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Decentralized Optimized Integral Sliding Mode-Based Load Frequency control for Interconnected Multi-area Power Systems

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IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 32296-32307页

作者： Alhelou, Hassan Haes Nagpal, Neelu Kassarwani, Neelam Siano, Pierluigi Monash Univ Dept Elect & Comp Syst Engn Clayton Vic 3800 Australia Maharaja Agrasen Inst Technol Elect & Elect Engn Dept Delhi 110086 India Univ Salerno Dept Management & Innovat Syst Fisciano 84084 Italy Univ Johannesburg Dept Elect & Elect Engn Sci ZA-2092 Johannesburg South Africa

In this paper, a decentralized load frequency control (LFC) is proposed for the frequency regulation of multi-area power systems applying optimized integral sliding mode control (OISMC) scheme. A modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) algorithm is utilised to optimize the control variables of the proposed controller for improving the performance of frequency response. A comprehensive model of a multi-area power system is developed where each area is considered to power from conventional sources, renewable energy resources (RERs), and electrical vehicle (EV) aggregators. Different types of interconnectors have been considered to tie different power regions. This system is subjected to random generation and loading conditions, as well as model uncertainties, which cause its frequency and area control error (ACE) to deviate from their nominal values. A decentralised OISMC is implemented for the proposed model to keep the frequency variation within the nominal range. Further, a validation study investigates the performance of the proposed control technique in MATLAB simulation environment to mimic the real power system operation. This study includes different test scenarios considering the dynamic events such as variations in load demand, amount of generated power, participation factor of EV reserve, system parameters, disturbances, and time delay. The simulated results support better frequency regulation with the suggested OISMC compared to other alternative control approaches.

关键词： Frequency control Power system stability Uncertainty Load modeling control systems Stochastic processes Switches area control error load frequency control integral sliding mode control secondary control optimized control variables

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LUS-TLBO Optimized Load Frequency control for EVThermal-Hydro System Using Cascaded 3DOFPID-FOPID-FOPDTID controller

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 2023年第1期19卷 43-52页

作者： Pahadasingh, Sunita Chaine, Sabita Priyadarshini, Subhashree Jena, Chitralekha Odisha Univ Technol & Res Bhubaneswar 751003 India Indira Gandhi Inst Technol Sarang Odisha India KIIT Univ Sch Elect Engn Bhubaneswar India

This study unveils the application of cascaded- three degree of freedom proportional integral derivative fractional order proportional integral derivative- fractional order proportional derivative- tilted integral derivative (CC-3DOFPID-FOPID-FOPD-TID) controller optimized by local unimodal sampling -teaching learning based optimization (Lus- TLBO) algorithm for frequency stability. Conventional controller under reformed operating situations, are not giving reasonable performances as compared to cascaded controller in terms of robustness towards system non-linearities. Hence, a novel optimal 3DOFPID-FOPID-FOPD-TID controller is exploited for 4-area hydro thermal power systems considering system non lineraities. Further batteries of electric vehicles (EVs) are conformed here in the control areas to speedily incarcerated frequency oscillations following load demands to improve the stability of the system. Frequent simulations are directed to substantiate the robustness and superiority of EVs and the recommended control strategy over prevailing approaches. A hybrid Lus-TLBO algorithm is introduced here to optimize the controller parameters. The supremacy of dynamic performances of Lus-TLBO optimized controller is accomplished with teaching learning based optimization (TLBO) based for EV with system and without system through extensive simulations. Moreover the preeminence of cascade 3DOFPID-FOPID-FOPD-TID controller is executed in comparison with 3DOFPID-FOPID-TID, 3DOFPID-FOPID and 3DOFPID-TID controllers. Finally the robustness of this cascade is performed under random load fluctuation.

