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FineBID: Fine-Grained Protocol Reverse Engineering for bit-level Field IDentification

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON DEPENDABLE AND SECURE COMPUTING 2025年第3期22卷 2670-2686页

作者： Huang, Tao Gao, Yansong Zheng, Yifeng Wang, Zhanfeng Hu, Chao Fu, Anmin Nanjing Univ Sci & Technol Sch Comp Sci & Engn Nanjing 210094 Peoples R China Xidian Univ State Key Lab Integrated Serv Networks Xian 710071 Peoples R China Univ Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia Harbin Inst Technol Sch Comp Sci & Technol Shenzhen 518055 Guangdong Peoples R China Lexbell Co Ltd Nanjing 210014 Peoples R China Army Engn Univ PLA Coll Command & Control Engn Nanjing 210007 Peoples R China

Protocol Reverse Engineering (PRE) serves as the foundation for numerous security analysis techniques, such as vulnerability mining and intrusion detection, etc. The PRE analysis precision can directly affect the accuracy of these downstream techniques. The network-trace-based PRE technique has become the mainstream PRE technique attributed to its ease of implementation. However, without the prerequisite of additional dedicated devices or knowledge of information, the analysis precision of existing network-trace-based PRE methods is often achievable at only byte or half-byte level but not the fine-grained bit-level, which makes it increasingly challenging to meet the precision requirements of those downstream security applications. In this work, we propose a fine-grained PRE scheme, named FineBID, which makes the identification capability in a fine-grained manner for existing network-trace-based PRE methods into bit-level fields. FineBID follows the global characteristics of protocol fields and constructively models the bit-level field identification problem as a multi-objective decision model, which thus effectively overcomes the insufficient representativeness of bit-level fields' local characteristics. Then, the multi-objective decision model is solved to obtain the Pareto solution set for different field segmentation levels, and the utility value per bit is further computed. The utility value can be used as the immediate indicator to determine whether each bit is a field boundary or not. Meanwhile, we propose an Actual Ground Truth that is more in line with the actual usage of each bit. With extensive experiments on the Internet, wireless, and industrial protocols, we affirm that FineBID can not only significantly reduce the search space for Ground Truth or Actual Ground Truth with a space reduction of 95.3% compared to exhaustive search, but also identify Ground Truth or Actual Ground Truth more accurately than other similar methods.

关键词： Protocols Accuracy Security Electronic mail Fuzzing Codes Mutual information Information entropy Industries Correlation Protocol reverse engineering (PRE) global characteristic bit-level fine-grained field identification

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A new spatiotemporal chaos model and its application in bit-level image encryption

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2024年第4期83卷 10481-10502页

作者： Wang, Xingyuan Zhao, Maochang Dalian Maritime Univ Sch Informat Sci & Technol Dalian 116026 Peoples R China Guangxi Normal Univ Guangxi Key Lab Multisource Informat Min & Secur Guilin 541004 Peoples R China

With the development of network technology, multimedia security has attracted extensive attention. Although chaotic system is widely used in this field because of its own characteristics, designing a more secure and efficient chaotic system and encryption algorithm has great application potential. In this paper, a new spatiotemporal chaos model, dynamic coupled perturbation map lattice (DCPML), is proposed. The variable function is introduced to replace the coupling input variable of spatiotemporal chaotic system, and the output of two-dimensional Logistic map is used as dynamic coupling coefficient and disturbance term to improve the pseudo randomness and chaos of the system. Through a series of analysis, it is proved that the model has excellent chaotic characteristics. The system is applied to chaotic encryption, and a new bit-level image encryption algorithm is designed. The algorithm breaks the correlation between pixels through bit-level confusion and diffusion operation. A large number of experiments and security analysis show that the algorithm can resist common attacks and has high security and robustness.

关键词： Multimedia security DCPML Image encryption bit-level Security

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bit-level Automotive Controller Area Network Message Reverse Framework Based on Linear Regression

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SENSORS 2022年第3期22卷 981-981页

作者： Bi, Zixiang Xu, Guoai Xu, Guosheng Wang, Chenyu Zhang, Sutao Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun Sch Cyberspace Secur Beijing 100876 Peoples R China

Modern intelligent and networked vehicles are increasingly equipped with electronic control units (ECUs) with increased computing power. These electronic devices form an in-vehicle network via the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus, the de facto standard for modern vehicles. Although many ECUs provide convenience to drivers and passengers, they also increase the potential for cyber security threats in motor vehicles. Numerous attacks on vehicles have been reported, and the commonality among these attacks is that they inject malicious messages into the CAN network. To close the security holes of CAN, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) keep the Database CAN (DBC) file describing the content of CAN messages, confidential. This policy is ineffective against cyberattacks but limits in-depth investigation of CAN messages and hinders the development of in-vehicle intrusion detection systems (IDS) and CAN fuzz testing. Current research reverses CAN messages through tokenization, machine learning, and diagnostic information matching to obtain details of CAN messages. However, the results of these algorithms yield only a fraction of the information specified in the DBC file regarding CAN messages, such as field boundaries and message IDs associated with specific functions. In this study, we propose multiple linear regression-based frameworks for bit-level inversion of CAN messages that can approximate the inversion of DBC files. The framework builds a multiple linear regression model for vehicle behavior and CAN traffic, filters the candidate messages based on the decision coefficients, and finally locates the bits describing the vehicle behavior to obtain the data length and alignment based on the model parameters. Moreover, this work shows that the system has high reversion accuracy and outperforms existing systems in boundary delineation and filtering relevant messages in actual vehicles.

