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model-driven engineering city spaces via bidirectional model transformations

SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS modelING 2021年第6期20卷 2003-2022页

作者： Visconti, Ennio Tsigkanos, Christos Hu, Zhenjiang Ghezzi, Carlo Tech Univ Wien Vienna Austria Peking Univ Beijing Peoples R China Politecn Milan Milan Italy

Engineering cyber-physical systems inhabiting contemporary urban spatial environments demands software engineering facilities to support design and operation. Tools and approaches in civil engineering and architectural informatics produce artifacts that are geometrical or geographical representations describing physical spaces. The models we consider conform to the CityGML standard;although relying on international standards and accessible in machine-readable formats, such physical space descriptions often lack semantic information that can be used to support analyses. In our context, analysis as commonly understood in software engineering refers to reasoning on properties of an abstracted model-in this case a city design. We support model-based development, firstly by providing a way to derive analyzable models from CityGML descriptions, and secondly, we ensure that changes performed are propagated correctly. Essentially, a digital twin of a city is kept synchronized, in both directions, with the information from the actual city. Specifically, our formal programming technique and accompanying technical framework assure that relevant information added, or changes applied to the domain (resp. analyzable) model are reflected back in the analyzable (resp. domain) model automatically and coherently. The technique developed is rooted in the theory of bidirectional transformations, which guarantees that synchronization between models is consistent and well behaved. Produced models can bootstrap graph-theoretic, spatial or dynamic analyses. We demonstrate that bidirectional transformations can be achieved in practice on real city models.

关键词： bidirectional model transformations model-driven engineering CityGML Digital twins

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Managing uncertainty in bidirectional model transformations 8

Managing uncertainty in bidirectional model transformations

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8th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Software Language Engineering, SLE 2015

作者： Eramo, Romina Pierantonio, Alfonso Rosa, Gianni Università Degli Studi Dell'Aquila L'AquilaI-67100 Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9781450336864

In model-Driven Engineering bidirectionality in transformations is regarded as a key mechanism. Recent approaches to non-deterministic transformations have been proposed for dealing with non-bijectivity. Among them, the JTL language is based on a relational model transformation engine which restores consistency by returning all admibible models. This can be regarded as an uncertainty reducing proceb: the unknown uncertainty at design-Time is translated into known uncertainty at run-Time by generating multiple choices. Unfortunately, little changes in a model usually correspond to a combinatorial explosion of the solution space. In this paper, we propose to represent the multiple solutions in a intensional manner by adopting a model for uncertainty. The technique is applied to JTL demonstrating the advantages of the proposal. © 2015 ACM.

关键词： bidirectional model transformations model-Driven Engineering Uncertainty

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model-Driven Design of City Spaces via bidirectional transformations 22

Model-Driven Design of City Spaces via Bidirectional Transfo...

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22nd ACM/IEEE International Conference on model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (modelS)

作者： Visconti, Ennio Tsigkanos, Christos Hu, Zhenjiang Ghezzi, Carlo Politecn Milan Dipartimento Elettron Informaz & Bioingn Milan Italy TU Wien Distributed Syst Grp Vienna Austria Univ Tokyo Natl Inst Informat Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781728125350

Technological advances enable new kinds of smart environments exhibiting complex behaviors;smart cities are a notable example. Smart functionalities heavily depend on space and need to be aware of entities typically found in the spatial domain, e.g. roads, intersections or buildings in a smart city. We advocate a model-based development, where the model of physical space, coming from the architecture and civil engineering disciplines, is transformed into an analyzable model upon which smart functionalities can be embedded. Such models can then be formally analyzed to assess a composite system design. We focus on how a model of physical space specified in the CityGML standard language can be transformed into a model amenable to analysis and how the two models can be automatically kept in sync after possible changes. This approach is essential to guarantee safe model-driven development of composite systems inhabiting physical spaces. We showcase transformations of real CityGML models in the context of scenarios concerning both design time and runtime analysis of space-dependent systems.

