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EXPERIMENTAL MEcHANIcS 2018年第8期58卷 1281-1289页

作者： Keller, M. W. Mailler, R. Adams, K. Univ Tulsa Dept Mech Engn 800 S Tucker Dr Tulsa OK 74104 USA Univ Tulsa Tandy Sch Comp Sci 800 S Tucker Dr Tulsa OK 74104 USA

The surface adhesion between c. elegans and the agar plates on which they are commonly grown has yet to be accurately quantified. c. elegans is a scientifically important species of nematode whose simple structure allowed the first mapping of the complete nervous system in a multicellular organism. One of the current topics of research in the c. elegans community is the investigation of neuronal function in locomotion. Models of locomotion are used in these studies to aid in determination of the functions of specific neurons involved in locomotion. The adhesion force plays a critical role in developing these models. This paper presents the experimental determination of the adhesion energy of a representative sample of c. elegans. Adhesion energy was determined by a direct pull-off technique. In this approach, nematodes are anesthetized to prevent movement and secured to a small load cell before an agar plate is slowly brought into contact with the specimen and then removed. The maximum tensile force is then fit to a JKR-type adhesion model, which assumes that the nematode is a cylinder in order to determine the adhesion energy. Repeated adhesions are also investigated to determine the importance of drying on the measured adhesion force. From these experiments, the adhesion energy was found to be W =4.94 +/- 1.19 mJ/m(2). Limited experiments on the rol-6 cuticle mutant found a lower adhesion energy W =2.65 +/- 1.16 mJ/m(2) for these animals.

关键词： c elegans Adhesion Mechanical testing

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A Discussion on Instinct, Paris, 1954

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BIOLOGIcAL THEORY 2024年第2期19卷 137-149页

作者： Kohn, Gregory M. Univ North Florida Dept Psychol Anim Social Interact Lab Jacksonville FL 32224 USA

The publication of Daniel Lehrman's 1953 paper, "A critique of Konrad Lorenz's Theory of Instinctive Behavior," (The Quarterly Review of Biology 28(4):337-363) exposed a gulf between comparative psychologists and ethologists regarding the concept of instincts. At the center of this debate was a rivalry between T. c. Schneirla-Lehrman's doctoral advisor-and Konrad Lorenz. While Schneirla maintained that the concept of innate instincts mischaracterized developmental processes, Lorenz maintained that innateness was essential to understand the evolution of behavior. A year after the publication of Lehrman's paper, the Singer-Polignac Foundation organized a small conference where leaders in evolutionary biology, ethology, behavioral physiology, and comparative psychology met to discuss the concept of instinct and innateness. The result of this meeting was the publication of the book L'instinct dans le comportement des animaux et de l'homme (M. Autuori et al. (1956) Masson, Paris) in which each conference participant submitted a chapter that was followed by a discussion among the participants. Here I review the historical context surrounding this conference with a republishing of the commentary on Schneirla's chapter, "Interrelationships of the 'Innate' and the 'Acquired' in Instinctive Behavior." Originally published in English, German, and French, the discussion is included here with a new translation into English for the first time. A companion article (this issue;G. M. Kohn (2024) "Revisiting T. c. Schneirla's 'Interrelationships of the "Innate" and the "Acquired" in Instinctive Behavior' (1956)") discusses and makes available Schneirla's complete paper.

关键词： comparative Psychology Development Ethology Innate Innateness Instinct D Lehrman Nativism T c Schneirla

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A new history and underpinning for conceptual engineering

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INQUIRY-AN INTERDIScIPLINARY JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY 2024年第3期67卷 824-839页

作者： Misak, cheryl Univ Toronto Toronto ON Canada

The later carnap is usually cited as the first conceptual engineer - someone who argues that we can and should revise our concepts in order to make them fit for their purpose. This paper shows that there is an earlier, pragmatist, account of conceptual engineering and that today's conceptual engineers would do well to turn to it, rather than to carnap.