关键词： Controller Area Network electronic control units database CAN reverse multiple linear regression bit-level vehicle behavior

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bit-level color image encryption algorithm based on coarse-grained logistic map and fractional chaos

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2021年第8期80卷 12155-12173页

作者： Sun, Yu-jie Zhang, Hao Wang, Xing-yuan Wang, Ming-xu BeiJing Inst Technol Sch Comp Sci & Technol Beijing 100081 Peoples R China Taiyuan Univ Technol Coll Informat & Comp Taiyuan 030024 Peoples R China Dalian Maritime Univ Sch Informat Sci & Technol Dalian 116026 Peoples R China Dalian Univ Technol Fac Elect Informat & Elect Engn Dalian 116024 Peoples R China

A novel color image encryption algorithm based on coarse-grained fractional chaotic system signals is proposed in this paper. First, color images are divided into three channels, which are encrypted based on the corresponding three states of the chaotic system. Second, the chaotic systems are defined as fractional chaotic, in which the fractional order enlarges the parameter space. Third, the fractional chaotic signals are handled with unfixed coarse-grained methods instead of being utilized directly. In addition, the original image and the chaotic signals are divided into bit signals from the pixel values, and the high and low bits are encrypted, respectively. To demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed color image encryption algorithm, its properties, including the key space, information entropy, correlation analysis, key sensitivity, and resistance to differential attacks, are provided using a numerical simulation.

关键词： Image encryption Fractional systems Coarse-grained bit-level Color image

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bit-level image encryption algorithm based on BP neural network and gray code

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2021年第8期80卷 11655-11670页

作者： Wang, Xingyuan Lin, Shujuan Li, Yong Dalian Maritime Univ Sch Informat Sci & Technol Dalian 116026 Peoples R China

In recent years, people have put forward various image encryption algorithms based on pixel level. In fact, bit level encryption has better effect than pixel level encryption. Therefore, this paper proposes a new bit-level image encryption algorithm based on Back Propagation (BP) neural network and Gray code. Firstly, the plaintext image is conversioned into binary image, then, the hyperchaotic Lorentz system is used to generate two sets of chaotic sequences for the Gray code bit-level permutation operation to generate the permutation matrix. Secondly, the permutation matrix is converted into a bit matrix reverse order output to generate a diffusion matrix. Finally, the algorithm uses a BP neural network composed of Logistic map and Piece-Wise Linear Chaotic (PWLCM) map to generate a key stream. The key stream is xored with the diffusion matrix to generate a ciphertext matrix. The experimental results show that the algorithm improves the encryption efficiency, has good security and can resist common attack methods.

关键词： BP neural network Gray code Hyperchaotic Lorentz system bit-level Image encryption

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Modifying bit-level Data Compression Scheme based on Adaptive Hamming Code Data Compression Algorithm 2

Modifying Bit-Level Data Compression Scheme based on Adaptiv...

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International Conference on Multimedia Analysis and Pattern Recognition (MAPR)

作者： Mendoza, Harwin C. Sison, Ariel M. Medina, Ruji P. Technol Inst Philippines Quezon City Philippines Emilio Aguinaldo Coll Manila Philippines

ISBN: (纸本)9781728118291

This paper is directed towards the development of an improved HCDC(k) to minimize the possibility of inflation. An improved adaptive hamming code data compression has been developed by reducing the number of bits used when substituting a non-valid codeword. The proposed algorithm is expected to provide greater compression ratio, space savings, and compression speed. It is also expected to minimize the possibility of inflation when compressing random texts. To evaluate the efficiency of the modified algorithm, simulations were conducted to compress sample texts from COCA corpus and random texts using the original HCDC(k) and modified HCDC( k). Compressing sample texts from COCA corpus lead to a significant difference of 7.5% in space savings and 0.11 in compression ratio. The simulation conducted with random texts lead to a significant difference of 10.45% in space savings and 0.1 in compression ratio. This means that the modified algorithm is more effective when solving inflation.

