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A dual-embedded tamper detection framework based on block truncation coding for intelligent multimedia systems

INFORMATION SCIENCES 2023年 649卷

作者： Li, Mianjie Liu, Chihui Shan, Chun Song, Houbing Lv, Zhihan Guangdong Polytech Normal Univ Sch Elect & Informat Guangzhou 510665 Peoples R China Guangzhou Univ Cyberspace Inst Adv Technol Guangzhou 510006 Peoples R China Guangdong Artificial Intelligence & Digital Econ L Guangzhou 510005 Peoples R China Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty UMBC Dept Informat Syst Baltimore MD 21250 USA Uppsala Univ Fac Arts Dept Game Design Uppsala Sweden

The rich intelligent multimedia systems provide great convenience and efficiency. Unfortunately, it faces a series of security challenges and threats in developing and deploying multimedia ser-vices, such as tampering, hijacking, and adversarial attacks. Therefore, this paper proposes a dual -embedding framework based on block truncation coding to improve the security of intelligent multimedia systems. First, the signal is decomposed in frequency domain by using approximate translation invariance to obtain multi-layer frequency-domain parameters;then, this paper hides the encrypted data in two layers of low-frequency coefficients through fragile and robust embedding algorithms, respectively. In addition, in order to further improve the security per-formance, this paper adopts the method of block truncation coding to encrypt the embedded data. On the basis of performance analysis, the superiority of this method is illustrated by comparing with the existing methods.

关键词： Intelligent multimedia systems Approximate translation invariance Dual -embedding framework block truncation coding Tamper detection

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VLSI Design Based on block truncation coding for Real-Time Color Image Compression for IoT

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SENSORS 2023年第3期23卷 1573-1573页

作者： Chen, Shih-Lun Chou, He-Sheng Ke, Shih-Yao Chen, Chiung-An Chen, Tsung-Yi Chan, Mei-Ling Abu, Patricia Angela R. Wang, Liang-Hung Li, Kuo-Chen Chung Yuan Christian Univ Dept Elect Engn Taoyuan City 320317 Taiwan Ming Chi Univ Technol Dept Elect Engn New Taipei City Taiwan Jiaying Univ Sch Phys Educ Coll Meizhou 514000 Peoples R China Ateneo Manila Univ Dept Informat Syst & Comp Sci Quezon City 1108 Philippines Fuzhou Univ Coll Phys & Informat Engn Dept Microelect Fuzhou 350025 Peoples R China Chung Yuan Christian Univ Dept Informat Management Taoyuan City 320317 Taiwan

It has always been a major issue for a hospital to acquire real-time information about a patient in emergency situations. Because of this, this research presents a novel high-compression-ratio and real-time-process image compression very-large-scale integration (VLSI) design for image sensors in the Internet of Things (IoT). The design consists of a YEF transform, color sampling, block truncation coding (BTC), threshold optimization, sub-sampling, prediction, quantization, and Golomb-Rice coding. By using machine learning, different BTC parameters are trained to achieve the optimal solution given the parameters. Two optimal reconstruction values and bitmaps for each 4 x 4 block are achieved. An image is divided into 4 x 4 blocks by BTC for numerical conversion and removing inter-pixel redundancy. The sub-sampling, prediction, and quantization steps are performed to reduce redundant information. Finally, the value with a high probability will be coded using Golomb-Rice coding. The proposed algorithm has a higher compression ratio than traditional BTC-based image compression algorithms. Moreover, this research also proposes a real-time image compression chip design based on low-complexity and pipelined architecture by using TSMC 0.18 mu m CMOS technology. The operating frequency of the chip can achieve 100 MHz. The core area and the number of logic gates are 598,880 mu m(2) and 56.3 K, respectively. In addition, this design achieves 50 frames per second, which is suitable for real-time CMOS image sensor compression.

