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14th IEEE Madrid PowerTech Conference (IEEE POWERTECH)

作者： Tokumitsu, Keita Amano, Hiroyuki Kawabe, Kenichi Cent Res Inst Elect Power Ind Syst Engn Res Lab Yokohama Kanagawa Japan Tokyo Inst Technol Dept Elect & Elect Engn Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781665435970

The merit-order activation scheme for control reserves is expected to introduce in Japan. All transmission system operators (TSOs) currently operate automatic frequency restoration reserves (aFRRs) on a pro-rata basis for load frequency control (LFC). In addition, the area control error (ACE) increases when changing the activation scheme for LFC from pro-rata to merit-order. This study proposes a load frequency (LF) controller for the reduction of both the ACE as well as the aFRR energy cost. In the proposed LF controller, ACE is dispatched on the pro-rata basis and the total actual aFRR output is dispatched based on the merit-order activation scheme. The requested amount for each aFRR unit is the sum of the above-mentioned dispatch amounts. The simulation result indicates that the proposed LF controller can reduce both the ACE and aFRR energy cost than PI controller based on a prorata dispatch.

关键词： area control error automatic frequency restoration reserve load frequency control merit-order pro-rata

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Capacity Allocation and Optimal control of Inverter Air Conditioners Considering area control error in Multi-area Power Systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS 2020年第1期35卷 332-345页

作者： Hui, Hongxun Ding, Yi Lin, Zhenzhi Siano, Pierluigi Song, Yonghua Zhejiang Univ Coll Elect Engn Hangzhou 310027 Peoples R China Univ Salerno Dept Ind Engn I-84084 Salerno Italy Univ Macau State Key Lab Internet Things Smart City Macau 999078 Peoples R China Univ Macau Dept Elect & Comp Engn Macau 999078 Peoples R China

Air conditioners (ACs) have been widely considered as one of the most important reserve resources for power systems. However, few attentions have been given to inverter ACs (IACs), which account for a larger share nowadays and show more suitable characteristics than regular ACs to provide reserve. Moreover, interconnected power systems are becoming increasingly large and complex, which puts forward higher request on the reserve resources for the system's reliability and safety. Dealing with the above-mentioned challenges, this paper proposes a novel frequency regulation model of multi-area power systems considering large-scale IACs providing regulation service. In order to decrease the impact on customers' comfort, the action number constraint (ANC) and action time constraint (ATC) of IACs can be set by each customer. On this basis, the scheduling model of IACs considering ANC and ATC is proposed in multiple time scales, in which the total regulation capacity of IACs can be allocated among days in the month and areas in the multi-area power systems. Besides, the control parameters of IACs can also be optimized by the proposed optimization model for minimizing the area control error of the power system. The effectiveness of the model and method are verified in the numerical studies.

关键词： Power system stability Frequency control Numerical models Power demand Heating systems Inverter air conditioners regulation service area control error multi-area power systems

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Optimal dispatch for participation of electric vehicles in frequency regulation based on area control error and area regulation requirement

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APPLIED ENERGY 2019年 240卷 46-55页

作者： Liu, Hui Huang, Kai Wang, Ni Qi, Junijan Wu, Qiuwei Ma, Shicong Li, Canbing Guangxi Univ Coll Elect Engn Nanning 530004 Peoples R China Guangxi Univ Guangxi Key Lab Power Syst Optimizat & Energy Tec Nanning 530004 Peoples R China Univ Cent Florida Dept Elect & Comp Engn Orlando FL 32816 USA Tech Univ Denmark Dept Elect Engn Ctr Elect Power & Energy DK-2800 Lyngby Denmark China Elect Power Res Inst Beijing 100192 Peoples R China Hunan Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Changsha 410082 Hunan Peoples R China

In this paper, optimal strategies are proposed for electric vehicles in charging stations to participate in the secondary frequency regulation, while considering their charging demands. In order to fairly allocate the dispatch from the control center among electric vehicles according to their charging demands, two optimal real-time strategies are proposed, respectively based on area control error and area regulation requirement. With the proposed strategies, the expected charging of electric vehicles is optimally tracked in real time by using the regulation task from the control center. Simulations on a two-area interconnected power grid show that the proposed two strategies can respectively lead to a 12.66% and 16.78% frequency deviation reduction and a 13.76% and 9.86% generator regulation reduction. At the same time, the charging demands of EVs can also be ensured.

