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coding in scientific modeling lessons (CS-ModeL)

ETR&D-EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2020年第3期68卷 1247-1273页

作者： Vasconcelos, Lucas Kim, ChanMin Univ South Carolina 820 Main St Columbia SC 29208 USA Penn State Univ 304 Fischer Rd State Coll PA 16801 USA

Learning standards for K-12 science education emphasize the importance of engaging students in practices that scientists perform in their profession. K-12 teachers are expected to engage students in scientific modeling, which entails constructing, testing, evaluating, and revising their own models of science phenomena while pursuing an epistemic goal. However, conceptualizing models of unobservable science phenomena without support is daunting for students. We propose that creating science simulations with block-based coding in Scratch is a promising approach to support student's scientific modeling and learning to code. However, research indicates that preservice and in-service science teachers often hold a deficient understanding of scientific modeling instruction, and lack experience teaching with coding. Professional learning on use of block-based coding in scientific modeling instruction is needed though such interdisciplinary research is scarce. In this paper, we review pertinent literature and propose five guidelines for teacher educators striving to offer such professional learning. The guidelines informed the design and development of coding in scientific modeling lessons (CS-ModeL), which is a module and an online tool for scaffolding teachers' learning to code science simulations, and to integrate simulation coding activities into scientific modeling lessons, respectively. We discuss how guidelines informed the design and development of CS-ModeL, as well as plans for future research.

关键词： Scientific modeling Epistemic agency block-based coding Simulations STEM teaching

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Learned Image Compression using Adaptive block-wise Encoding and Reconstruction Network 53

Learned Image Compression using Adaptive Block-wise Encoding...

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IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (IEEE ISCAS)

作者： Zhao, Zhenghui Jia, Chuanmin Wang, Shanshe Ma, Siwei Yang, Jiansheng Peking Univ Sch EE & CS Dept Comp Sci Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Peking Univ Sch Math Sci LMAM Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Peking Univ Informat Technol R&D Innovat Ctr Shaoxing 312000 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781728192017

In this paper, a flexible and adaptive block-wise image compression architecture with restoration network is proposed to improve the rate-distortion (R-D) performance of learned image compression. In contrast to existing learned compression algorithms which perform the image based transform coding, our approach splits the input image into non-overlapped blocks and compresses each block adaptively based on their local content characteristics. To reduce the artifacts caused by the block partitioning, block fusion network is subsequently proposed to overcome the drawbacks of block-wise independent coding. Further, quantization fine-tuning training process is proposed and utilized to reduce the difference of quantization operations between the training process and testing process. Experimental results show that the proposed network architecture has the ability to obtain significant coding gain compared with existing conventional compression standards including Versatile Video coding (VVC) and achieves comparable R-D performance with state-of-the-art learned image codec using less parameters.

关键词： Learned image compression block-based coding restoration network

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Cache parameters and memory power consumption of video algorithms

Cache parameters and memory power consumption of video algor...

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Conference on Multimedia Hardware Architectures 1998

作者： Kapoor, B Bosshart, PW Texas Instruments Inc DSPS R&D Ctr Dallas TX 75243 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819427519

Energy efficient computing is growing in demand as portable systems require energy efficiency in order to maximize the battery life. Memory power consumption is becoming an increasingly larger fraction of the total power consumption of a given system. In this paper, we provide data and insight into how the choice of cache parameters affects memory power consumption of video algorithms. We make use of memory traces generated as a result of running typical MPEG-2 motion estimation algorithms to simulate a large number of cache configurations. The cache simulation data is then combined with on-chip and off-chip memory power models to compute memory power consumption. We provide a detailed study of how varying cache size, block size, and associativity affects memory power consumption. The configurations of particular interest are the ones that optimize power under certain constraints. We also study the role of process technology in these experiments. In particular, we look at how moving to a more advanced process technology for the on-chip cache affects optimal points of operation with respect to memory power consumption.

关键词： low power power dissipation motion estimation cache memory architecture block-based coding video encoding power optimization multimedia architecture

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SPATIALLY ADAPTIVE IMAGE COMPRESSION USING A TILED DEEP NETWORK 24

SPATIALLY ADAPTIVE IMAGE COMPRESSION USING A TILED DEEP NETW...

