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Introduction to ACI/PCI 319-25 building code Requirements for Structural Precast Concrete- code and Commentary

PCI JOURNAL 2025年第2期70卷 16-22页

作者： Cleland, Ned Gallandorm, Edith AG&E Associates Inc Precast Prestressed Engn Dallas TX 75202 USA PCI Codes & Stand New Delhi India

This article introduces the new ACI/PCI 319 code, building code Requirements for Structural Precast Concrete-code and Commentary. This document, developed jointly by the American Concrete Institute (ACI) and PCI, is based on existing concrete code requirements from building code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary (ACI 318R-19) and includes additional design requirements developed by PCI specifically for structural precast concrete components and systems

关键词： ACI American Concrete Institute building code de- sign handbook PCI precast concrete

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building code Compliance for Off-Site Construction

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JOURNAL OF LEGAL AFFAIRS AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION 2023年第2期15卷 04522056-04522056页

作者： Gharbia, Marwan Chang-Richards, Alice Xu, Xun Hook, Matilda Stehn, Lars Jahne, Rene Hall, Daniel Park, Kenneth Hong, Jingke Feng, Yingbin Univ Auckland Dept Civil & Environm Engn Auckland 1010 New Zealand Univ Auckland Dept Mech Engn Auckland 1010 New Zealand Lulea Univ Technol Dept Civil Environm & Nat Resources Engn SE-97187 Lulea Sweden Natl Ctr Competence Res NCCR Digital Fabricat HIB 25-Stefano Franscini Pl 18092 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland Swiss Fed Inst Technol Dept Civil Environm & Geomatic Engn CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland Aston Univ Sch Engn & Appl Sci Birmingham B4 7ET England Chongqing Univ Dept Management Sci & Engn Chongqing 400045 Peoples R China Western Sydney Univ Sch Built Environm Penrith NSW 2751 Australia

There are increasing concerns over building code, regulation compliance, and quality assurance issues in adopting off-site construction techniques in the construction industry related to meeting client expectations and regulatory requirements. Performance-based building regulations often allow for space for innovation but not a safe space for those who intend to introduce new construction techniques not prescribed in building regulations. Through a series of surveys conducted in Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, China, Singapore, and Australia, this study identified approaches and practices used in these countries that overcome compliance challenges when off-site construction techniques are used. The findings showed that manufacturer self-certification is the predominant approach for meeting code compliance requirements. A fit-for-purpose regulatory compliance system also warrants fair allocation of risks and liabilities to anyone involved in the supply chain. However, a healthy and functional regulatory system for off-site compliance requires third-party certification for products and factories and traceability. It is hoped that the lessons learned from this study can help policymakers introduce changes in product standards and legislation in order to improve the compliance and performance of off-site construction. This study concluded that a chain of custody approach is necessary in order to address quality concerns surrounding the adoption of prefabrication technology in countries that are increasingly exploring greater use of manufacturing in construction.

关键词： building code Compliance Off-site construction Off-site manufacturing Prefabrication International practice

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A seismological method for estimating the long-period transition period TL in the seismic building code

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EARTHQUAKE SPECTRA 2023年第2期39卷 1037-1057页

作者： Assadollahi, Christie Pezeshk, Shahram Campbell, Kenneth Univ Memphis Engn Sci BldgRoom 104A Memphis TN 38152 USA Kenneth W Campbell Consulting LLC Beaverton OR USA

Many changes have been made to the design response spectrum used in the ASCE 7 Standard in recent years. One parameter that has not been investigated or revisited since its first appearance in FEMA 450-1/2003 is the long-period transition period parameter, T-L. The long-period transition period parameter was introduced and defined as the corner period that marks the transition from the constant velocity to the constant displacement segments of the design response spectrum. The long-period transition period parameter is primarily important for long-period structures such as high-rise buildings and bridges. The most current estimation of T-L used in engineering design standards is loosely based on a correlation between modal magnitude M-w and T-L that does not account for stress drop Delta sigma or the crustal velocity in the source region beta. This study aims to include both Delta sigma and beta in its estimation of T-L. Modal magnitude is obtained from disaggregation data from the 2018 National Seismic Hazard Model (NSHM) for the conterminous United States (CONUS) and from the 2021 NSHM for Hawaii (HI). The parameter beta is determined from previous literature. Then, inversion of ground motion models for Central and Eastern United States (CEUS) is used to determine Delta sigma for CEUS events, and published information is used to determine Delta sigma for Western United States (WUS) events and HI events. Then, the definition of the corner period is used to determine T-L. The results yield a generally more conservative (or longer) estimation of T-L than the estimation that is currently used in engineering design standards.