关键词： bidirectional model transformations model-driven Engineering CityGML Cyber-physical spaces

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Case-based exploration of bidirectional transformations in QVT Relations

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SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS modelING 2018年第3期17卷 989-1029页

作者： Westfechtel, Bernhard Univ Bayreuth Appl Comp Sci 1 D-95440 Bayreuth Germany

QVT Relations (QVT-R), a standard issued by the Object Management Group, is a language for the declarative specification of model transformations. This paper focuses on a particularly interesting feature of QVT-R: the declarative specification of bidirectional transformations. Rather than writing two unidirectional transformations separately, a transformation developer may provide a single relational specification which may be executed in both directions. This approach saves specification effort and ensures the consistency of forward and backward transformations. This paper explores QVT-R's support for bidirectional model transformations through a spectrum of transformation cases. The transformation cases vary with respect to several factors such as the size of the transformation definition or the relationships between the metamodels for source and target models. The cases are solved in QVT-R, but may be applied to other bidirectional transformation languages, as well;thus, they may be used as a benchmark for comparing bidirectional transformation languages. In our work, we focus on the following research questions: functionality of bidirectional transformations in terms of relations between source and target models, solvability (which problems may be solved by a single relational specification of a bidirectional transformation), variability (does a bidirectional transformation contain varying elements, i.e., elements being specific to one direction), comprehensibility (referring to the ease of understanding and constructing QVT-R transformations), and the semantic soundness of bidirectional transformations written in QVT-R.

关键词： model-driven software engineering bidirectional model transformations QVT Relations

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model-driven Round-trip Software Dependability Engineering 18

Model-driven Round-trip Software Dependability Engineering

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21st ACM/IEEE International Conference on model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (modelS)

作者： Tucci, Michele Univ Aquila Dept Informat Engn Comp Sci & Math Laquila Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9781450359658

Supporting changes in software models is becoming increasingly important. Some of these changes are induced by non-functional analysis that is usually conducted on different models and tools. Therefore, it becomes crucial to develop methods that allow automated transformations between these two families of models throughout the development cycle. To this extent, in the last decade, a number of approaches have been introduced to generate nonfunctional analysis models from software models. However, when analysis models are modified to meet non-functional requirements, changes are not propagated to update the software model. Automating the identification and propagation of changes would better support a round-trip analysis process. In this PhD program, we aim at introducing automation in the model-driven assessment of dependability, and we propose to leverage bidirectional model transformations to: (i) generate dependability analysis models from software models, and (ii) automatically propagate changes, driven by dependability requirements satisfaction, from analysis models back to software models. In particular, we intend to extend JTL, that is a bidirectional model transformations framework designed for model synchronization and change propagation, to handle problems that may arise from the application of bidirectional transformations in the context of dependability assessment.

关键词： software refactoring dependability change propagation model-driven engineering bidirectional model transformations

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A Case Study for Evaluating bidirectional transformations in QVT Relations 10

A Case Study for Evaluating Bidirectional Transformations in...

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10th International Conference on Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering (ENASE)

作者： Westfechtel, Bernhard Univ Bayreuth Appl Comp Sci 1 D-95440 Bayreuth Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9789897581434

In model-driven software engineering, high-level models of a software system are eventually transformed into executable code. model transformations constitute a key technology for model-driven software engineering. QVT Relations (QVT-R) is a language for the declarative specification of model transformations which was defined in an OMG (Object Management Group) standard. In addition to unidirectional transformations, QVT-R supports bidirectional transformations: Rather than writing two unidirectional transformations separately, the user may provide a single relational specification which may be executed in both directions. In this way, the specification of a bidirectional transformation may be simplified considerably - which is crucial e.g. for round-trip engineering. This paper investigates a case study for evaluating QVT-R's capabilities for specifying bidirectional transformations. Even in this rather simple case study, development of a bidirectional transformation turns out to be more complex than expected. Motivated by the case study, we propose extensions to QVT-R which facilitate the specification of bidirectional transformations considerably.

关键词： model-driven Software Engineering bidirectional model transformations QVT Relational

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