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System API Vectorization for Malware Detection

IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 53788-53805页

作者： Shin, Kyounga Lee, Yunho Lim, Jungho Kang, Honggoo Lee, Sangjin Korea Univ Sch Cybersecur Seoul 02841 South Korea

Data is essential to the performance of artificial intelligence (AI) based malware detection models. System APIs, which allocate operating system resources, are important for identifying malicious behaviors. However, few studies have been conducted on data in the malware detection AI model. They overlooked collection of benign data, which is as important as malware data, and data characterization of system APIs. As an optimization method for data-driven artificial intelligence, this paper studied the data collection, purification, preprocessing, and vectorization for EXE files and system APIs. The objectivity of the data was ensured by using global data, and a more robust model could be created by collecting benign data from Virus Total. By analyzing the weight distribution according to the order of system API execution, we identified that major malicious behaviors occurred at the beginning of execution. We found the optimal API length and optimal dimension (feature number). Finally, accuracy of the N-gram model ranged from 97.62 to 95.73, and that of the Word2Vec model ranged from 97.44 to 95.89. In the generalization performance test using different data from the source of the training ones, we confirmed that N-gram was affected by the quantity of training data, and Word2Vec was affected by data similarity. This study systematized the entire procedure of AI data processing for malware detection, and is the first study to compare and analyze statistical vectors and word embeddings based on the characteristics of system APIs.

关键词： Malware Data models Mathematical models Time complexity Heuristic algorithms application programming interfaces Probability system API vectorization N-gram statistic vector Word2Vec

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Iran: Review of petroleum developments and assessments of the oil and gas fields

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ENERGY EXPLORATION & EXPLOITATION 2001年第2-3期19卷 207-260页

作者： Shammas, P APS Energy Grp Nicosia Cyprus

A significant improvement in the relationship between Iran and the US, with vital implications for the Middle East, is likely to occur during US President George Bush Jr's term in office. A breakthrough in relations with Washington will mean increased strategic leverage as a major transit route for oil and gas exports from Central Asia and an enhanced status in the region. Iran has the capacity to produce more than 4 million b/d of crude oil and is sustainable for long period. A more effective containment of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan is virtually assured if the US-Iran relations improve.

关键词： application programming interfaces Gas fields Crude oil Gas pipelines Oil pipelines Oil companies Collaboration Petroleum reserves

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AHAFS subsystem for enhancing operating system health in the cloud computing era

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IBM JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2010年第5期54卷 6:1-6:11页

作者： Jann, J. Dubey, N. Burugula, R. S. Pattnaik, P. IBM Res Div Thomas J Watson Res Ctr Yorktown Hts NY 10598 USA TJ Watson Res Ctr Syst Grp Hawthorne NY 10532 USA POWER Syst software Hawthorne NY USA CUNY New York NY 10021 USA IBM Res Div Scalable Syst Grp San Jose CA USA

Cloud computing is becoming an important paradigm for information technology (IT) infrastructures. A key advantage of cloud computing is its ability to decrease the cost of computing for a variety of applications. For the infrastructure layer, which includes servers and operating systems (OSs), cost reduction is achieved through the consolidation of many OS instances onto a single physical server and through significant improvements in system-administrator productivity. However, these productivity improvements require a scalable easy-to-use OS event-management subsystem so that the higher level software can reliably and effectively automate operations. This paper presents the design and implementation of an OS event-monitoring subsystem called Autonomic Health Advisor FileSystem (AHAFS) that is scalable, has little system-performance overhead, and provides instantaneous event notifications with useful information, for improving the robustness, security, and performance of an OS instance. AHAFS is extensible and can monitor various events for a wide variety of event consumers. AHAFS does not require the use of a new application programming interface (API) but uses the ubiquitous filesystem API;hence, AHAFS is usable by monitoring applications written in any of the languages commonly used for monitoring (e.g., C, C++, Perl (R), and Java (R)) without requiring additional runtime modules or packages.

关键词： Cloud Computing osmium EXPANDABLE Operating systems File systems SUB-SYSTEM Perl information technology Trademarks application programming interfaces Sun Microsystems Scalability Servers

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GNEM: Comprehensive Similarity Learning With Ensemble Model for Code Search

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IEEE ACCESS 2024年 12卷 165005-165016页

作者： Hong, Juntong Choi, Eunjong Mizuno, Osamu Kyoto Inst Technol Grad Sch Sci & Technol Kyoto 6060951 Japan Kyoto Inst Technol Fac Informat & Human Sci Kyoto 6060951 Japan