关键词： Electric vehicle area control error fractional order controller cost function nonlinear constraints

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Data-Driven Load Frequency control Based on Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning With Attention Mechanism

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS 2023年第6期38卷 5560-5569页

作者： Yang, Fan Huang, DongHua Li, Dongdong Lin, Shunfu Muyeen, S. M. Zhai, Haibao Shanghai Univ Elect Power Coll Elect Engn Shanghai 200090 Peoples R China Qatar Univ Dept Elect Engn Doha 2713 Qatar State Grid East China Branch Beijing 200120 Peoples R China

With the massive penetration of renewable energy, traditional reinforcement learning algorithms suffer from slow convergence and area control error (ACE) in interconnected power systems. This paper proposes data-driven load frequency control (LFC) based on multi-agent reinforcement learning with attention mechanism in interconnected power systems. It can be divided into two phases;in the centralized training, the agents are trained by an experience replay mechanism;in the decentralized execution, the trained agent automatically regulates the generation power to control the load frequency by real-time access to the grid data in the area. The agent can selectively focus on specific information in the environment by introducing a criticism network with an attention mechanism. The attention mechanism can reduce the training time for reinforcement learning while improving control performance under disturbance. A novel reward function based on a cooperation mechanism is used to score the performance of agent, which can guide the reinforcement learning algorithm to reduce the ACE of each area simultaneously. The proposed method is validated by the IEEE three-area interconnected power system, and it is concluded that the method can reduce the ACE caused by load and renewable power disturbances, and greatly reduce the training time of the algorithm.

关键词： Reinforcement learning Power systems Training Frequency control Mathematical models Generators Renewable energy sources area control error interconnected power system load frequency control multi-agent reinforcement learning attention mechanism

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An Interactive Operating Demand Response Approach for Hybrid Power Systems Integrating Renewable Energy Sources

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Protection and control of Modern Power Systems 2024年第3期9卷 174-194页

作者： Abhishek Saxena Ravi Shankar IEEE the Department of Electrical Engineering National Institute of Technology PatnaIndia

The increased deployment of renewable energy in existing power networks has jeopardized rotational inertia,resulting in system degradation and *** address the issue,this paper proposes a demand response strategy for ensuring the future reliability of the electrical power *** addition,a modified fuzzy logic control topology-based two-degree-of-freedom(fractional order proportional integral)-tilt derivative controller is designed to regulate the frequency within a demand response framework of a hybrid two-area deregulated power *** test system includes thermal power plants,renewable energy sources(such as wind,parabolic trough solar thermal plant,biogas),and electric vehicle *** adaptively tune the controller’s coefficients,a quasi-opposition-based harris hawks optimization(QOHHO)algorithm is *** effectiveness of this algorithm is compared to other optimization algorithms,and the stability of the system is *** results demonstrate that the designed control algorithm significantly enhances system frequency stability in various scenarios,including uncertainties,physical constraints,and high penetration of renewables,compared to existing ***,an experimental assessment through OPAL-RT is conducted to verify the practicality of the proposed strategy,considering source and load intermittencies.

关键词： area control error demand response energy storage vertically integrated utility

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AOA based optimal control of combined AVR-LFC model in wind integrated power system

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WIND ENGINEERING 2023年第3期47卷 515-527页

作者： Singh, Amita Sharma, Veena Kumar, Vineet Naresh, Ram Rahi, Om Prakash NIT Hamirpur Elect Engn Dept Hamirpur 177005 Himachal Prades India

This manuscript analyses a case study of a wind-integrated power plant where an Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm-based Model Predictive controller (AOA-MPC) has been employed for the combined control of voltage and frequency. The work in this manuscript considers stochastic variations in wind output caused by the small stochastic drifts and sudden deterministic shifts in the wind turbine output. The proposed controller's performance has been judged after assessing the time response performance specifications/indices and comparing it with the existing recent methodologies available in the literature. Further improvement in frequency oscillations reduction has been obtained while considering the Redox Flow Battery (RFB) loop as an auxiliary Load Frequency control loop. Moreover, the computational potential of the presented algorithm has been tested under different nonlinearities and time delay cases in the area control error (ACE) of the load frequency control (LFC) loop.