关键词： conceptual engineering R carnap c S Peirce F Ramsey A Pap

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A controlled Experiment on Python vs c for an Introductory Programming course: Student's Outcomes

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AcM TRANSAcTIONS ON cOMPUTING EDUcATION 2018年第3期18卷 1–16页

作者： Wainer, Jacques Xavier, Eduardo c. Univ Estadual Campinas Comp Inst Av Albert Einstein 1251 BR-13083852 Campinas SP Brazil

We performed a controlled experiment comparing a c and a Python Introductory Programming course. Three faculty members at University of campinas, Brazil, taught the same cS1 course for the same majors in two different semesters, one version in Python and one in c, with a total of 391 students involved in the experiment. We measured the dropout rate, the failure rate, the grades on the two exams, the proportion of completed lab assignments, and the number of submissions per completed assignment. There was no difference in the dropout rate. The failure rate for Python was 16.9% against 23.1% for c. The effect size (cohen's D) on the comparison of Python against c on the midterm exam was 0.27, and 0.38 for the final exam. The effect size for the proportion of completed assignments was 0.39 and the effect size for the number of submissions per assignment was -0.61 (Python had less submissions per completed assignments). Thus, for all measures, with the exception of dropout rate, the version of the course in Python yielded better student outcomes than the version in c and all differences are significant (with 95% confidence) with the exception of the failure rate (p-value = 0.12).

关键词： Introductory programming Python c cS1 controlled experiment

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Baseline Serum Biomarkers of Inflammation and Subsequent Visit-to-Visit Blood Pressure Variability: A Post Hoc Analysis of MESA

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AMERIcAN JOURNAL OF HYPERTENSION 2023年第3期36卷 144-147页

作者： Wong, Ka-Ho Muddasani, Varsha Peterson, cecilia Sheibani, Nazanin Arkin, cameron cheong, Irene Majersik, Jennifer J. Biffi, Alessandro Petersen, Nils Falcone, Guido J. Sansing, Lauren H. de Havenon, Adam H. Univ Utah Dept Neurol Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA Einstein Hlthcare Network Dept Neurol Philadelphia PA USA Tufts Med Ctr Dept Neurol Boston MA USA Univ Utah Dept Internal Med Salt Lake City UT USA Massachusetts Gen Hosp Dept Neurol Boston MA USA Yale Univ Dept Neurol New Haven CT USA

Background Higher blood pressure variability (BPV) is associated with the development of major vascular diseases, independent of mean blood pressure. However, despite data indicating that serum inflammatory markers are linked to hypertension, the association between serum inflammatory markers and BPV has not been studied in humans. Methods This is a post hoc analysis of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) study. The study exposure was tertiles of serum level of interleukin-6 (IL-6), c-reactive protein (cRP), d-dimer, plasmin-antiplasmin complex (PAP), fibrinogen antigen, and calibrated Factor VIII (%) at the baseline study visit. The primary outcome was visit-to-visit BPV measured as the residual standard deviation (rSD) of at least 4 study visits (2000-2018). Two logistic regression models were fit to the top tertile of rSD during follow-up: in Model 1, we adjusted for age, sex, and hypertension, and in Model 2, for patient age categories, sex, race/ethnicity, education, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, drinking, body mass index, lipid-lowering medication, and mean systolic blood pressure. Results Our analysis included 5,483 patients, with a mean (SD) age of 61.4 (10.0) years, 52.9% female, and 40.7% White. In unadjusted analyses, all markers of inflammation were associated with higher BPV, but after adjustment, only IL-6 retained significance (P < 0.001). The odds ratio for the highest tertile of BPV and IL-6 was 1.49 (95% confidence interval [cI] 1.28-1.74, P < 0.001). conclusions Baseline serum IL-6 was associated with increased subsequent BPV in a large multiracial cohort. Further investigation is needed to better understand the relationship between chronic inflammation and BPV.

