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aspect-orientation is a rewarding investment into future code changes - As long as the aspects hardly change

INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 2013年第4期55卷 722-740页

作者： Hanenberg, Stefan Endrikat, Stefan Univ Duisburg Essen Dept Comp Sci & Business Informat Syst D-45127 Essen Germany

Context: aspect-oriented programming (AOP) is often described as a technique which improves the resulting software's modularity. However, previous experiments seem to indicate that AOP is a technique which potentially increases the development or maintenance time. A possible reason why previous experiments were not able to show such a benefit is that those experiments did not consider situations where AOP has its strength: situations where aspects change. Objectives: Our objective is to analyze whether initial higher development times caused by aspect-oriented programming can be compensated by frequent changes on the aspect code. Method: This study is an empirical study with 15 subjects based on a within-subject design (repeated measurement) using two randomized groups. The measurement is development time until programming tasks completion. Additionally, an exploratory study is performed which analyzed (a) in separation out- and under-performing subjects with respect to development time, (b) the possible influence of the lines of code, (c) the possible influence of the number of advice and pointcuts, and finally (d) the possible impact of if-statements in the aspect-oriented solutions. Results: The experiment shows that frequent changes in the crosscutting code which do not change the aspect's underlying structure compensate an initial higher development time for those concerns. But it also shows that changes, which do alter the concern's structure again, result in higher development times when using AOP. Furthermore, the paper shows that the results are similar for out- and under-performing subjects in the experiment. Finally it shows that if changes are required in an aspect's structure, subjects tend to perform such structural changes in a non-uniform way. Conclusion: AOP is a potential rewarding investment into future code changes - but it has risks. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： aspect-oriented programming Development time Empirical study Maintenance Human-factors

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Usage and testability of AOP: An empirical study of aspectJ

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INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 2013年第2期55卷 252-266页

作者： Munoz, Freddy Baudry, Benoit Delamare, Romain Le Traon, Yves INRIA IRISA F-35042 Rennes France Univ Alabama Dept Comp Sci Tuscaloosa AL 35487 USA Univ Luxembourg Luxembourg Luxembourg

Context: Back in 2001, the MIT announced aspect-oriented programming as a key technology in the next 10 years. Nowadays, 10 years later, AOP is still not widely adopted. Objective: The objective of this work is to understand the current status of AOP practice through the analysis of open-source project which use aspectJ. Method: First we analyze different dimensions of AOP usage in 38 aspectJ projects. We investigate the degree of coupling between aspects and base programs, and the usage of the pointcut description language. A second part of our study focuses on testability as an indicator of maintainability. We also compare testability metrics on Java and aspectJ implementations of the HealthWatcher aspect-oriented benchmark. Results: The first part of the analysis reveals that the number of aspects does not increase with the size of the base program, that most aspects are woven in every places in the base program and that only a small portion of the pointcut language is used. The second part about testability reveals that aspect! reduces the size of modules, increases their cohesion but also increases global coupling, thus introducing a negative impact on testability. Conclusion: These observations and measures reveal a major trend: AOP is currently used in a very cautious way. This cautious usage could come from a partial failure of aspectJ to deliver all promises of AOP, in particular an increased software maintainability. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： aspect-oriented programming Metrics Empirical analysis

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Optimizing generated aspect-oriented assertion checking code for JML using program transformations: An empirical study

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SCIENCE OF COMPUTER programming 2013年第8期78卷 1137-1156页

作者： Rebelo, Henrique Lima, Ricardo Leavens, Gary T. Cornelio, Marcio Mota, Alexandre Oliveira, Cesar Univ Fed Pernambuco Informat Ctr BR-50740540 Recife PE Brazil Univ Cent Florida Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Orlando FL 32816 USA