关键词： Long-period parameter building code seismological parameters improved seismic design response spectrum building code response spectrum TL parameter

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An evidence-based framework validation for building code improvement in New Zealand

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ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECTURAL MANAGEMENT 2022年第8期29卷 3072-3090页

作者： Nwadike, Amarachukwu Nnadozie Wilkinson, Suzanne Massey Univ Sch Built Environm Albany Campus Auckland New Zealand

Purpose New Zealand building code may be serving its purpose to an extent, there is still a need to develop a framework to improve the use and application of building code for better building performance and services. This study aims to validate the identified parameters in the developed framework to improve building code practice in New Zealand. Design/methodology/approach Subject matter experts interview was conducted with key stakeholders that use building code, standards and other associated compliance documents. Findings The findings from this study establish the importance of improving the building code, and the efficacy of validated framework helps to identify the areas with the most pressing needs within the building regulatory system. All the subject matter experts unanimously agreed on educating and training the building code users. Besides, the validated framework will enable the policy decision-makers in the building regulatory system to promote the use of building code and the utilisation of its potentials in reducing disaster while increasing the built environment resilience. The study concludes that the designed framework will create more robust strategy implementations to enhance innovative solutions embedded in performance-based building code. Originality/value This study originality centres on the practical application of an evidence-based framework for performance-based building code, standards and other related compliance documents.

关键词： Evidence-based framework building code Improvement Compliance documents Enforcement Built environment

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building code amendment and building resilience: perspective of building code users in New Zealand

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BUILT ENVIRONMENT PROJECT AND ASSET MANAGEMENT 2021年第4期11卷 643-659页

作者： Nwadike, Amarachukwu Nnadozie Wilkinson, Suzanne Massey Univ Sch Built Environm Auckland New Zealand

Purpose The process followed in amending building code creates problems for code users within the building industry. These problems include the need and frequency of changes made to building code, access to updated documents, method of communication, amendment interval and amendment pathway. This study aims to explore the viewpoints of building code users regarding building code amendments in New Zealand. Design/methodology/approach Using a closed-ended questionnaire survey, this paper examined the New Zealand building code amendments by evaluating the views of experienced and relevant stakeholders within the research area. Findings A high proportion (50.90%) of the survey participants agreed to a three-years building code amendment cycle, as against the current biannual Amendment practiced in New Zealand. Findings from the study affirmed the necessity for building code amendment and the support for free amended building code documents to the public and other building standards. The study concludes with strong support to the use of intensive research and learning gained from disasters in building code amendment in New Zealand. Implementing the code users opinions encourages disaster resilience through effective application of the building code requirements in design and construction. Originality/value The contribution from this study offered a unique insight into the perspectives of building code users on building code amendment in New Zealand and ways of incorporating the findings in the building code later updates to improve disaster resilience in the built environment.

关键词： New Zealand building code Amendment Disaster resilience Built environment

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Evaluation of building code compliance in MexicoCity: mid-rise dwellings

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building RESEARCH AND INFORMATION 2016年第2期44卷 202-213页

作者： Reinoso, Eduardo Jaimes, Miguel A. Torres, Marco A. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico Inst Ingn Mexico City 04510 DF Mexico

The Mexico City building code (MCBC-2004) - Reglamento de Construcciones del Distrito Federal, Gaceta Oficial del Distrito Federal, 29 de enero de 2004 in Spanish - is a state-of-the-art code;the most comprehensive and advanced set of requirements in the country;and it serves as a model for codes in Mexico's regions. However, many recently built mid-rise dwellings seem too weak to withstand earthquakes, with evident structural deficiencies. Insufficient official mechanisms exist for supervising the design and construction of such new structures. This study evaluates current practice and compares it with the guidelines of the MCBC-2004 using a sample of structures of 150 buildings constructed after 2004. Structural analysis and design revisions were made for a subset of 20 buildings. This study confirms that a large number of new buildings in Mexico City do not have a reliable record of technical information. Therefore, it is difficult to reanalyse buildings to assess their earthquake performance. Many buildings have limited information making it impossible to verify their structural seismic behaviour. The analyses performed for those buildings with available information show that many would have inadequate performance during an intense earthquake, as they do not meet the minimum requirements in the MCBC-2004. To improve governance and actual outcomes, an institute is needed to improve construction practices and code enforcement particularly for residential buildings.

关键词： building code code compliance dwellings governance professionalism seismic design Mexico

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Economy and extravagance in craft culture: the deployment of a grand building code in Chinese construction history

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JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND building ENGINEERING 2023年第6期22卷 3160-3169页

作者： Ma, Pengfei Li, Mengbi Tongji Univ Coll Architecture & Urban Planning Shanghai Peoples R China Victoria Univ Inst Sustainable Ind & Livable Cities Year Coll 1 Melbourne Australia Victoria Univ Footscray Pk Campus Room D606dBldg D Melbourne 3011 Australia

The grand building code called Yingzao fashi, drafted in the twelfth-century Song dynasty, was used as a technical reference guide and assisted previous researchers in analyses of premodern Chinese building structures and construction, yet how the building code entangled with contemporary society, coetaneous challenges and the changing courses of political power deserves a comprehensive investigation. This study applies the research approach of textual analysis to track the vicissitude of the grand building code, examine these contemporary reforming attempts related to the building code, and scrutinise the consequence of the national building code when it was implemented in the later Song dynasty. By tracing the formation, promulgation and implementation of Yingzao fashi in premodern China, this paper reveals that the building standards are the product of emerging philosophical theories and the standardisation of practices is the key strategy in the building and construction reforms. It also concludes that the political and power factors would dominantly influence the evolution of the building code and thwart its effectiveness, thus producing a result opposite to its initial intention in practice.