关键词： HCDC HCDC(k) data compression bit-level codeword

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On bit-level Decoding of Nonbinary LDPC Codes

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2018年第9期66卷 3736-3748页

作者： Zhang, Mu Cai, Kui Huang, Qin Yuan, Shuai Singapore Univ Technol & Design Sci & Math Cluster Singapore 117608 Singapore Beihang Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Beijing 100191 Peoples R China China Acad Space Technol Qian Xuesen Lab Space Technol Beijing 100094 Peoples R China

This paper addresses binary message-passing (MP) decoding for nonbinary low-density parity-check (NB-LDPC) codes based on the binary image of Galois field symbols. The parity-check matrix of NB-LDPC codes in binary form is used to perform MP. The corresponding nonbinary check node (CN) update and variable node (VN) update can thus be decomposed to a set of binary sub-CN updates and sub-VN updates with much lower computational complexity. In particular, we start from adapting the binary parity-check matrix with Gaussian elimination. Then, we add redundant rows to the parity-check matrix instead of adaptation to further improve the performance. A min-max operation based on the expanded matrix is proposed for the CN update. It not only decreases the computational complexity incurred by Gaussian elimination but also improves the error performance. Simulation results show that the hitlevel decoding with min-max operation can achieve similar error performance as the extended min-sum algorithm, but the computational complexity can be lower than the min-sum algorithm for binary LDPC codes.

关键词： Non-binary LDPC codes binary image massage passing bit-level adaptation min-max

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Analysis of trigonometric chaotic sequence by proposing an index-based bit level scrambling image encryption

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MODERN PHYSICS LETTERS B 2021年第24期35卷

作者： Yu, Wanbo Wang, Hao Dalian Univ Sch Informat Engn 10 Xuefu Ave Dalian 116622 Liaoning Peoples R China

Chaotic map is applied to numerous research fields, such as encryption of data and information. In this paper, a novel bit-level scrambling encryption based on three-dimensional trigonometric chaotic sequence is proposed. This encryption is operated on grayscale images because pixel value of which is between 0 and 255, which can be converted into 8-bit binary number, then each image can be converted into eight binary images. Combine binary images a three-dimensional matrix as input, which have three index values width, height, and page. Generate three numbers by the chaotic sequence to locate the value of the matrix need to be changed. After the value is located, change its value 0 to 1 or 1 to 0, this is the basic encryption scheme. This paper makes a three-dimensional binary matrix with 32 images to test the encryption scheme, and get average value of images' number of pixel change rate at 0.9603, unified averaged change intensity at 31.27%, information entropy at 7.9891, also the histograms. And correlation coefficients of each pixel from three directions are small. There are comparisons with other encryptions too. The key space of this encryption is more than 10(255).

关键词： Image encryption chaotic map bit-level index scramble

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A Novel bit-level Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Coarse-grained Chaotic Signals

A Novel Bit-level Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Coarse...

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International Conference on Image, Vision and Computing (ICIVC)

作者： Yujie Sun Pengfei Yan Hao Zhang Yong Zhang Department of Software North Automatic Control Technology Institute Taiyuan Shanxi China College of Information and Computer Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi China

ISBN: (纸本)9781728123264

In this paper, a novel image encryption algorithm based on coarse-grained chaotic signals in which scrambling and diffusion are both covered. First, the chaotic signals are handled with unfixed coarse-grained key instead of been utilized directly. Second, both original image and derived chaotic signals are divided into bit signals form pixel values. In addition, high bits and low bits are also separated. Third, the high bits and low bits are scrambled with different methods at the same time and combined bit signals after scrambling are used to get the final results by global diffusion. At last, the image is encrypted and a corresponding decryption is designed to recover the encrypt image. In the simulation, properties including key space, information entropy, correlation analysis, key sensitivity and resistance to differential attack are provided to show the effectiveness and robustness of the high secure image encryption algorithm.

关键词： Image encryption Logistic map Coarse-grained bit-level Scrambling scrambling Logistic map encryption algorithm coarse-grained materials Imagery (Psychotherapy) images signals Drill bits Image differential attack original image

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A feedback chaotic image encryption scheme based on both bit-level and pixel-level

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JOURNAL OF VIBRATION AND CONTROL 2016年第5期22卷 1171-1180页

作者： Ye, Guodong Huang, Xiaoling Guangdong Ocean Univ Coll Sci Zhanjiang 524088 Guangdong Peoples R China City Univ Hong Kong Dept Elect Engn Kowloon Tong Hong Kong Peoples R China

Recently, there are more and more image encryption algorithms being proposed based on chaotic systems. The classical architecture employs permutation plus diffusion. However, the traditional permutation operation can only shuffle the positions of the image pixels, but not change the pixels values and not implement the bit shifting in different bit planes. We can also see that most of them are key-dependent structures. So, they cannot resist efficiently the known-plaintext or chosen-plaintext attacks. To overcome these existing low-security problems, we suggest a new feedback image encryption scheme, in which a mathematical model is established for updating the initial conditions of the chaotic system in the permutation stage. Then, the secure SHA-3 algorithm is employed further to generate the keystream combined with new initial keys of the chaotic system in a diffusion stage. Both keystreams generated in the permutation and diffusion processes are dependent on the plain-image. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate the high security of the proposed encryption scheme, especially the ability to resist the known-plaintext and chosen-plaintext attacks.

关键词： Image encryption bit-level pixel-level SHA-3 cryptography

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