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54th Annual ACM SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE TS)

作者： Grover, Shuchi Broll, Brian Babb, Derek Looking Glass Ventures Austin TX 78703 USA Vanderbilt Univ Nashville TN USA Univ Nebraska Omaha Omaha NE USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450394314

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and cybersecurity are becoming increasingly intertwined, with AI and Machine Learning (AI/ML) being leveraged for cybersecurity, and cybersecurity helping address issues caused by AI. The goal in our exploratory curricular initiative is to dovetail the need to teach these two critical, emerging topics in highschool, and create a suite of novel activities, 'AI & Cybersecurity for Teens' (ACT) that introduces AI/ML in the context of cybersecurity and prepares high school teachers to integrate them in their cybersecurity curricula. Additionally, ACT activities are designed such that teachers (and students) build a deeper understanding of how ML works and how the machine actually "learns". Such understanding will aid more meaningful interrogation of critical issues such as AI ethics and bias. ACT introduces core ML topics contextualized in cybersecurity topics through a range of programming activities and pre-programmed games in NetsBlox, an easy-to-use block-based programming environment. We conducted 2 pilot workshops with 12 high school cybersecurity teachers focused on ACT activities. Teachers' feedback was positive and encouraging but also highlighted potential challenges in implementing ACT in the classroom. This paper reports on our approach and activities design, and teachers' experiences and feedback on integrating AI into high school cybersecurity curricula.

关键词： cybersecurity education artificial intelligence education K-12 computer science education teacher preparation block-based programming

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CodeStruct: Design and Evaluation of an Intermediary programming Environment for Novices to Transition from Scratch to Python 22

CodeStruct: Design and Evaluation of an Intermediary Program...

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21st ACM Interaction Design and Children (IDC)

作者： Majeed, Kazemitabaar Viktar, Chyhir David, Weintrop Tovi, Grossman Univ Toronto Dept Comp Sci Toronto ON Canada Univ Maryland Coll Informat Studies Coll Educ College Pk MD 20742 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450391979

Transitioning from block-based programming environments to conventional text-based programming languages is a challenge faced by many learners as they progress in their computer science education. In this paper, we introduce CodeStruct, a new intermediary programming environment for novices designed to support children who have prior experience with block-based programming to ease the eventual transition to text-based programming. We describe the development of CodeStruct and its key design features. We then present the results from a two-week long programming class with 26 high school students (ages 12-16;M=14 years) investigating how CodeStruct supported learners in transitioning from Scratch to Python. Our findings reveal how learners used the scaffolds designed into CodeStruct to support their transition from blocks to text, and that transitioning to CodeStruct reduced completion time (1.98x in 3/4 sessions) and help requests (4.63x) when compared to transitioning directly to Python. Finally, learners that used CodeStruct, performed equally well (and slightly better in 10/16 programming activities) in their final transition to fully text-based Python programming.

关键词： high school computer science education block-based programming blocks-to-text transition

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VEX CTE: Design an Educational Industrial Robotic Arm

VEX CTE: Design an Educational Industrial Robotic Arm

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IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)

作者： Lin, Yuhan McKenna, Jason McKnight, Paul VEX Robot Greenville TX 75402 USA Vex Robot Warrington Cheshire England

ISBN: (纸本)9798350376920;9798350366136

This paper introduces VEX CTE, an educational industrial-like six-axis robotic arm that can be controlled and programmed through four distinct methods, catering to users of all programming abilities, from novice students who have never experienced an industrial robotic arm to advance programmers. VEX CTE can be programmed by: (1) Direct manipulation with a virtual teach pendant;(2) Direct connection programming using block-based programming, C++, or Python. (3) programming as a system with the VEX EXP Brain using blockbased programming, C++, or Python. By offering a range of programming approaches, VEX CTE accommodates users at their current skill levels, while providing mechanisms to advance from basic to more sophisticated and powerful programming techniques, as well as from simple to more complex robotic arm setups. Supporting four distinct programming approaches, which span from single arm to multisystem configurations including conveyor belts, VEX CTE is a novel addition to the ecosystem of tools designed to introduce novices to career and technical education practices.

关键词： Educational Robotics Design of programming Environments block-based programming Six-Axis Robotic Arm

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Position: Reusing in the Small: Promoting Procedural Abstraction in Scratch Communal Learning 3

Position: Reusing in the Small: Promoting Procedural Abstrac...