关键词： area control error area regulation requirement Charging demand Electric vehicle Optimal dispatch Vehicle to grid control

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Performance analysis of automatic generation control of interconnected power systems with delayed mode operation of area control error

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JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING-JOE 2015年第4期2015卷 164-173页

作者： Nanda, Janardan Sharma, Dushyant Mishra, Sukumar Indian Inst Technol Delhi Dept Elect Engn Hauz Khas New Delhi India

This study presents automatic generation control (AGC) of interconnected power systems comprising of two thermal and one hydro area having integral controllers. Emphasis is given to a delay in the area control error for the actuation of the supplementary controller and to examine its impact on the dynamic response against no delay which is usually the practice. Analysis is based on 50% loading condition in all the areas. The system performance is examined considering 1% step load perturbation. Results reveal that delayed mode operation provides a better system dynamic performance compared with that obtained without delay and has several distinct merits for the governor. The delay is linked with reduction in wear and tear of the secondary controller and hence increases the life of the governor. The controller gains are optimised by particle swarm optimisation. The performance of delayed mode operation of AGC at other loading conditions is also analysed. An attempt has also been made to find the impact of weights for different components in a cost function used to optimise the controller gains. A modified cost function having different weights for different components when used for controller gain optimisation improves the system performance.

关键词： power system interconnection power generation control thermal power stations hydroelectric power stations particle swarm optimisation dynamic response load management performance analysis automatic generation control AGC interconnected power systems delayed mode operation area control error thermal area hydro area integral controllers supplementary controller actuation dynamic response step load perturbation wear reduction tear reduction particle swarm optimisation controller gain optimisation loading conditions modified cost function system performance improvement

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Real Time Feedback control Strategy Based on area control error and Generation error 7

Real Time Feedback Control Strategy Based on Area Control Er...

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Seventh International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA 2015)

作者： Liu, Dunnan Ge, Rui Shao, Lizheng Li, Miao Cheng, Xu Zhou, Qiangming North China Elect Power Univ Beijing Peoples R China State Grid Hubei Elect Power Co Wuhan Hubei Province Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781467371438

A new feedback control system concerning load error, zone control error and unit generation error is built through gathering area control error in Hubei grid and generation error in Hubei province in real time, combining ultra short term load forecast. This system guides real time dispatch and improves the whole performance indicators with control feature in Hebei province. In this paper, on the foundation of real time feedback system, feedback control step based on area control error ACE indicator and generation error indicator is added. Then, feedback control system based on grid ACE indicator gathering is built, associate real time dispatch target and assessment criteria to better satisfy the demand for grid assessment. Generation error gathering and feedback control system based on real time generation assessment is built to analyze and deal with the generation hysteresis quality caused by technique and human factor, so real time dispatch effect is improved.

关键词： real time dispatch area control error generation error feedback control

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Real Time Feedback control Strategy Based on area control error and Generation error

Real Time Feedback Control Strategy Based on Area Control Er...

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International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation

作者： Dunnan Liu Rui Ge Lizheng Shao Miao Li Xu Cheng Qiangming Zhou North China Electric Power University Beijing China State Grid Hubei electric power company Wuhan Hubei province China

ISBN: (纸本)9781467371445

关键词： real time dispatch area control error generation error feedback control

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On area control errors, area Injection errors, and Textbook Automatic Generation control

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS 2021年第1期36卷 557-560页

作者： Simpson-Porco, John W. Univ Toronto Dept Elect & Comp Engn Toronto ON M5S 3G4 Canada

We reexamine and critique the classical area control error concept used in automatic generation control, and propose a new error signal termed the area injection error. Unlike the ACE, the AIE uses direct measurement of generator power levels, yielding improved AGC performance in the presence of bias uncertainty and nonlinearity in generator turbine-governor responses. As a by-product of our analysis, we conclude that the effective frequency biasing found in a common textbook implementation of AGC is larger than intended, resulting in unintended interaction between control areas. Our theory is validated via simulations on a detailed two-area test system.