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24th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)

作者： Minnen, D. Toderici, G. Covell, M. Chinen, T. Johnston, N. Shor, J. Hwang, S. J. Vincent, D. Singh, S. Google Inc 1600 Amphiteatre Pkwy Mountain View CA 94043 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781509021758

Deep neural networks represent a powerful class of function approximators that can learn to compress and reconstruct images. Existing image compression algorithms based on neural networks learn quantized representations with a constant spatial bit rate across each image. While entropy coding introduces some spatial variation, traditional codecs have benefited significantly by explicitly adapting the bit rate based on local image complexity and visual saliency. This paper introduces an algorithm that combines deep neural networks with quality-sensitive bit rate adaptation using a tiled network. We demonstrate the importance of spatial context prediction and show improved quantitative (PSNR) and qualitative (subjective rater assessment) results compared to a non adaptive baseline and a recently published image compression model based on fully-convolutional neural networks.

关键词： Image Compression Neural Networks block-based coding Spatial Context Prediction

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Detection method and removing filter for corner outliers in highly compressed video

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1st Pacific Rim Symposium on Image and Video Technology (PRSIVT 2006)

作者： Kim, Jongho Jeon, Kicheol Jeong, Jechang Hanyang Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn 17 Haengdang Seoul 133791 South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9783540682974

We propose a detection method and a removal filter for corner outliers in order to improve visual quality in highly compressed video. Corner outliers are detected using the direction of edge going through a block-corner and the properties of blocks around the block-corner. The proposed filter for removing corner outliers, which compensates the stair-shaped discontinuities around edges using the adjacent pixels, is applied to the detected area. Simulation results show that the proposed method improves, particularly in combination with deblocking filters, the visual quality remarkably.

关键词： corner outlier low bit-rate video block-based coding MPEG-4 video

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Barriers to programming education in UAE primary schools: a qualitative review from ICT teachers’ perspectives

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Discover Education 2023年第1期2卷 1-16页

作者： Elsawah, Wafaa Hill, Christopher British University in Dubai Dubai United Arab Emirates

Purpose: Demonstrate the importance of programming, discuss the pedagogical philosophy of how programming is taught, identify the barriers to the proper implementation of programming education in United Arab Emirates (UAE) primary schools, and find solutions to overcome these barriers. Methodology: The study adopted a qualitative approach. Thirteen ICT teachers, from different schools in the UAE, were interviewed to investigate their perception of the teaching of programming to primary students. Findings: The good application of programming education in UAE schools is yet to be accomplished. There is a need to reform the teaching of programming in primary schools in the UAE and to raise awareness about it and its importance in the school domain (school principals, teachers, and students). Implications: One significant implication is that teaching programming should be taken seriously by educational policymakers and school leaders as a core subject that should be taught to all students. The study also contributed to the growing body of literature on the value of programming skills and the role of the appropriate curriculum in developing these skills. Originality/value: This study provides new insights at both practical and scholarly levels. It can shed light on the field's expansion prospects. The outcomes of this study may assist educational policymakers in better implementing programming education, particularly in primary school. Moreover, it helps teachers better prepare for the problems that primary students may encounter with learning programming in schools. © The Author(s) 2023.

关键词： block-based coding coding Computational thinking Programming TAM

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Preservice science teachers coding science simulations: epistemological understanding, coding skills, and lesson design

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ETR&D-EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2022年第4期70卷 1517-1549页

作者： Vasconcelos, Lucas Kim, ChanMin Univ South Carolina 820 Main St Columbia SC 29208 USA Penn State Univ 304 Fischer Rd State Coll PA 16801 USA

National and state science learning standards urge K-12 educators to offer authentic Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics learning experiences. One way to fulfill this goal is to prepare preservice science teachers to integrate computer science skills, such as coding, into science education learning contexts that can benefit from it. This study implemented coding in Scientific Modeling Lessons (CS-ModeL) in a science teacher education course. CS-ModeL is the name of an instructional module and of an online tool, and they aim to support preservice science teachers' use of coding in scientific modeling and lesson design. Preservice teachers used block-based coding to create science simulations, performed analogous physical experiments, and designed lessons in which they support scientific modeling with coding. This mixed methods study investigated if and how participation in CS-ModeL affected preservice teachers' epistemological understanding of scientific models and modeling along with their understanding of computer science concepts. This study also examined coding-enhanced scientific modeling activities in their designed lessons. Results showed an overall improvement in participants' epistemological understanding of models and modeling, and in their understanding of computer science concepts. Participants' lessons featured activities in which block-based coding simulations are used either as a research tool or as an exploration tool. Additionally, most lessons targeted computer science practices, but not concepts. It was also found that participants' lessons were not aligned with their epistemological understanding of models and modeling. Study limitations, implications for research and practice, and directions for future research are discussed.

