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Design and Implementation of FIPID controller for LFC of Multi-unit Multi-source Linear/Non-linear Power System

TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS OF SMART GRIDS AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 2021年第1期6卷 1-17页

作者： Patel, Nimai Charan Sahu, Binod Kumar Govt Coll Engn Dept Elect Engn Keonjhar 758002 Odisha India Siksha O Anusandhan Univ Dept Elect Engn Bhubaneswar 751030 Odisha India

Due to dynamic load on interconnected power system, the system frequency tends to vary. It is important to balance the active power demand and active power generation at all the time in order to minimise the deviation of frequency in interconnected power system. The control mechanism by which the demand and generation is balanced in order to minimise the frequency deviation is known as load frequency control (LFC). This article explains the load frequency control (LFC) in multi-area multi-unit interlinked linear as well as nonlinear power system by employing fuzzy logic integrated PID (FIPID) controller. A PID controller is also separately implemented for performance comparison. Every control area in the system possesses with a non-reheat thermal plant and a hydro plant. The parameters of the implemented controllers are fine-tuned by application of teaching learning based optimisation (TLBO) algorithm and modified sine cosine algorithm (MSCA) separately using integral time absolute error (ITAE) as the fitness function. Thus, four different controllers are implemented to study the LFC issues and the four controllers so implemented are TLBO-PID, MSCA-PID, TLBO-FIPID and MSCA-FIPID controllers. A comparative performance analysis is accomplished between these controllers by injecting an instantaneous load of 1.5% in area-1. At last, the robustness of the proposed MSCA-FIPID controller is examined by performing the sensitivity analysis and injecting a random step load in area-1 of the power system in presence of communication delay and system nonlinearities.

关键词： Load frequency control Governor dead band area control error Generation rate constraint FIPID controller Objective function Teaching learning based optimisation Modified sine cosine algorithm Transient response

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Load Frequency control of Interconnected Microgrid Enhanced by Deep Reinforcement Learning SAC-PID

Load Frequency Control of Interconnected Microgrid Enhanced ...

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第43届中国控制会议

作者： Zheng Liu Lijun Zhu Bolin Li Xuhui Wang School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation Huazhong University of Science and Technology

ISBN: (数字)9789887581581

ISBN: (纸本)9798350366907

In recent years, the incorporation of sustainable energy resources such as wind power has had a significant impact on the stability of microgrids. In this context, our research introduces a proficient method for load frequency regulation utilizing deep reinforcement learning(DRL). Firstly, a two-area interconnected microgrid frequency control model is constructed, including wind power generation, reheat steam turbines, generators and loads. Secondly, the proposed method uses a soft actor critic(SAC)with a double Q-network to tailor the parameters of the proportional integral derivative(PID) controller, to train a DRL agent to obtain optimal controller parameters for this two-area interconnection, and we used the area control error(ACE) as the controller's input to reduce fluctuations in both grid frequency and interconnection line power flows. Furthermore, we designed a reward function via the square of the ACE to obtain the best-suited parameters for the controller. Finally, the trained controllers are tested under step load disturbance and random load disturbance, verifying that the designed SAC-PID controller provides improved frequency control performance for microgrids compared with the classical PID controller and the PID controller optimized through the particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm.

关键词： Microgrid Load Frequency control Deep Reinforcement Learning PID controller Soft Actor-Critic Algorithm area control error

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Optimal Design of Automatic Generation control Based on Simulated Annealing in Interconnected Two-area Power System Using Hybrid PID-Fuzzy control

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ENERGIES 2022年第4期15卷 1540页

作者： Magzoub, Muntasir A. Alquthami, Thamer King Abdulaziz Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia

Electricity demand continues to rise on a daily basis. The most difficult task is ensuring that customers have access to reliable, high-quality electricity regardless of the weather. Automatic generation control (AGC) accomplishes this by keeping the target output power and frequency constant despite load fluctuations. This paper presents a hybrid PID-fuzzy controller for optimal automatic generation control in a two-area interconnected power system. A comparative analysis of the proposed controller was performed with the PID controller. The parameters of the both controllers were developed by simulated annealing (SA) techniques in order to obtain the best dynamic performance. MATLAB Simulink software was used to simulate the models. The results of the simulation for the two-area power system based on simulated annealing using the hybrid PID-fuzzy controller showed superior performance in comparison to a conventional PID controller.