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IEEE blocks and Beyond Workshop (B&B)

作者： Techapalokul, Peeratham Tilevich, Eli Virginia Tech Dept Comp Sci Software Innovat Lab Blacksburg VA 24061 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781728148496

One of the most important concepts for budding programmers to master is procedural abstraction. Defined as placing coherent, possibly reusable, functionalities within their own encapsulated program units (e.g., procedures, functions, methods, custom blocks), this concept requires a tangible increase in programming proficiency to master. First and foremost, procedural abstraction is a means of conquering complexitythe ability to convincingly divide the program functionality into distinct coherent parts that are easy to understand and use. In addition, as invocable units of functionality, procedures provide ready-made components that encapsulate the hidden details of their implementation. One of the biggest advantages of Scratch is its seamless support for communal learning, realized as the ability to share and remix projects with ease. However, programmers remix Scratch projects in their entirety, carrying out the corresponding reuse and extension activities at the project level of granularity. In this position paper, we argue in favor of extending Scratch with the ability to reuse individual procedures, implemented as custom blocks. This ability has the great potential benefit of instilling the value of procedural abstraction in the minds of beginner programmers. We discuss how a reuse facility for custom blocks can be added to Scratch by identifying the corresponding design objectives, challenges, and opportunities.

关键词： block-based programming procedural abstraction reusability code quality Scratch introductory computing

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Your Phone as a Sensor: Making IoT Accessible for Novice Programmers

Your Phone as a Sensor: Making IoT Accessible for Novice Pro...

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IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)

作者： Jean, Devin Broil, Brian Stein, Gordon Ledeczi, Akos Vanderbilt Univ 221 Kirkland Hall Nashville TN 37235 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781665438513

Distributed computing, computer networking, and the Internet of Things are all around us, yet only computer science and engineering majors learn the technologies that enable our modern lives. This paper introduces PhoneIoT, a mobile app that makes it possible to teach some of the basic concepts of distributed computation and networked sensing to novices. PhoneIoT turns mobile phones and tablets into IoT devices and makes it possible to create highly engaging projects through NetsBlox, an open-source block-based programming environment focused on teaching distributed computing at the high school level. PhoneIoT lets NetsBlox programs-running in the browser on the student's computer-access available sensors. Since phones have touchscreens, PhoneIoT also allows building a GUI remotely from NetsBlox, which can be set to trigger custom code written by the student via NetsBlox's message system. The approach enables students to create quite advanced distributed projects, such as turning their phone into a game controller or tracking their exercise on top of an interactive Google Maps background with just a few blocks of code.

关键词： IoT Mobile Devices Sensors User Interaction block-based programming

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Design and evaluation of a scaffolded block-based learning environment for hierarchical data structures

Design and evaluation of a scaffolded block-based learning e...

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IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)

作者： Guillermo Feijoo-Garcia, Pedro Wang, Sishun Cai, Ju Polavarapu, Naga Gardner-McCune, Christina Ragan, Eric D. Univ Florida Dept Comp & Informat Sci & Engn Gainesville FL 32611 USA Univ El Bosque Program Syst Engn Bogota Colombia

ISBN: (纸本)9781728108100

This paper presents the design of blocks4DS, a block-based environment for students to learn data structures. As a proof-of-concept, we designed custom blocks to allow students to build and visualize Binary Search Trees (BST). blocks4DS is built on blockly and uses *** to provide visualizations of the binary search tree and its operations. This paper describes the results from an initial evaluation of usability and student learning.

关键词： CS Education tools block-based programming data structures visual languages human-centric computing

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A Physical Computing Approach to the Introduction of Computer programming among a Group of Pre-service Teachers

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AFRICAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MATHEMATICS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION 2021年第1期25卷 54-65页

作者： Govender, Reginald Gerald Govender, Desmond Wesley Univ KwaZulu Natal Sch Educ Math & Comp Sci Educ Cluster Edgewood Campus Pinetown South Africa

The emphasis on programming and robotics owing to the unfolding of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on the African continent has led the South African National Department of Education to propose a new subject in Grades R to 9. Hence, the training and development of pre-service teachers is crucial so that they can respond to the skills needed in the Digital Age. This preliminary study set out to explore and gauge pre-service teachers' experiences of programming and robotics. programming is perceived as being difficult and challenging because of its abstract nature. block-based programming has gained popularity in introducing the novice to programming concepts. This paper presents a case of nine computer science pre-service teachers from a South African university and their experiences of physical computer programming using Scratch for Arduino. Data was collected from unstructured observations during a practical session followed by a semi-structured group interview. The meaningful implementation of physical computing was supported by Rogers's (Freedom to learn: A view of what education might become, Charles Merrill, 1969) experiential learning theory. A prominent finding was that physical programming affords the opportunity to learn electronics and programming simultaneously, making programming relevant and interesting. programming with Scratch for Arduino takes advantage of the fact that an Arduino is a physical device when paired with Scratch, further making these concepts accessible in a concrete manner.