关键词： Frequency regulation wind turbine voltage control redox flow battery area control error

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A Realistic Approach Towards Solution of Load Frequency control Problem in Interconnected Power Systems

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY 2022年第2期17卷 759-788页

作者： Dey, Prasenjit Saha, Anulekha Srimannarayana, Poluri Bhattacharya, Aniruddha Marungsri, Boonruang Natl Inst Technol Sikkim Elect & Elect Engn Dept Ravangla 737139 Sikkim India Natl Inst Technol Durgapur Dept Elect Engn Durgapur 713209 W Bengal India Suranaree Univ Technol Sch Elect Engn Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand

This paper attempts to identify the different issues related to frequency oscillations in power systems and offers newer and reliable approach to mitigate them. Load frequency control (LFC) is important to identify the error pertaining to tie-line power exchange in multi-area power systems. A practical system calls for a robust LFC system to handle variations of different parameters owing to load variations. Classical LFC models available in the literature approaches this LFC problem based only on turbine inputs and swing equation and does not consider other important parameters such as stator currents, field voltages, damper winding voltages and network equations etc., which renders the existing models impractical. This paper introduces detailed model using equation based LFC that considers the above parameters and has been implemented on both single and multi-area power systems for validation. For multi-area interconnected power system network, LFC is introduced considering area interchange control (AIC) concept. Integral (I), Integral derivative (ID) and proportional integral derivative (PID), controllers are used to mitigate the frequency oscillations as well as tie-line power deviation between different areas. Three different meta-heuristic algorithms, namely: Salp swarm algorithms (SSA), Grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA), Collective decision optimization algorithm (CDO) have been employed to tune the controller parameters and their results have been compared. To make the analysis much more relevant to practical systems, different load perturbations are also considered i.e. low, medium, and heavy load perturbation. Results obtained demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach with SSA giving the best tuned parameters for the controllers studied.

关键词： area control error area interchange control Load frequency control Meta-heuristic algorithms Steady state error

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Frequency Regulation Model of Bulk Power Systems With Energy Storage

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS 2022年第2期37卷 913-926页

作者： Guzman, Noela Sofia E. Canizares, Claudio A. Bhattacharya, Kankar Sohm, Daniel Univ Waterloo Elect & Comp Engn Dept Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada Independent Elect Syst Operator IESO Toronto ON M5H 1T1 Canada

This paper presents a Frequency Regulation (FR) model of a large interconnected power system including Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) such as Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) and Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESSs), considering all relevant stages in the frequency control process. Communication delays are considered in the transmission of the signals in the FR control loop and ESSs, and their State of Charge (SoC) management model is considered. The system, ESSs and SoC components are modelled in detail from a FR perspective. The model is validated using real system and ESSs data, based on a practical transient stability model of the North American Eastern Interconnection (NAEI), and the results show that the proposed model accurately represents the FR process of a large interconnected power network including ESS, and can be used for long-term FR studies. The impact of communication delays and SoC management of ESS facilities in the area control error (ACE) is also studied and discussed, as well as the computational efficiency of the proposed FR model.

关键词： Frequency control Energy storage Delays Regulation Power system stability Data models Transfer functions area control error batteries communication delays energy storage flywheels frequency regulation frequency response

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Grid-Scale Virtual Energy Storage to Advance Renewable Energy Penetration

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS 2022年第6期58卷 7952-7965页

作者： Mitra, Joydeep Nguyen, Nga Michigan State Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn E Lansing MI 48824 USA Univ Wyoming Dept Elect & Comp Engn Laramie WY 82071 USA

