Griffin, Patrick Schirrmeister, Frank Freescale Semicond Networking Syst Div Multicore Design Evaluat Team Austin TX 78729 USA MIT Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Cambridge MA 02139 USA MIT Comp Sci & Artificial Intelligence Lab Cambridge MA 02139 USA

Systems architects commonly use multiple cores to improve system performance. Unfortunately, multicore hardware is evolving faster than software technologies. New multicore software standards are necessary in light of the new challenges and capabilities that embedded multicore systems provide. The newly released multicore communications API standard targets small-footprint, highly efficient intercore and interchip communications.

关键词： application program interfaces microprocessor chips software architecture interchip communications intercore communications multicore communications API standard multicore era multicore hardware software standards software technologies systems architects distributed computing embedded programming heterogeneous systems message-passing systems multicore chips multicore software parallel computing software development software portability software standards Software architecture HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEM software portability application programming interfaces Multi-core processors Software design Embedded software design message-passing system Microprocessor chips PARALLEL PROCESSING (COMPUTERS) Distributed computing computer software

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Botnet in the Browser: Understanding Threats Caused by Malicious Browser Extensions

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IEEE SECURITY & PRIVACY 2018年第4期16卷 66-81页

作者： Perrotta, Raffaello Hao, Feng Newcastle Univ Sch Comp Sci Secure & Resilient Syst Grp Newcastle Upon Tyne Tyne & Wear England Newcastle Univ Sch Comp Sci Secur Engn Newcastle Upon Tyne Tyne & Wear England

Browser extension systems risk exposing APIs, which are too permissive and cohesive with the browser's internal structure, leaving a hole for malicious developers to exploit security-critical functionality. We present a botnet framework based on malicious browser extensions and provide an exhaustive range of attacks that can be launched in this framework.

关键词： IEEE Keywords:Browsers Botnet Computer security Computer architecture Androids Humanoid robots application programming interfaces INSPEC: Controlled Indexing:application program interfaces computer crime data privacy invasive software online ❉-ends INSPEC: Non-Controlled Indexing:botnet framework malicious browser extensions understanding threats browser extension systems risk malicious developers Author Keywords :web browser scripting languages security botnet

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Designing graphics programming interfaces for mobile devices

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IEEE COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND applicationS 2005年第6期25卷 66-75页

作者： Pulli, K Aarnio, T Roimela, K Vaarala, J Research Fellow Nokia Research Center Visiting Scientist Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Senior Research Engineer Nokia Research Center. Senior Research Engineer Nokia Research. Graphics Architect Nokia

Mobile devices have evolved to a point where interactive 3D graphics is becoming feasible. The first standardized 3D programming interfaces for mobile devices - OpenGL ES for native C/C++ and Mobile 3D Graphics (M3G) for Java applications - are now available to hardware vendors and application developers. The interfaces complement rather than compete with each other and can share the same underlying rendering engine, whether implemented in hardware or software. Three-dimensional graphics on mobile devices is still about converting descriptions of geometry, material, and illumination into pixels shown on a raster display, using the same fundamental algorithms as elsewhere. However, mobile devices\' limited capabilities must be reflected in the realizations of those algorithms, as well as in the overall graphics system design. In this article, we describe a design that attempts to take on that challenge, consisting of OpenGL ES, a low-level API, and M3G (also known as JSR-184), a high-level API for Java. We describe how the two interfaces relate to each other and existing graphics architectures on the desktop, and how they attempt to provide optimal features and performance across the whole gamut of different devices. OpenGL ES and M3G, as well as our presentation of them in this article, derive from a long tradition of graphics systems design.

关键词： Java application program interfaces interactive systems mobile computing rendering (computer graphics) M3G high-level API OpenGL ES low-level API graphics programming interface design interactive 3D graphics mobile devices rendering engine M3G OpenG application programming interfaces Three-Dimensional Images graphic images interactive systems Mobile devices Java programming language Rendering (computer graphics) Mobile Computing

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Pre-Encryption and Identification (PEI): An Anti-crypto Ransomware Technique

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IETE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH 2023年第11期69卷 8058-8066页

作者： Mantri, Aditya Singh, Navjot Kumar, Krishan Dahiya, Sanjay Motilal Nehru Natl Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Prayagraj 211004 India Indian Inst Informat Technol Allahabad Dept Informat Technol Prayagraj 211015 India Natl Inst Technol Uttarakhand Dept Comp Sci & Engn Srinagar 246174 India Ch Devi Lal State Inst Engn & Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Panniwala Mota 125077 India

Due to the growing popularity of digital currencies like Bitcoin, criminals have begun producing and marketing ransomware to obtain virtual currency. This work focuses on the main category (crypto-ransomware) of ransomware attacks, making the victim's data impossible to recover once it has been encrypted. It encrypts its victim's files with an encryption algorithm and tries to extort a ransom from the victim. To identify a crypto-ransomware attack at the pre-encryption level, the authors propose a Pre-Encryption and Identification Technique (PEI). Firstly, PEI provides early identification of ransomware. The detection stage uses a signature comparison against the signatures of known crypto-ransomware to detect ransomware before it can be triggered. For reliable file comparison, a Secure Hashing Algorithm (SHA-256) signature was generated. Secondly, a detection stage based on a Learning Algorithm (L.A.) consisting of discretization and prediction using a random forest model finds crypto-ransomware through pre-encryption application programming interfaces (APIs). APIs pattern recognition helps the learning algorithm identify crypto-ransomware from suspicious programs. The proposed PEI achieved 97.7% recall and detected both known and unknown crypto-ransomware even before they were implemented.