The aspectJ JML compiler (ajmlc) explores aspect-oriented programming (AOP) mechanisms to implement JML specifications, such as pre- and postconditions, and enforce them during runtime. This compiler was created to improve source-code modularity. Some experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the code generated through ajmlc. Results demonstrated that the strategy of adopting AOP to implement JML specifications is very promising. However, there is still a need for optimization of the generated code's bytecode size and running time. This paper presents a catalog of transformations which represent the optimizations implemented in the new optimized version of the ajmlc compiler. We employ such transformations to reduce the bytecode size and running time of the code generated through the ajmlc compiler. Aiming at demonstrating the impact of such transformation on the code quality, we conduct an empirical study using four applications in optimized and non-optimized versions generated by ajmlc. We show that our AOP transformations provide a significant improvement, regarding bytecode size and running time. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： aspect-oriented programming Program transformation JML

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Survey and Analysis of Quality Measures Used in aspect Mining

Survey and Analysis of Quality Measures Used in Aspect Minin...

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IEEE SoutheastCon

作者： McFadden, Renata Rand Mitropoulos, Frank J. Nova SE Univ Grad Sch Comp & Informat Sci Ft Lauderdale FL 33314 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781479900534;9781479900527

aspect mining investigates effective ways of finding crosscutting concerns in existing non-aspect oriented software. These crosscutting concerns can then be refactored into aspects to reduce the system's complexity and make it easier to understand, maintain, and evolve. There have been numerous studies introducing different aspect mining techniques, but they used different quality measures to evaluate their techniques. This paper consolidates a list of these existing quality measurements, discusses how they differ from each other, identifies some examples of how they have been used in previous aspect mining studies, and conducts an analysis of the commonly used metrics for aspect mining clustering. The metrics are compared using real and sample clustering results, identifying their similarities and differences, as well as their strengths and weakness.

关键词： aspect Mining Crosscutting Concerns Software Metrics aspect-oriented programming Quality Measures Validation

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Delivering Dependable Reusable Components by Expressing and Enforcing Design Decisions

Delivering Dependable Reusable Components by Expressing and ...

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IEEE 37th Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC)

作者： Calvagna, Andrea Tramontana, Emiliano Univ Catania Dipartimento Matemat & Informat I-95125 Catania Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9780769549873

A component is usually complemented with guidelines expressing its proper use, e.g. the appropriate order of calls that clients should conform to. During reuse, clients could easily alter such an order, and this could result in reused components that become unreliable, since architectural guidelines have not been honoured. Sometimes architectural guidelines are simply unknown, hence whether components are misused by clients is uncertain. This paper proposes an approach to document the architectural guidelines that client classes should comply with when reusing a component. We empower component developers to provide such guidelines, conveying design decisions, along with the code of components in such a way to be apt to automatic checks. Then, clients compliance with architectural guidelines of reused components can be automatically checked by an aspect-based tool. As a result, proper usage of reused components can be ensured, and in turn the behaviour of components should be correct. This strengthen the reliability of the resulting system. Especially for continuous evolution, having automatic conformance checks is paramount for obtaining the correct behaviour of reused components.

关键词： aspect-oriented programming program testing software architecture software reliability software reusability

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Adapting applications to exploit virtualization management knowledge

Adapting applications to exploit virtualization management k...

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9th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM)

作者： Danciu, Vitalian A. Knapp, Alexander Univ Munich Munich Network Management Team Marchioninistr 15 D-81377 Munich Germany Augsburg Univ Inst Software & Syst Engn Augsburg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783901882531

Today's applications do not react to the ad-hoc, dynamic changes in locality, performance and environment that are characteristic of virtualized infrastructure. We illustrate exemplary effects experienced by distributed programs in reaction to change in the infrastructure and explore call interception, library replacement and aspect-oriented programming as alternatives for remedy. We demonstrate the remedial effect of adaptive code introduced without change to the original application code, or its bindings. We sketch a software architecture to make available management knowledge as a base for adaptation.

关键词： knowledge management Software architecture Distributed software aspect-oriented programming INFRASTRUCTURE Virtualization Binding Alkali REMEDIES

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aspect-oriented Customization of the Scheduling Algorithm and the Resource Access Protocol of a Real-Time Operating System

Aspect-Oriented Customization of the Scheduling Algorithm an...