关键词： building code construction history craft culture state finance Yingzao-fashi

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Evaluation of seismic design values in the Taiwan building code by using artificial neural network

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CMES-COMPUTER MODELING IN ENGINEERING & SCIENCES 2008年第1期26卷 1-12页

作者： Kerh, Tienfuan Lai, J. S. Gunaratnam, D. Saunders, R. Natl Pingtung Univ Sci & Technol Dept Civil Engn Pingtung 91207 Taiwan Univ Sydney Fac Architecture Design & Planning Key Ctr Design Comp & Cognit Sydney NSW 2006 Australia

Taiwan frequently suffers from strong ground motion, and the current building code is essentially based on two seismic zones, A and B. The design value of horizontal acceleration for zone A is 0.33g, and the value for zone B is 0.23g. To check the suitability of these values, a series of actual earthquake records are considered for evaluating peak ground acceleration (PGA) for each of the zones by using neural network models. The input parameters are magnitude, epicenter distance, and focal depth for each of the checking stations, and the peak ground acceleration is calculated as the output with the use of spatial relationship in an averaged sense. The neural network model estimations showed that for 5 of the locations, out of the 24 locations considered, the design value recommended in the building code would be exceeded. In addition, a curve fitting model, PGA = 8.96/Df, is developed for the relationship between horizontal PGA and focal distance (Df), and reflecting the essential characteristics of strong motion in region investigated. The neural network model and the mathematical equation can provide useful information for both the relevant government agencies and practicing engineering designers.

关键词： building code design value criteria neural network peak ground acceleration potential hazardous locations curve fitting model

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Energy and architectural consequences of Swedish building code

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SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2016年第2期5卷 125-142页

作者： Lundgren, Marja Sofie White Arkitekter AB Stockholm Sweden

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to propose building code changes that would benefit both architectural design and the potential of achieving nearly zero energy goals by analyzing the architectural implications of the energy system boundaries within the Swedish code. Design/methodology/approach - The analysis is driven by three questions that relate the national implementation of EU directive on nearly zero energy 2020 to the premises set out in the guidelines for revising the Swedish building code aiming at a performance-based regulation. A crucial part of the research is a comparative analysis of the design implications of the code to research findings in scientific articles on near-zero energy or low-energy design. Findings - The energy system boundaries in the Swedish code are steering the architectural design and energy consequences of offices towards using less heat but more electricity. The energy section is also limiting the architectural design choices by ignoring the positive energy aspects of daylight. A proposal of a new comprehensive energy section taking all architectural design related energy aspects into account is presented, in order to support design of nearly zero energy buildings. Practical implications - A building code that relates the energy system boundaries to form will help integrated design choices that are more likely to support the strive towards nearly zero energy buildings. Originality/value - The paper reveals the design implication of the Swedish energy section to be counterproductive regarding energy efficiency as well as limiting architectural design choices.

关键词： Architectural design building code Daylight EU directive Nearly zero energy Performance based regulation

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Why amending building codes? An investigation of the benefits of regular building code amendment in New Zealand

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF building PATHOLOGY AND ADAPTATION 2022年第1期40卷 76-100页

作者： Nwadike, Amarachukwu Nnadozie Wilkinson, Suzanne Massey Univ Sch Built Environm Auckland New Zealand

Purpose The New Zealand building code has played a vital role in reducing the impact of disasters in the built environment. Following the nature of earthquake occurrences, the associated impacts such as building collapse and the increase in technological innovation in the building sector, the New Zealand building code has been frequently amended. The building code amendment ensures that buildings and other related infrastructures can withstand the impact of ground shaking without substantial damages to buildings. The purpose of this paper is to identify and explore the benefits of building code amendments in New Zealand. Design/methodology/approach Document analysis and closed-ended questionnaire were adopted as data collection instruments for this study. The relevant stakeholders comprise structural engineer, geotechnical engineer, architect, building services consulting engineer, licensed building practitioner, project manager, building contractor, local authority, academic/researcher and quantity surveyor. Findings A significant proportion of the survey participants that agreed to the importance of building code amendments in New Zealand justify the benefits of the amendments. The study serves as a useful guide to policy regulators and researchers who are exploring other aspects of regular building code amendments in New Zealand. The findings from this study suggest that amending the New Zealand building code needs a proactive approach to promote local technology, enhance low-cost construction materials, training of code users and reducing bureaucracy in design approval and construction inspection. The study concludes that improving on the 28 factors identified in this study would contribute intensively to disaster risk reduction in the built environment and an increase in compliance level in New Zealand. Originality/value This paper originality comes from its practical approach towards identifying the benefits of building code amendments

关键词： building code Amendment Earthquake New Zealand Resilience Benefits

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