Code search is a relevant research field of software engineering, with the objective of accurately retrieving the most relevant code for a given query. However, recent deep-learning-based code search models are limited in scalability and comprehensiveness for alignment learning since these models suffer from the out-of-vocabulary problem, and affinity matrix-based cross-modal attention may lead to incorrect alignments. In this paper, we propose a novel code search model, namely the Graph Network Ensemble Model (GNEM), to address the challenges by diverse learning alignments and enhancing the similarity representation. GNEM incorporates two graph networks to learn global and fine-grained alignments for inferring comprehensive similarity. To evaluate the performance of GNEM, we compared it with baseline models using two widely used datasets. The results demonstrate that GNEM achieves a Top@1 accuracy of 0.649 and 0.702, surpassing baseline models by approximately 18.6% and 11.7% in Top@1 accuracy, respectively. We also conducted ablation experiments to show the effectiveness of each component of GNEM. Finally, we visualize the attention weights between code and query to illustrate GNEM's behaviors while code searching. The results provide insights into GNEM's effective code search capabilities.

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APIUaaS: a reference architecture for facilitating API usage from a data analytics perspective

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IET SOFTWARE 2019年第5期13卷 466-478页

作者： Zhao, Jitong Liu, Yan Tongji Univ Sch Software Engn Caoan Rd 4800 Shanghai Peoples R China

Source code examples are key resources for software developers to learn application programming interfaces (APIs) and to understand corresponding usage patterns. Developers usually have to utilise, evaluate and understand code examples from multiple sources, which involve heavy manually processing efforts. To reduce such efforts, there has been growing interest in developing source code mining and recommendation systems. This study proposes API usage as a service (APIUaaS), a reference architecture for facilitating API usage, which allows infrastructures to be built for recommending proper API code examples based on semi-automatic data analytics. This reference architecture contains five logical layers and six global-level architectural concerns. API queries are accepted from programmers, and corresponding code example candidates are extracted from the data sources layer. The detailed structural links between API elements and source codes are captured and stored in the data model & code assets layer. During the recommendation phase, API usages mining, clustering and ranking algorithms are enabled in the knowledge discover & intelligent model layer. Services such as code assist and bug detection are assembled in the API usage services layer. Finally, the authors evaluate APIUaaS from three perspectives: rationality, feasibility, and usability.

关键词： data analysis data mining application program interfaces source code (software) recommender systems cloud computing pattern clustering software architecture reference architecture data analytics perspective source code examples software developers application programming interfaces multiple sources source code mining recommendation systems APIUaaS semiautomatic data analytics global-level architectural concerns API queries data sources layer API elements data model & code assets layer ranking algorithms API usage services layer usage patterns API usage as a service API code examples code example candidates recommendation phase API usages mining clustering algorithm ranking algorithm knowledge discover & intelligent model layer

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A field study of API learning obstacles

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EMPIRICAL SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2011年第6期16卷 703-732页

作者： Robillard, Martin P. DeLine, Robert McGill Univ Sch Comp Sci Montreal PQ H3A 2A7 Canada Microsoft Res Redmond WA 98052 USA

Large APIs can be hard to learn, and this can lead to decreased programmer productivity. But what makes APIs hard to learn? We conducted a mixed approach, multi-phased study of the obstacles faced by Microsoft developers learning a wide variety of new APIs. The study involved a combination of surveys and in-person interviews, and collected the opinions and experiences of over 440 professional developers. We found that some of the most severe obstacles faced by developers learning new APIs pertained to the documentation and other learning resources. We report on the obstacles developers face when learning new APIs, with a special focus on obstacles related to API documentation. Our qualitative analysis elicited five important factors to consider when designing API documentation: documentation of intent;code examples;matching APIs with scenarios;penetrability of the API;and format and presentation. We analyzed how these factors can be interpreted to prioritize API documentation development efforts.

关键词： application programming interfaces Software libraries programming Documentation

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Parallel programming in mobile devices with FancyJCL

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JOURNAL OF SUPERCOMPUTING 2024年第9期80卷 12891-12909页

作者： Afonso, Sergio Gomez-Cardenes, Oscar Exposito, Paula Blanco, Vicente Almeida, Francisco Univ La Laguna ULL Comp Sci & Syst Dept San Francisco de Paula s n San Cristobal la Laguna 38270 Spain

Mobile devices and handheld systems, such as the smartphones and tablets universally extended, are becoming increasingly powerful. Their basic hardware configuration is usually state-of-the-art heterogeneous architectures consisting of multi-core processors and some kind of accelerator such as GPUs or DSPs. Specific code adapted to the architecture is mandatory if high-performance computation is required and low-level libraries and parallelism are needed, which constitutes an important barrier for the usual developer in such devices. In this context, we propose the FancyJCL framework. It provides a high-level abstraction layer that hides implementation details and allows to develop parallel programs for mobile devices. The target platform for FancyJCL is mainly Android and Java developers due to their high market penetration. A very simple, seemingly sequential encoding results in parallel efficient OpenCL code. FancyJCL is itself based on the Fancier framework, which enables optimal memory management across memory spaces on unified memory systems. Benchmarks of FancyJCL code developed for a wide range of image processing algorithms show good performance with low development effort.