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IEEE 16th International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE)

作者： Abe, Kazuki Yoo, Myungryun Yokoyama, Takanori Tokyo City Univ Setagaya Ku Tokyo 1588557 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781479948970

Tasks of an embedded system application are managed by a real-time operating system (RTOS). Most RTOSs adopt just fixed priority scheduling, which is not optimal in all cases. Some applications require earliest deadline first (EDF) scheduling, which is an optimal scheduling algorithm. In order to develop an efficient real-time embedded system, the scheduling algorithm of a RTOS should be selectable. The paper presents a method to customize the scheduling algorithm and the resource access protocol of an OSEK OS using aspect-oriented programming. We define aspects to replace the fixed priority scheduling mechanism of the OSEK OS with an EDF scheduling mechanism. We also define aspects to replace the resource access protocol of the OSEK OS with the resource access protocol for EDF scheduling. By using the aspects, we can customize the scheduling algorithm and the resource access protocol without modifying the original source code. This improves the maintainability of the source code of a RTOS. We have applied the aspects to the OSEK OS and have got a customized RTOS with EDF scheduling. The evaluation results show that the overhead of aspect-oriented programming is small enough.

关键词： real-time operating systems aspect-oriented programming scheduling algorithms resource access protocols embedded systems

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aspect-orientation is a rewarding investment into future code changes - As long as the aspects hardly change

Aspect-orientation is a rewarding investment into future cod...

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IEEE 19th International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC)

作者： Hanenberg, Stefan Endrikat, Stefan Univ Duisburg Essen Dept Comp Sci & Business Informat Syst D-45127 Essen Germany

关键词： aspect-oriented programming Development time Empirical study Maintenance Human-factors

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Constructing Subtle Higher Order Mutants for Java and aspectJ Programs

Constructing Subtle Higher Order Mutants for Java and Aspect...

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IEEE 24th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering Workshops (ISSREW)

作者： Omar, Elmahdi Ghosh, Sudipto Whitley, Darrell Colorado State Univ Ft Collins CO 80523 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781479923663

One goal of higher order mutation testing is to produce higher order mutants (HOMs) that represent subtle faults. We define subtle HOMs as those that are not killed by an existing test set that kills all the first order mutants of a given program. The fault detection effectiveness of the test set can be improved by adding test cases that kill subtle HOMs. However, finding subtle HOMs can be costly even for small programs because of the large space of candidate HOMs. Moreover, a large majority of HOMs are killed by test sets that kill all first order mutants, making the subtle ones relatively rare. We introduce three search-based algorithms (Genetic Algorithm, Local Search, and Random Search) for finding subtle HOMs in Java and aspectJ programs. All three algorithms found subtle HOMs for all studied programs but Local Search was more successful in finding subtle HOMs than Genetic Algorithm and Random Search.

关键词： Higher order mutation testing aspect-oriented programming search-based software engineering genetic algorithm local search random search software testing

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Generative Software-based Memory Error Detection and Correction for Operating System Data Structures

Generative Software-based Memory Error Detection and Correct...

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43rd Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN)

作者： Borchert, Christoph Schirmeier, Horst Spinczyk, Olaf Tech Univ Dortmund Dept Comp Sci 12 Dortmund Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781479901814;9781467364713

Recent studies indicate that the number of system failures caused by main memory errors is much higher than expected. In contrast to the commonly used hardware-based countermeasures, for example using ECC memory, software-based fault-tolerance measures are much more flexible and can exploit application knowledge, such as the criticality of specific data structures. This paper presents a software-based memory error protection approach, which we used to harden the eCos operating system in a case study. The main benefits of our approach are the flexibility to choose from an extensible toolbox of easily pluggable error detection and correction schemes as well as its very low runtime overhead, which totals in a range of 0.09-1.7 %. The implementation is based on aspect-oriented programming and exploits the object-oriented program structure of eCos to identify well-suited code locations for the insertion of generative fault-tolerance measures.

关键词： aspect-oriented programming data structures error correction error detection operating systems (computers) software fault tolerance storage management system recovery

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