关键词： Arduino block-based programming learning programming physical computing Scratch

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Parallel programming with Pictures in a Snap! 30

Parallel Programming with Pictures in a Snap!

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30th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS)

作者： Feng, Annette Feng, Wu-chun Virginia Tech Dept Comp Sci Blacksburg VA 24061 USA Virginia Tech Dept Elect & Comp Engn Blacksburg VA 24061 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781509036820

For decades, computing speeds seemingly doubled every 24 months by increasing the clock speed and giving software a "free ride" to better performance. This free ride, however, effectively ended by the mid-to-late 2000s. With clock speeds having plateaued and computational horsepower instead increasing due to increasing the number of cores per processor, the vision for parallel computing, which started more than 40 years ago, is a revolution that has now (ubiquitously) arrived. In addition to traditional supercomputing clusters, parallel computing with multiple cores can be found in desktops, laptops, and even mobile smartphones. This ubiquitous parallelism in hardware presents at least two major challenges: (1) difficulty in easily extracting parallel performance via current software abstractions and (2) difficulty in delivering correctness - as even without parallelism, software defects already account for up to 40 percent of system failures. Consequently, this paper presents preliminary research that reduces the learning curve to parallel programming by introducing such concepts into a visual (but currently serial) programming language called Snap!. Furthermore, the proposed visual abstractions automatically generate parallel code for the end user so as to better ensure that the resulting (text-based) code is correct.

关键词： explicit parallel computing computer science education block-based programming visual programming parallel computational patterns

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Anomaly Detection in Scratch Assignments 21

Anomaly Detection in Scratch Assignments

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IEEE/ACM 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)

作者： Koerber, Nina Univ Passau Passau Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781665412193

For teachers, automated tool support for debugging and assessing their students' programming assignments is a great help in their everyday business. For block-based programming languages which are commonly used to introduce younger learners to programming, testing frameworks and other software analysis tools exist, but require manual work such as writing test suites or formal specifications. However, most of the teachers using languages like SCRATCH are not trained for or experienced in this kind of task. Linters do not require manual work but are limited to generic bugs and therefore miss potential task-specific bugs in student solutions. In prior work, we proposed the use of anomaly detection to find project-specific bugs in sets of student programming assignments automatically, without any additional manual labour required from the teachers' side. Evaluation on student solutions for typical programming assignments showed that anomaly detection is a reliable way to locate bugs in a data set of student programs. In this paper, we enhance our initial approach by lowering the abstraction level. The results suggest that the lower abstraction level can focus anomaly detection on the relevant parts of the programs.

关键词： Anomaly Detection Scratch block-based programming Program Analysis Teaching

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Introducing block-based Testing in Scratch 24

Introducing Block-Based Testing in Scratch

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24th Koli Calling

作者： Steckenbiller, Siegfried Feldmeier, Patric Fraser, Gordon Heuer, Ute Obermuller, Florian Univ Passau Passau Germany Univ Passau Chair Software Engn 2 Passau Germany Univ Passau FIM Passau Germany Univ Passau Fac Comp Sci & Math Passau Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798400710384

The block-based programming environment Scratch is widely used by learners to make their first steps into the world of programming. Often applied in educational contexts, both teachers and students would benefit from quick and individual feedback on their Scratch projects. To provide such feedback, we extend the Scratch ecosystem with the concept of automated tests that are integrated into the block editor. A set of new Scratch blocks allows the creation of tests that can automatically check the behaviour of Scratch programs, and an intuitive test interface enables the control of created tests. To assist teachers in evaluating an entire class of programs, our interface offers a batch evaluation feature, enabling users to test several Scratch files against a single suite of block-based tests.

关键词： Scratch block-based programming Automated Testing Feedback

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