关键词： automatic generation control proportional integral derivative fuzzy logic control area control error simulated annealing

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Application of load frequency control method to a multi-microgrid with energy storage system

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JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE 2022年 52卷

作者： Siti, M. W. Tungadio, D. H. Nsilulu, N. T. Banza, B. B. Ngoma, L. Tshwane Univ Technol Dept Elect Engn Pretoria South Africa Univ Lubumbashi Dept Elect Engn Lubumbashi DEM REP CONGO Univ Nouveaux Horizons Dept Elect Engn Lubumbashi DEM REP CONGO

Active power and frequency control reflecting the stability of network operation is referred to as load frequency control (LFC). The area control error (ACE) is a combinatorial model between the tie-line in the interconnected system and its frequency deviations. The ACE is forced to be close to zero to achieve generation and load balance in network control and network balancing. The present research proposes introducing an energy storage system (ESS) in the control loop to regulate the frequency when the network is under an unstable condition or where the average frequency between the different areas connected is different to zero. The proposed method is developed to coordinate the different modes (charging and discharging) of the storage system. The storage parameters are unknown constants and are calculated online with a modified heuristic and directional derivative objective. The system consists of two tie-lines connected between the two areas, and each one is made up of a synchronous generator, renewable energy sources, ESS and load. The optimal frequency deviation in the areas and tie problem was modelled into a control problem and solved using the MPC. The dynamic model of ESS was modelled as a control bahaviour to inject energy at any time of the control horizon to balance the electrical network. Modified control of the ESS by a new approach used to estimate uncertainties parameters of the interconnected system. The effectiveness of the frequency control strategies is measured through simulation assessment.

关键词： Active power Load frequency control area control error Storage system Tie-lines

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DE-Algorithm-Optimized Fuzzy-PID controller for AGC of Integrated Multi area Power System with HVDC Link

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ENERGIES 2022年第17期15卷 6174页

作者： Feleke, Solomon Satish, Raavi Tatek, Workagegn Abdelaziz, Almoataz Y. El-Shahat, Adel DebreBerhan Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Debreberhan 445 Ethiopia Anil Neerukonda Inst Technol & Sci A Dept Elect & Elect Engn Visakhapatnam 531162 Andhra Pradesh India Future Univ Egypt Fac Engn & Technol Cairo 11835 Egypt Purdue Univ Sch Engn Technol Energy Technol Program W Lafayette IN 47906 USA

A power system's nonlinearity and complexity increase from time to time due to increases of power demand. Therefore, properly designed power system controlsare required. Without these, system instability will cause equipment failures, and possibly even cascading events and blackouts. To cope with this, intelligent controllers using soft computing are necessary for real time operation. In this paper, the reheat type three-area thermal power system is considered, and the output scaling factors, gain parameters of fuzzy membership functions, and parameters of fuzzy-proportional integral derivative (FPID) controllers are optimized using a differential evolution (DE) optimization techniqueand integral time multiplied absolute error (ITAE) as objective functions. To improve the limitations of the controller and to enhance stability of the system, high voltage direct current (HVDC) technology is advantageous due to its quickresponse capabilities. In this paper, a HVDC is connected in parallel to the system, revealing that a FPID controller with a HVDC provides better and more accurate resultscompared to a system without a controller. The test results presented in this paper show the proposed controller's suitability for managing random load changes.

关键词： AGC area control error fuzzy PID differential evolution HVDC

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Grid Scale Virtual Energy Storage to Enable Renewable Energy Penetration

Grid Scale Virtual Energy Storage to Enable Renewable Energy...