关键词： application programming interfaces Hardware acceleration Heterogeneous systems Image processing Mobile computing Parallel programming Performance analysis

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Automatic Detection and Update Suggestion for Outdated API Names in Documentation

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2021年第4期47卷 653-675页

作者： Lee, Seonah Wu, Rongxin Cheung, Shing-Chi Kang, Sungwon Gyeongsang Natl Univ Dept Aerosp & Software Engn Jinju Daero 501 Jinju South Korea Gyeongsang Natl Univ Dept Informat Jinju Daero 501 Jinju South Korea Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Hong Kong Peoples R China Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol Sch Comp 373-1 Guseong Dong Daejeon 34141 South Korea

application programming interfaces (APIs) continually evolve to meet ever-changing user needs, and documentation provides an authoritative reference for their usage. However, API documentation is commonly outdated because nearly all of the associated updates are performed manually. Such outdated documentation, especially with regard to API names, causes major software development issues. In this paper, we propose a method for automatically updating outdated API names in API documentation. Our insight is that API updates in documentation can be derived from API implementation changes between code revisions. To evaluate the proposed method, we applied it to four open source projects. Our evaluation results show that our method, FreshDoc, detects outdated API names in API documentation with 48 percent higher accuracy than the existing state-of-the-art methods do. Moreover, when we checked the updates suggested by FreshDoc against the developers' manual updates in the revised documentation, FreshDoc detected 82 percent of the outdated names. When we reported 40 outdated API names found by FreshDoc via issue tracking systems, developers accepted 75 percent of the suggestions. These evaluation results indicate that FreshDoc can be used as a practical method for the detection and updating of API names in the associated documentation.

关键词： Documentation Computer bugs Tools History Libraries Software systems application programming interfaces documentation history software maintenance

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MACHINE TONGUES .18. A CHILDS GARDEN OF SOUND FILE FORMATS

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COMPUTER MUSIC JOURNAL 1995年第1期19卷 25-63页

作者： POPE, ST VANROSSUM, G Computer Music Journal Berkeley CA United States

Practitioners of computer music often need to store sound as sampled digital data on hard disks, digital audio tapes, or compact discs. Discusses a few of the many ways that sound data can be stored in computer files, and describes several of the file formats that are in common use for this purpose. Extensive references are given to printed and network accessible machine readable documentation and source code resources.

关键词： Digital audio files Acoustic data Computer memory MIDI Data models Test data Computer music Integers application programming interfaces Sampling rates

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GridAPPS-D Distributed App Architecture and API for Modular and Distributed Grid Operations

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IEEE ACCESS 2024年 12卷 39862-39875页

作者： Sharma, Poorva Reiman, Andrew P. Anderson, Alexander A. Poudel, Shiva Allwardt, Craig H. Fisher, Andrew R. Slay, Tylor E. Mukherjee, Monish Dubey, Anamika Ogle, James P. Melton, Ronald B. Pacific Northwest Natl Lab Richland WA 99354 USA Washington State Univ Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Pullman WA 99163 USA

As power distribution systems evolve in complexity and scale, the coordination and control of distributed energy resources (DERs), intelligent devices, and agents become increasingly challenging. Distribution utilities invest in advanced distribution management systems (ADMSs) and distributed energy resource management systems (DERMSs) to enhance distribution systems' reliability, resiliency, and efficiency. Standardizing the application programming Interface (API) for ADMS applications is crucial to accelerate the integration of advanced distribution technologies. This paper introduces a distributed application architecture within the GridAPPS-D platform, aiming to address the limitations of centralized architectures in terms of scalability, maintainability, and flexibility. The proposed architecture draws inspiration from the Laminar Coordination Framework and is validated through extensive stakeholder engagement. Emphasizing extensibility, boundary deference, structural scalability, and securability, the layered framework is well-suited for large-scale distribution networks with diverse grid-edge devices and ownership structures. The contributions of this paper include a distributed layered architecture with defined distributed areas, a Common Information Model (CIM)-based standardized API for developing and deploying distributed applications (Distributed App API), and the design process and reference implementation of distributed services and applications. Based on laminar coordination, the software architecture combines centralized, distributed, and edge-control paradigms for effective distributed operations. The paper concludes with extending the centralized API in GridAPPS-D to distributed APIs for standards-based message exchange, emphasizing the need for scalable communication to coordinate diverse distributed agents. This work provides a foundation for advancing the field of distributed control in power distribution systems, supporting both centralized and

关键词： Computer architecture application programming interfaces Distributed power generation Software Scalability Distributed databases Software architecture Power distribution Reliability engineering application programming interface distributed applications distribution management systems software architecture

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