关键词： angiotensin II blood pressure blood pressure variability c reactive protein hypertension interleukin 6 Multi Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis plasmin antiplasmin complex residual standard deviation

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Role of Antifungal Susceptibility Tests in the Treatment of Vulvovaginal candidiasis

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cURRENT INFEcTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS 2023年第3期25卷 29-32页

作者： Sobel, J. D. Wayne State Univ Dept Med Div Infect Dis Detroit MI 48202 USA Mott Ctr Human Growth & Dev 275 Hancock St Detroit MI 48201 USA

Purpose of ReviewThe increased prevalence of antifungal drug resistance associated with common vaginal pathogen c. albicans as well as non-albicans candida species is now widespread in association with refractory and breakthrough vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVc).Recent FindingsPhysicians currently empirically select antifungal agents without knowledge and access to antifungal susceptibility tests (ASTs). Few clinical laboratories provide this essential service, and clinicians treating VVc lack experience in interpreting minimal inhibitory testing (MIcs), and breakpoint values for vaginal yeast pathogens are often not *** are increasingly requested and are invaluable in selecting optimal antifungal therapy for challenging patients with infection caused by resistant candida species.

关键词： Vulvovaginal candidiasis Vaginitis Antifungal drug resistance susceptibility tests Fluconazole c albicans Non-albicans candida species

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Dosimetric properties of Al₂O₃ transparent ceramics doped with c

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NUcLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSIcS RESEARcH SEcTION B-BEAM INTERAcTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS 2018年 435卷 296-301页

作者： Kato, Takumi Kawano, Naoki Okada, Go Kawaguchi, Noriaki Yanagida, Takayuki Nara Inst Sci & Technol NAIST 8916-5 Takayama Cho Ikoma Nara 6300192 Japan

We have investigated scintillation and thermally-stimulated luminescence (TSL) dosimetric properties of Al2O3 transparent ceramics doped with different concentrations of c ions (0.001, 0.01 and 0.1%). The samples were synthesized by the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) technique. All the samples showed scintillation with emission peaks at 310, 410 and 693 nm under X-ray irradiation. Based on the scintillation decay times measured, the origins of emissions at 310, 410 and 693 nm were attributed to F+ centers, F centers and cr3+ impurity ions, respectively. The samples show notable TSL with a glow curve consisting of peaks at 30, 100, 165, 230, 330 and 405 degrees c with much higher intensities than those of undoped Al2O3 transparent ceramics. A TSL response was confirmed to be linear to the irradiation dose over a range from 0.1 to 1000 mGy.

关键词： Transparent ceramic Al2O3 c Dosimeter TSL Scintillation

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Antibiotic resistance and resistance mechanism of corynebacterium kroppenstedtii isolated from patients with mastadenitis

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF cLINIcAL MIcROBIOLOGY & INFEcTIOUS DISEASES 2023年第4期42卷 525-528页

作者： Zhang, Qin Wu, Shi Song, Peipei Liu, Yi Ding, Li Shi, Qingyu Zhu, Xuan Zhang, Liyuan Zhang, Jun Wang, Qin Xu, Jian Hu, Fupin Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Chengdu Womens & Childrens Cent Hosp Sch Med Chengdu Peoples R China Fudan Univ Huashan Hosp Inst Antibiot Shanghai Peoples R China

To investigate the antibiotic resistance and resistance mechanism of corynebacterium kroppenstedtii (c. kroppenstedtii) isolated from patients with mastadenitis. Ninety c. kroppenstedtii clinical isolates were obtained from clinical specimens in 2018-2019. Species identification was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the broth microdilution method. The resistance genes were detected using PcR and DNA sequencing. The results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated that the resistance rates of c. kroppenstedtii to erythromycin and clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were 88.9%, 88.9%, 67.8%, 62.2%, and 46.6%, respectively. None of the c. kroppenstedtii isolates was resistant to rifampicin, linezolid, vancomycin, or gentamicin. The gene of erm(X) was detected in all clindamycin and erythromycin-resistant strains. The gene of sul(1) and tet(W) were detected among all trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole-resistant strains and tetracycline-resistant strains, respectively. Furthermore, 1 or 2 amino acid mutations (mainly single mutation) were observed in the gyrA gene among ciprofloxacin-resistant strains.