关键词： Scientific models Scientific modeling block-based coding Epistemological understanding coding concepts Lesson design

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UAE Parents’ Awareness of the Importance of Programming to Primary Students, and Their Perspectives Towards It: A Quantitative Study 1

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7th BUiD Doctoral Research Conference, BDRC 2023

作者： Elsawah, Wafaa Faculty of Education The British University in Dubai Dubai United Arab Emirates

ISBN: (数字)9783031561214

ISBN: (纸本)9783031561207

Purpose: Highlight programming’s importance and explore parental views on its inclusion in UAE primary schools. Methodology: Employing a quantitative approach, the study surveyed 499 UAE parents with primary school children. Their perspectives on programming and their children’s attitudes towards it were gauged. Findings: UAE’s primary school programming education needs reform, necessitating enhanced parental and student awareness. Implications: Educational policymakers should prioritize programming as a core subject, backed by this study. It adds to the literature on programming’s value, highlighting parental awareness’s impact on student attitudes. Originality/Value: This research contributes practical and academic insights, guiding potential expansion. Educational leaders, especially in primary schools, can use these findings to improve programming education. © The Author(s) 2024.

关键词： block-based coding coding programming TAM

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Reduction of blocking artifact based on edge information in discrete cosine transform-coded images

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OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2011年第9期50卷 097403-097403页

作者： Kwon, Goo-Rak Lama, Ramesh Kumar Pyun, Jae-Young Lee, Sang-Woong Chosun Univ Dept Informat & Commun Engn Kwangju 501759 Chonranam Do South Korea Chosun Univ Dept Comp Engn Kwangju 501759 Chonranam Do South Korea

We propose new method for the reduction of blocking artifacts present in low bit-rate coded images. This algorithm performs the deblocking operation in two modes that are determined by the number of edge pixels around the block boundary. The number of edge pixels is calculated by applying the Roberts edge filter. An appropriate filtering operation is performed for each mode in both the horizontal and vertical directions. First, when the mode is associated with a smooth region, a strong filtering operation is applied because flat regions are more sensitive to the human visual system. In the second mode, an adaptive low-pass filter that is based on pixel behavior around the block boundaries is applied. This filter reduces the blocking artifact without introducing undesired blurring effects, while the original image edge is preserved. Although the proposed approach is simple and operates in the spatial domain, experimental results show that it improves both the subjective and objective qualities of the coded image with various features. (C) 2011 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). [DOI: 10.1117/1.3625424]

关键词： deblocking blocking artifacts block-based coding

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Agile Curriculum Development: Computational Modeling COVID-19 21

Agile Curriculum Development: Computational Modeling COVID-1...

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Proceedings of the 52nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education

作者： Madeline Hinckle Veronica Catete Nicholas Lytle Tiffany Barnes Eric Wiebe North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450380621

Computational modeling provides an excellent vehicle for raising scientific awareness of emergent and topical phenomena such as COVID-19. Now more than ever, it is crucial to provide students with factual information about how diseases spread and how their own actions can impact that spread. In order to both encourage computational thinking skills and build scientific knowledge of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have created a series of programming activities through which students construct their own computational models based on the emerging scientific consensus around COVID-19. Students are able to model everyday situations such as being in a crowded area or going to stores while unknowingly infected, and immediately see the consequences of those actions. By including accurate scientific variables such as the reproductive number of the virus, incubation period, and period of communicability, students are able to create their own epi-curves that demonstrate the severity of the disease and provide students with visual representation of how quickly COVID-19 spreads. We also use the scientific model and associated modeling activities to reinforce best practices at home and in the community. Finally, this curriculum development effort demonstrates how block-based computational modeling activities lend themselves to agile curricular re-design around emerging and topics of local interest

关键词： middle grades block-based coding computational modeling k-12

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