关键词： area control error automatic generation control load-frequency control secondary frequency control

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An exclusive survey on robust controllers and novel optimization techniques for AGC of power system

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ENERGY REPORTS 2025年 13卷 3845-3868页

作者： Sahu, Prakash Chandra Mohapatra, Srikanta Bhatta, Sunil Kumar Tejani, Ghanshyam G. Mousavirad, Seyed Jalaleddin Indian Inst Technol Sch Elect & Comp Sci Bhubaneswar 752050 India KIIT Deemed Univ Sch Elect Engn Bhubaneswar 751024 India KIIT Polytech Dept Elect Engn Bhubaneswar 751024 India Saveetha Univ Saveetha Dent Coll & Hosp Saveetha Inst Med & Tech Sci Dept Res Analyt Chennai 600077 India Yuan Ze univ Dept Ind Engn & Management Chungli 320315 Taiwan Mid Sweden Univ Dept Comp & Elect Engn S-85170 Sundsvall Sweden

This review paper addresses several robust controllers and optimization procedures for developing automatic generation control (AGC) in an electrical supply system under various electrical disturbances. Since, the electrical power system is completely dynamic and non-linear in nature, frequent control over power generation is required as per the new scheduled demand. The action that promptly oversees the electricity generation as per the new scheduled demand is referred as AGC. The AGC action mostly relies over several robust controllers for creating secondary control loop in the system. These controllers sense the error signals of the power system effectively and takes remedial immediately to assure stability in the system. The error signals are the deviation in network frequency (Delta F) and diversion in inter-area power (Delta Ptie), which mutually referred as the area control error (ACE). The mismatch between net electricity generation and active gross loading is the main cause of the ACE in power system. The several control schemes like, conventional PID, Fraction value ordered PID (FO-PID), Fuzzy-PID, Fuzzy-TID, Fuzzy ruled sliding mode control (F-SMC) strategy, Type-II Fuzzy controllers etc. are demonstrated to improve AGC of the power system. The proposed controllers offer improved efficiency at their optimum state. So, optimization techniques need to be incorporated in the AGC scenario to optimal design several proposed controllers. Finally, this review article has synthesized few simulation-based case studies to validate the efficacy of the proposed controller and suggested optimization techniques. Robustness of the proposed controllers are also examined through several sensitivity studies.

关键词： Automatic generation control Fuzzy controller area control error Optimization techniques FACTS devices Objective functions

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A Fully Non-Interactive Automatic Generation control Strategy for Multi-area Interconnected Power Systems

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ELECTRIC POWER COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS 2023年第19期51卷 2254-2261页

作者： Chen, Jianhua Ding, Dong Yuan, Xiang Liu, Kai Zhang, Yao State Grid Jibei Elect Power Co Ltd Beijing Peoples R China State Grid Beijing Elect Power Co Beijing Peoples R China Qinhuangdao Power Supply Co State Grid Jibei Elect Power Co Ltd Qinhuangdao Peoples R China China Nucl Power Engn Co Ltd Beijing Peoples R China

Frequency is an important index for the stable and secure operation of the power system. In the conventional methods, an inappropriate value of the frequency bias coefficient will lead to over-biasing or under-biasing of generators, causing unintended cross-regional interaction. This paper proposes a fully non-interactive automatic generation control strategy for power systems. Through the derivation of deviation of frequency and tie-line active power under disturbance, it's found that the disturbance can be located from the deviation of frequency and active power of tie-line. Based on this, the conventional AGC control model is modified. With the proposed method, only the AGC units in disturbed areas respond to disturbances, and the AGC units in other areas will not act. Thus, the unintended cross-regional interaction in the conventional AGC control method is avoided. The proposed method only needs minor modification to the conventional AGC control model and hence is easy to implement for onsite application. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is confirmed via simulation on the Kundur four-machine two-area system.

关键词： automatic generation control power system non-interaction principle area control error

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Parameter-Free False Data Injection Attack Model on Power System’s Automatic Generation control

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IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 117622-117632页

作者： Du, Mingqiu Wang, Xiaozhe Kassouf, Marthe McGill Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Montreal PQ H3A 0E9 Canada Hydro Quebec Res Inst Varennes PQ J3X 1S1 Canada

Automatic generation control (AGC) plays a crucial role in frequency control and economic dispatch of electric power systems. However, AGC systems, relying heavily on frequency and tie-line power measurements, are vulnerable to cyber-attacks. A novel false data injection attack (FDIA) algorithm targeting AGC is proposed, which requires no model information and parameter values. To this end, we first derive the maximum likelihood estimation of the multivariate Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) process, based on which AGC parameters, topology information, and the conditional variance of states can be extracted purely from eavesdropped sensor data (frequency, tie-line power, reference power). Then we will exploit the extracted information to design FDIA vectors by solving an optimization problem, which can bypass conventional AGC defense mechanisms. Numerical studies in 2-area and 3-area systems show that the proposed FDIA algorithm can deteriorate the system's frequency within several minutes when measurement noise, transmission delay, and computational time are considered.

关键词： area control error automatic generation control false data injection attacks maximum likelihood estimation Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process

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