关键词： c kroppenstedtii Antimicrobial resistance erm(X) tet(W) sul(1) gyrA

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A longitudinal study on fluconazole resistance in candida albicans vaginal isolates

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MYcOSES 2023年第7期66卷 563-565页

作者： Sobel, Jack D. D. Sebastian, Sreya Boikov, Dina A. A. Wayne State Univ Dept Internal Med Div Infect Dis Sch Med Detroit MI USA Mott Ctr Human Growth 275 E Hancock St Detroit MI 48201 USA

BackgroundRecurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVc), despite its worldwide prevalence, has limited treatment options;and a long-term prophylactic regimen utilising fluconazole is the dominant choice. ObjectivesAn increase in fluconazole resistance is reported, and little information is available about the reversibility of resistance status following the withdrawal of fluconazole. MethodsRepeated antifungal susceptibility tests (ASTs) for fluconazole at a median interval of 3 months between them were evaluated in women with refractory or recurrent VVc patients at the Vaginitis clinic from 2012 to 2021 (10 years) and performed at pH 7 and pH 4.5 using the broth microdilution tests based on the cLSI M27-A4 reference method. ResultsOf 38 patients with long-term follow-up with repeat ASTs, 13 patients (13/38, 34.2%) tested at pH 7.0 remained susceptible to fluconazole with MIc <= 2 mu g/mL. Nineteen patients (19/38, 50%) remained resistant to fluconazole with MIc >= 8 mu g/mL, whereas four (4/38, 10.5%) changed from susceptible to resistant and two (2/38, 5.2%) changed from resistant to susceptible over time. At pH 4.5, among the 37 patients with repeated MIc values, nine (9/37, 24.3%) remained susceptible to fluconazole and 22 (22/37, 59.5%) remained resistant. Three isolates (3/37, 8.1%) changed from susceptible to resistant, while 3 (3/37, 8.1%) changed from resistant to susceptible over time. conclusionFluconazole susceptibility in candida albicans vaginal isolates obtained longitudinally in women with RVVc remains stable with rare reversal of resistance despite azole avoidance.

关键词： azole c albicans fluconazole resistance RVVc susceptibility

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Storage of c, N, and P affected by afforestation with Salix cupularis in an alpine semiarid desert ecosystem

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LAND DEGRADATION & DEVELOPMENT 2018年第1期29卷 188-198页

作者： Hu, Yu-Fu Shu, Xiang-Yang He, Jia Zhang, Yu-Lin Xiao, Hai-Hua Tang, Xiao-Yan Gu, Yun-Fu Lan, Ting Xia, Jian-Guo Ling, Jing chen, Guang-Deng Wang, chang-Quan Deng, Liang-Ji Yuan, Shu Sichuan Agr Univ Coll Resources Chengdu 611130 Sichuan Peoples R China Harbin Inst Technol Shenzhen Shenzhen Key Lab Organ Pollut Prevent & Control Shenzhen 518055 Peoples R China

Few systemic assessments have evaluated the success of these afforestation programs in alpine semiarid desert ecosystems in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In this study, we investigated the influences of three Salix cupularis plantation age classes (6, 18, and 34years) on the carbon (c), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) storages and stoichiometry of the soil-plant ecosystem. The consequences of *** plantation induced soil spatial heterogeneity. The soil-plant ecosystem c storage increased after the plantation. The N storage showed an increasing trend from 6 to 18years and then slightly decreased. The P storage presented a continuously declining trend. The result indicated that the imbalance in soil N, P, c occurred with plantation age because of the imbalance of their inputs. The N and P uptakes from subsoil and redistribution to topsoil by *** may contribute to meet N and P demands for the understory plants. Leaf N:P ratios varied from 8.3 to 17.5. These results imply that N and P status are the main factors limiting plant growth in the alpine-cold desert ecosystem. Thus, we recommend adding N and P fertilizers during plant growth.

关键词： afforestation alpine semiarid desert soil-plant system stoichiometry c N and P storage salix plantations

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