关键词： image sensor machine learning IoT block truncation coding bit map YEF color space color sampling image compression Golomb-Rice coding

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A novel detection and recovery system for tampered images using block truncation coding and vector quantization

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The Journal of Photographic Science 2003年第4期51卷 235-246页

In this paper, a novel detection and recovery system is proposed for image authentication based on two compression schemes: block truncation coding and vector quantization. In order to reduce the overhead in the communication, the sender first compresses an image and then refines the characteristic values from the compressed image. The characteristic values are encrypted to digital signatures using the RSA scheme (proposed by Rivest, Shamir and Adleman). The signatures are embedded into the compressed image and thus the image integrity can be authenticated after transmission. Upon receipt of the compressed image, the receiver extracts the signatures and then decrypts the characteristic values using the sender's public key. Another characteristic value can also be decoded by the image compression scheme. By comparing a few characteristic values, the system determines whether or not the decompressed image is tampered and then outputs a correct characteristic value to rebuild the tampered regions. Furthermore, the proposed scheme authenticates the integrity of the image to the receiver and effectively recovers the tampered image.

关键词： block truncation coding vector quantization image authentication RSA digital signature

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Digital image watermarking technique based on block truncation coding with vector quantization

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CHINESE JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS 2002年第2期11卷 152-157页

作者： Lu, ZM Liu, CH Sun, SG Harbin Inst Technol Dept Automat Test & Control Harbin 150001 Peoples R China

Digital watermarking has been presented as a new method for copyright protection. This technique embeds a secret signal in a digital image or video sequence that allows one to establish ownership or identify a buyer. The common digital image watermarking techniques are spatial or transform-based, which are based on spread-spectrum communications. Most of transform-domain watermarking methods are based on discrete cosine transforms (DCT) and robust to JPEG lossy compression. Recently, digital image watermarking based on another important lossy compression technique, vector quantization (VQ), has been presented, which carries watermark information by codeword indices. It is secret and efficient, and is robust to VQ compression with the same codebook. block truncation coding (BTC) is a fast lossy image coding technique suitable for real-time image transmission. Both VQ and BTC have some shortcomings that affect their applications to image compression. To reduce edge degradation produced by VQ and BTC, VQ-BTC has been presented as an efficient technique for low-bit-rate image encoding. This paper presents a more efficient image watermarking method based on VQ-BTC. Experimental results show that the proposed technique is efficient and secret.

关键词： digital watermarking copyright protection block truncation coding vector quantization image coding

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Error Prevention and Concealment for Chinese Calligraphy Based on block truncation coding

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International Journal of Computer Processing of Languages 2002年第1期15卷 101-113页

作者： KUO-LUNG HUNG CHIN-CHEN CHANG Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Chung Cheng University Chaiyi Taiwan 621 R.O.C.

A considerable amount of calligraphy has been accumulated from past Chinese dynasties. With the arrival of the digital era, this calligraphy is being digitalized. However, when digital representations of the calligraphy are transmitted over a noisy channel, transmission errors usually occur. In this paper, we propose a new error prevention and concealment method for Chinese calligraphy. The basic idea of the method is to extract the image feature from a Chinese calligraphy and use it as the auxiliary information. Next, the auxiliary information is embedded into the BTC-compressed codes of the original image. Therefore, the auxiliary information can be extracted to help with the reconstruction of the errant blocks during the error concealment phase. From our experimental results, the proposed scheme can effectively conceal the errant blocks. Moreover, when comparing our method with related research, the image quality of our proposed method is superior to those of PIR and GSBEC. The superiority is more outstanding when the errant blocks are larger. Therefore, our proposed method is a highly effective error concealment technique for Chinese calligraphy.

关键词： Chinese Calligraphy block truncation coding Side Match Error Concealment

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Visual Quality Improvement for Ordered Dither block truncation coding

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电脑学刊 2019年第1期30卷 15-22页

作者： Chyi-Hwa Chu

Ordered dither block truncation coding (ODBTC) employs the ordered dither technique to produce the bitmap required in traditional block truncation coding (BTC). It can reduce the complexity of computations in the coding phrase. However, the blocking artifacts and undesired noises are still in the decoded images by ODBTC. In this paper, the properties of thresholds stored in the dither matrices are considered to estimate the decoded pixel intensities. That is, the dither matrices are used in both coding and decoding. Experimental results tell that the proposed schema can not only reduce quantization error but also improve the visual quality for the reconstructed images by ODBTC.