It is now widely recognized that energy storage enables increased integration of renewable resources. One of the uses of storage is to provide synthetic inertia, making up for some of the inertia lost from displaced conventional generation, thereby maintaining frequency stability. However, energy storage systems continue to be very expensive, and this motivates the development of innovative approaches to mitigate some of the challenges posed by renewable resources. This article presents a novel method called "grid-scale virtual energy storage " that harvests free energy storage from properties inherent to control of multiarea power systems, thereby increasing the amount of renewable generation that a system can tolerate before its frequency stability is compromised. The concept of virtual energy storage proposed here is based on the surplus of necessary energy that is required to restore the system frequency to within a safe range of the nominal frequency. In a dynamic sense, virtual energy storage is very responsive and is not limited by the operation time and capacity. Moreover, it can be exchanged easily among control areas and does not require installation and implementation expenses as it takes advantage of the existing diversity of area control errors in interconnected systems and employs an appropriate frequency control method. It also helps in reducing the reserve requirement, regulation capacity, transmission loading, and wear and tear on the power system by functioning as normal energy storage. In this article, the proposed new approach is explained mathematically, and its operation is analyzed using a mathematical model and simulation in order to validate its effectiveness.

关键词： area control error frequency drift frequency regulation grid-scale virtual energy storage (VES) interconnected system load frequency control (LFC) renewable energy

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Ultra battery application for adaptive model predictive control in wind penetrated power systems

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WIND ENGINEERING 2022年第2期46卷 361-375页

作者： Dar, S. Zahid Nabi CMR Inst Technol Dept Elect & Elect Engn 132 AECS LayoutIT Pk Rd Bengaluru 560037 KA India

This work pertains to utilization of small sized Ultrabattery (UB) in wind penetrated power system for LFC. Matlab level 2 S function coding is used to develop a custom made block for adaptive model predictive control for intelligent applications. Inner loop of UB is genetically tuned to mimic the first order reference system;the tuned storage system is connected with wind penetrated power system;with its voltage loop coupled to a function NACE (new area control error) for. A Staircase disturbance is introduced in wind penetrated power system. Investigation studies carried in MATLAB SIMULINK Environment reflect significant improvement in frequency response and tie power deviation of the system. The small rated UB combined with inertial response from wind farms marks for profitable operation. UB voltage and power response is also detailed and power constraints on power electronic converter are maintained within limits.

关键词： Adaptive model predictive control ultrabattery load frequency control area control error new area control error genetic algorithim

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Energy Storage Auxiliary Frequency Modulation control Strategy Considering ACE and SOC of Energy Storage

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IEEE ACCESS 2021年 9卷 26271-26277页

作者： Meng, Gaojun Chang, Qingqing Sun, Yukun Rao, Yufei Zhang, Feng Wu, Yao Su, Ling Nanjing Inst Technol Sch Elect Power Engn Nanjing 211100 Peoples R China Jiangsu Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Zhenjiang 212000 Jiangsu Peoples R China State Grid Henan Elect Power Res Inst Zhengzhou 450000 Peoples R China

As more and more unconventional energy sources are being applied in the field of power generation, the frequency fluctuation of power system becomes more and more serious. The frequency modulation of thermal power unit has disadvantages such as long response time and slow climbing speed. Battery energy storage has gradually become a research hotspot in power system frequency modulation due to its quick response and flexible regulation. This article first introduced the control method based on the signal of ACE (area control error), which is the basic way of secondary frequency modulation and analyzed the features of the basic control mode. Then it zoned the signal of ACE and SOC of the battery energy storage system. On this basis, different frequency modulation methods were proposed according to the requirements of frequency modulation and the characteristics of the output of different regions. In addition, the fuzzy controller is used to smooth the output of the energy storage system under the normal adjustment of the regional control deviation and the normal charging and discharging state of SOC. Finally, a two-region interconnection simulation system was established based on the MATLAB simulation platform, and the simulation results verified the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

关键词： Frequency modulation State of charge Power grids Batteries Frequency control Power system stability Regulation Energy storage frequency modulation SOC area control error fuzzy control

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