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Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Industry-Applications-Society (IAS)

作者： Mitra, Joydeep Nguyen, Nga Michigan State Univ Elect & Comp Engn E Lansing MI 48824 USA Univ Wyoming Elect & Comp Engn Laramie WY 82071 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781728164014

The normal operation of a power system is regulated via the functionality of load frequency control which detects and removes any imbalances between generation and load by using synchronous generators and other resources. With the widespread interest in renewable energy as well as active development of renewable energy projects, there is a new challenge for system regulation due to its well-known intermittent nature. The usual approach of expanding generation reserve, transmission lines and transmission limits is costly in installation and implementation. This paper presents a novel approach called "grid scale virtual energy storage" that addresses this challenge with no added cost. Grid scale virtual energy storage does not require installation and implementation expenses because it takes advantage of the existing diversity of area control errors in interconnected systems and employs an appropriate frequency control method. It also helps in reducing the reserve requirement, regulation capacity, transmission limit, and wear and tear on power system by functioning as normal energy storage. These features of grid scale virtual energy storage support greater penetration of renewable energy into the grid. In this paper, the new approach is explained and its operation is analyzed with a mathematical model and simulation in order to establish its effectiveness.

关键词： area control error frequency regulation frequency drift grid scale virtual energy storage interconnected system load frequency control renewable energy

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Load frequency control scheme design considering flexible disturbances

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IET RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION 2020年第19期14卷 4142-4149页

作者： Chen, Chunyu Zhang, Kaifeng Ding, Zhetong Dong, Wenjie Li, Xiaoqiang Liang, Rui China Univ Min & Technol Sch Elect & Power Engn Xuzhou 221116 Jiangsu Peoples R China Jiangsu Prov Lab Elect & Automat Engn Coal Min Xuzhou Jiangsu Peoples R China Southeast Univ Sch Automat Minist Educ Key Lab Measurement & Control Complex Syst Engn Nanjing 210096 Peoples R China Univ Texas Rio Grande Valley Dept Elect Engn Edinburg TX 78539 USA

Good power quality cannot be achieved without the frequency stability of power systems. Nevertheless, with the large-scale integration of highly flexible renewable energy sources (RESs) such as wind and solar energy, frequency stability is threatened by RES-generated disturbances due to their volatility and intermittency especially in the very short time scale. Therefore, a new frequency control scheme should be designed to attenuate these highly time-varying disturbances. In this study, load frequency control (LFC) considering flexible RES suppression is investigated. Inspired by the idea of disturbance estimation and compensation, a novel active disturbance rejection (ADR) scheme is proposed. Unlike previous ADR-based LFC schemes, the proposed one can significantly reduce estimation errors via a novel extended state observer. Then a sliding mode control scheme is used to force the area control error to slide along the equilibrium, thus significantly attenuating the power imbalance. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.

关键词： frequency control variable structure systems nonlinear control systems PI control renewable energy sources observers control system synthesis power system control load regulation power system interconnection power generation control good power quality frequency stability power systems large-scale integration highly flexible renewable energy sources solar energy RES-generated disturbances volatility short time scale highly time-varying disturbances flexible RES suppression disturbance estimation compensation active disturbance rejection scheme previous ADR-based LFC schemes sliding mode control scheme area control error power imbalance load frequency control scheme design flexible disturbances

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A Privacy-Preserving Distributed Wide-area Automatic Generation control Scheme

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IEEE ACCESS 2020年 8卷 212699-212708页

作者： Lackner, Christoph Osipov, Denis Cui, Hantao Chow, Joe H. Grid Protect Alliance Inc Chattanooga TN 37402 USA Rensselaer Polytech Inst Dept Elect Comp & Syst Engn Troy NY 12180 USA Univ Tennessee Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Knoxville TN 37996 USA

The increased penetration of renewable resources has made frequency regulation and generation control growing concerns for power system operators. Due to the variability of renewable resources and the reduced inertia leading to the deterioration of system frequency response, many balancing areas expect a need to increase their regulation services and non-spinning reserves. This also increases the total cost of system operation and may elevate location marginal energy prices. This article addresses the scheduling of energy interchange between balancing areas, in light of optimizing regulation services in the entire interconnected power system. A control architecture is defined to extend the existing area control error concept to allow more cooperation between interconnected balancing areas. In this scheme, regulation services from different balancing areas can be pooled such that a loss of generation in one control area can utilize regulation services from multiple areas resulting in a more economic dispatch of generation resources. The effectiveness of the wide-area control scheme is demonstrated in a large-scale testbed for two power systems with high renewable penetration.