关键词： application programming interfaces Cryptography Encryption Hacking Hashing Intrusion detection Machine learning Ransomware

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Designing and evaluating the usability of an API for real-time multimedia services in the Internet

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND applicationS 2017年第12期76卷 14247-14304页

作者： Lopez-Fernandez, Luis Garcia, Boni Gallego, Micael Gortazar, Francisco Univ Rey Juan Carlos Camino Molino S-N Fuenlabrada 28943 Spain

In the last few years, multimedia technologies in general, and Real-Time multimedia Communications (RTC) in particular, are becoming mainstream among WWW and smartphone developers, who have an increasing interest in richer media capabilities for creating their applications. The engineering literature proposing novel algorithms, protocols and architectures for managing and processing multimedia information is currently overwhelming. However, most of these results do not arrive to applications due to the lack of simple and usable APIs. Interestingly, in this context in which APIs are the critical ingredient for reaching wide developer audiences, the scientific literature about multimedia APIs and their usability is scarce. In this paper we try to contribute to fill this gap by proposing the RTC Media API: a novel type of API designed with the aim of making simple for developers the use of latest trends in RTC multimedia including WebRTC, Video Content Analysis or Augmented Reality. We provide a specification of such API and discuss how it satisfies a set of design requirements including programming-language agnosticism, adaptation to cloud environments, support to multisensory multimedia, etc. After that, we describe an implementation of such an API that has been created in the context of the Kurento open source software project, and present a study evaluating the API usability performed in a group of more than 40 professional developers distributed worldwide. In the light of the obtained results, we conclude that the usability of the API is adequate across the main development activities (i.e. API learning, code creation and code maintenance), with an average usability score of 3.39 over 5 in a Likert scale, and that this result is robust with respect to developers' profiles, cultures, professional experiences and preferred programming languages.

关键词： Media server Real-time multimedia communications application programming interfaces WebRTC Multimedia processing Multimedia tools and applications Cognitive dimensions of notations

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Method for the Determination of Pd-Catalyst Residues in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients by Means of High-Energy Polarized-Beam Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence

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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009年第4期81卷 1404-1410页

作者： Margui, E. Van Meel, K. Van Grieken, R. Buendia, A. Fontas, C. Hidalgo, M. Queralt, I. CSIC Inst Earth Sci Jaume Almera Lab Xray Analyt Applicat E-08028 Barcelona Spain Univ Antwerp Dept Chem B-2610 Antwerp Belgium Univ Girona Dept Chem Girona 17071 Spain SA Pol Ind Celra Medichem Dept Qual Control Celra 17460 Spain

In medicinal chemistry, Pd is perhaps the most-widely utilized precious metal, as catalyst in reactions which represent key transformations toward the synthesis of new active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The disadvantage of this metal-catalyzed chemistry is that expensive and toxic metal residues are invariably left bound to the desired product. Thus, stringent regulatory guidelines exist for the amount of residual Pd that a drug candidate is allowed to contain. In this work, a rapid and simple method for the determination of Pd in API samples by high-energy polarized-beam energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry has been developed and validated according to the specification limits of current legislation (10 mg kg(-1) Pd) and the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH guidelines). Sample. and calibration standards preparation includes a first step of homogenization and then, in a second step, the pressing of the powdered material into pellets without any chemical treatment. The use of several synthetic calibration standards made of cellulose to simulate the API matrix appears to be an effective means to obtain reliable calibration curves with a good spread of data points over the working range. With the use of the best measuring conditions, the limit of detection (0.11 mg kg(-1) Pd) as well as the limit of quantitation (0.37 mg kg(-1) Pd) achieved meet rigorous requirements. The repeatability of the XRF measurement appeared to be less than 2%, while the precision of the whole method was around 7%. Trueness was evaluated by analyzing spiked API samples at the level of the specification limit and calculating the recovery factor, which was better than 95%. To study the applicability of the developed methodology for the intended purpose, three batches of the studied API were analyzed for their Pd content, and the attained results were comparable to those obtained by the d

关键词： HIGH ENERGY specification limit American Petroleum Institute API Sex Determination Processes international conference Atomic spectrometry Caste determination Economic Resources Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry Pharmaceutical Preparations application programming interfaces Palladium AXIAL POWER INDICATOR determination method

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