关键词： block truncation coding digital halftoning image compression ordered dither block truncation coding ordered dither technique

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Image progressive transmission by quadtree and block truncation coding

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The Journal of Photographic Science 2008年第3期56卷 153-162页

A novel progressive image transmission scheme that is capable of achieving good reconstructed image quality at a low computational cost is proposed. The quadtree segmentation technique is employed to exploit the spatial similarity among neighbouring pixels. Besides, the mean values and the absolute moment block truncation coding with bit plane omission are used to encode smooth blocks and complex blocks respectively. By choosing suitable controlling thresholds in the quadtree segmentation technique, multiple stages of reconstructed images can be obtained at low bit rates.

关键词： PROGRESSIVE IMAGE TRANSMISSION IMAGE COMPRESSION QUADTREE SEGMENTATION TECHNIQUE block truncation coding

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Ratio‐modified block truncation coding algorithms for reduced bitrates

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The Journal of Photographic Science 2011年第1期59卷 25-31页

block truncation coding (BTC) technique is a simple and fast image compression algorithm since complicated transforms are not used. The principle used in BTC algorithm is to use two‐level quantiser that adapts to local properties of the image while preserving the first‐ or first‐ and second‐order statistical moments. The parameters transmitter or stored in the BTC algorithm are statistical moments and bitplane yielding good quality images at a bitrate of 2 bits per pixel (bpp). In this paper, two algorithms for modified BTC (MBTC) are proposed for reducing the bitrate below 2 bpp. The principal used in the proposed algorithms is to use the ratio of moments which is a smaller value when compared to absolute moments. The ratio values are then entropy coded. The bitplane is also coded to remove the correlation among the bits. The proposed algorithms are compared with MBTC and the algorithms obtained by combining JPEG standard with MBTC in terms of bitrate, peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR) and subjective quality. It is found that the reconstructed images obtained using the proposed algorithms yield better results.

关键词： image coding block truncation coding JPEG arithmetic coding bitplane coding

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Multilevel block truncation coding of two steps searching

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 2001年第8期E84A卷 1977-1980页

作者： Chen, WJ Chung Chou Inst Technol Dept Elect Engn YuanLin 510 Taiwan

In this letter. a new scheme of designing multilevel BTC coding is proposed. The optimal quantization can obtain by selecting the quantization threshold with an exhaustive search. However, it requires an enormous amount of computation and is thus impractical while we take an exhaustive search for the multilevel BTC. A two-steps searching method is applied to reduce the computational complexity. Comparisons of results with various methods have verified that the proposed method approach to the optimal quantization with little computation complexity.

关键词： image coding block truncation coding absolute moment block truncation coding multilevel BTC two-steps search

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Image Authentication Using block truncation coding in Lifting Wavelet Domain

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMAGE AND GRAPHICS 2022年第1期22卷 p1-14页

作者： Bhardwaj, Anuj Verma, Vivek Singh Gupta, Sandesh Jaypee Inst Informat Technol Dept Math Noida 201309 Uttar Pradesh India Ajay Kumar Garg Engn Coll Dept Informat Technol Ghaziabad 201009 Uttar Pradesh India CSJM Univ Univ Inst Engn & Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Kanpur 208024 Uttar Pradesh India

Image watermarking is one of the most accepted solutions protecting image authenticity. The method presented in this paper not only provides the desired outcome also efficient in terms of memory requirements and preserving image characteristics. This scheme effectively utilizes the concepts of block truncation coding (BTC) and lifting wavelet transform (LWT). The BTC method is applied to observe the binary watermark image corresponding to its gray-scale image. Whereas, the LWT is incorporated to transform the cover image from spatial coordinates to corresponding transform coordinates. In this, a quantization-based approach for watermark bit embedding is applied. And, the extraction of binary watermark data from the attacked watermarked image is based on adaptive thresholding. To show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, the experiment over different benchmark images is performed. The experimental results and the comparison with state-of-the-art schemes depict not only the good imperceptibility but also high robustness against various attacks.

关键词： Robustness imperceptibility digital watermarking block truncation coding lifting wavelet transform

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