关键词： Automatic generation control Frequency control Regulation Economics Power markets Integrated circuits Generators area control error balancing area frequency regulation renewable resources wide-area control

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ANN Created Real Time Load Pattern Base Frequency Normalization Studies of Linked Electric Power System

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ELECTRIC POWER COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS 2020年第14-15期48卷 1649-1659页

作者： Sharma, Gulshan Durban Univ Technol Dept Elect Power Engn ZA-4001 Durban South Africa

In most of the automatic generation control (AGC) studies proposed so far, area control error (ACE) signal is derived considering fixed step size load disturbance which does not represent the real time operating condition of power system adequately and may cause sometimes the over regulation of the power system. Therefore, a very short-term load forecasting (STLF) using artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed to obtain a load disturbance pattern to derive an effective AGC scheme. Further, real time load data of a particular month are collected from a 220 kV substation and are used to perform STLF. The predicted hourly load is used to determine future load estimates considering a 10 minute interval basis. The ACE signal is derived accordingly. The model predictive control (MPC) based AGC scheme is designed to counter the upcoming load variations very effectively. A two-area power system having thermal power plants and interconnected via parallel AC/DC tie-lines is considered for the investigations. Furthermore, the dynamic performance of the designed control strategy is also evaluated considering the governor dead-band and generation rate constraint (GRC).

关键词： DC link automatic generation control area control error model predictive control short-term load forecasting

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Improved model predictive load frequency control of interconnected power system with synchronized automatic generation control loops

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BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2020年第1期9卷 1-13页

作者： Kunya, Abdullahi Bala Argin, Mehmet Jibril, Yusuf Shaaban, Yusuf Abubakar Ahmadu Bello Univ Dept Elect Engn Zaria Nigeria Houston Community Coll Engn Program Houston TX 77004 USA Ahmadu Bello Univ Dept Comp Engn Zaria Nigeria

BackgroundAutomatic generation control (AGC) of multi-area interconnected power system (IPS) is often designed with negligible cross-coupling between the load frequency control (LFC) and automatic voltage regulation (AVR) loops. This is because the AVR loop is considerably faster than that of LFC. However, with the introduction of slow optimal control action on the AVR, positive damping effect can be achieved on the LFC loop thereby improving the frequency control. In this paper, LFC synchronized with AVR in three-area IPS is proposed. Model predictive controller (MPC) configured in a dense distributed pattern, due to its online set-point tacking is used as the supplementary controller. The dynamics of the IPS subjected to multi-area step and random load disturbances are studied. The efficacy of the developed scheme is ascertained by simulating the disturbed system in MATLAB/*** on the comparative analysis on the system responses, it is established that by cross-coupling the LFC loop with AVR, reductions of 66.45% and 59.09% in the frequency and tie-line power maximum deviations respectively are observed, while the respective settling times are found to be reduced by 29.68% and 22.77% when compared with the uncoordinated control scheme. In addition, the standard deviation and variance of the integral time absolute error of the system's responses have reduced by 23.21% and 20.83% respectively compared to those obtained in a similar *** reduction in the maximum deviations and settling times in the system states indicates that introducing the voltage control via AVR loop has improved the frequency control significantly. While the lower standard deviation and variance of the integral time absolute error signify improvement in the robustness of the developed algorithm. However, this improvement is at the detriment of the controller size and computational complexity. In the uncoordinated control scheme, the control vector is one-dimensio

关键词： area control error Automatic voltage regulator control area Load frequency control Model predictive control

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