Parametric ordinary differential equations (ODE) arise in many engineering applications. We consider ODE solutions to be embedded in an overall objective function which is to be minimized, e.g. for parameter estimatio...
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Parametric ordinary differential equations (ODE) arise in many engineering applications. We consider ODE solutions to be embedded in an overall objective function which is to be minimized, e.g. for parameter estimation. For derivative-based optimization algorithms adjoint methods should be used. In this article, we present a discrete adjoint ODE integration framework written in c + + (NIXE 2.0) combined with Algorithmic Differentiation by overloading (dco/c + +). All required derivatives, i.e. Jacobians for the integration as well as gradients and Hessians for the optimization, are generated automatically. With this framework, derivatives of arbitrary order can be implemented with minimal programming effort. The practicability of this approach is demonstrated in a dynamic parameter estimation case study for a batch fermentation process using sequential method of dynamic optimization. Ipopt is used as the optimizer which requires second derivatives.
Patients who are infected with hepatitis c virus(HcV) and also have advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis have beenrecognized as "difficult-to-treat" patients during an era when peginterferon and ribavirin combinat...
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Patients who are infected with hepatitis c virus(HcV) and also have advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis have beenrecognized as "difficult-to-treat" patients during an era when peginterferon and ribavirin combination therapy is the standard of care. Recent guidelines have clearly stated that treatment should be prioritized in this population to prevent complications such as decompensation and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent advances in the treatment of chronic hepatitis c have been achieved through the development of direct-acting antiviral agents(DAAs). Boceprevir and telaprevir are first-generation DAAs that inhibit the HcV NS3/4A protease. Boceprevir or telaprevir, in combination with peginterferon and ribavirin, improved the sustained virological response rates compared with peginterferon and ribavirin alone and were tolerated in patients with HcV genotype 1 infection without cirrhosis or compensated cirrhosis. However, the efficacy is lower especially in prior non-responders with or without cirrhosis. Furthermore, a high incidence of adverse events was observed in patients with advanced liver disease, including cirrhosis, in real-life settings. current guidelines in the United States and in some European countries no longer recommend these regimens for the treatment of HcV. Next-generation DAAs include second-generation HcV NS3/4A protease inhibitors, HcV NS5 A inhibitors and HcV NS5 B inhibitors, which have a high efficacy and a lower toxicity. These drugs are used in interferon-free or in interferon-based regimens with or without ribavirin in combination with different classes of DAAs. Interferon-based regimens, such as simeprevir in combination with peginterferon and ribavirin, are well tolerated and are highly effective especially in treatmentnave patients and in patients who received treatment but who relapsed. The efficacy is less pronounced in nullresponders and in patients with cirrhosis. Interferonfree regimens in combination with ribavirin and/or two or mo
Background: continuous exposure to millimolar (mM) Vitamin c (AA) in vitro kills cancer cells. For superficial bladder carcinoma (SBc), standard chemotherapy is instillation of Bacillus calmette-Guerin. The recurrence...
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Background: continuous exposure to millimolar (mM) Vitamin c (AA) in vitro kills cancer cells. For superficial bladder carcinoma (SBc), standard chemotherapy is instillation of Bacillus calmette-Guerin. The recurrence rate with this therapy is 91%. But high dosage vitamins including AA reduced the recurrence to 41%. Aim: To determine the oral dosage of AA that causes the highest concentration of AA [AA] in the bladder. Method: We conducted a clinical trial of 14 people who took various dosages of AA, and analyzed the [AA] in their urine. Results: AA above 2 g twice a day was not absorbed. But that intake produced a bladder [AA] above 1 mM in all participants. conclusion: Taking 2 g of AA BID will increase [AA] in the bladder to a level likely to kill cancer cells that cause SBc. Taking that dosage 2 consecutive days a week is likely to reduce the recurrence rate of SBc substantially.
chronic hepatitis c virus(HcV) infection can cause liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma(Hcc). Several studies have demonstrated that the eradication of HcV reduces the occurrence of Hcc. In Japan, as many peop...
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chronic hepatitis c virus(HcV) infection can cause liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma(Hcc). Several studies have demonstrated that the eradication of HcV reduces the occurrence of Hcc. In Japan, as many people live to an advanced age, HcV-infected patients are also getting older, and the age at Hcc diagnosis has also increased. Although older HcV-infected patients have a risk of developing Hcc, the treatment response to peginterferon-alpha plus ribavirin therapy is relatively poor in these patients because of drop-out or discontinuation of this treatment due to adverse events. It is established that the mechanism of action between interferon-alpha and interferon-beta is slightly different. Short-term natural interferon-beta monotherapy is effective for patients with acute hepatitis c and patients infected with HcV genotype 2 and low viral loads. Natural interferon-beta plus ribavirin for 48 wk or for 24 wk are also effective for some patients with HcV genotype 1 or HcV genotype 2. Natural interferon-beta plus ribavirin has been used for certain "difficult-totreat" HcV-infected patients. In the era of direct-acting anti-virals, natural interferon-beta plus ribavirin may be one of the therapeutic options for special groups of HcV-infected patients. In the near future, signal transduction pathways of interferon-beta will inform further directions.
The Hybrid Broadcast Broadband Television (HbbTV) has become very popular in the last few years because it provides richer and more interactive viewing experience to the end user. To obtain a HbbTV certificate, a devi...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781538671894
The Hybrid Broadcast Broadband Television (HbbTV) has become very popular in the last few years because it provides richer and more interactive viewing experience to the end user. To obtain a HbbTV certificate, a device must satisfy some rules and norms. One of these rules is the subtitle and video synchronization of a given video content. Therefore, in this paper, a new application for checking the subtitle and video content synchronization is proposed. The algorithm is written in the programming language c and it consists of three modules. These modules are modules for reading XML files, a module for the video frame analysis, and report generation module.
Hepatitis c virus(HcV) infection is one of the mostfrequent causes of comorbidity and mortality in the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) population, and liver-related mortality is now the second highest cause of death...
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Hepatitis c virus(HcV) infection is one of the mostfrequent causes of comorbidity and mortality in the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) population, and liver-related mortality is now the second highest cause of death in HIV-positive patients, so HcV infection should be countered with adequate antiviral therapy. In 2011 began the era of directly acting antivirals(DAAs) and the HcV NS3/4A protease inhibitors telaprevir and boceprevir were approved to treat HcV-genotype-1 infection, each one in combination with pegylated interferon alfa(Peg-IFN) + ribavirin(RBV). The addition of the first generation DAAs, strongly improved the efficacy of antiviral therapy in patients with HcVgenotype 1, both for the HcV-monoinfected and HIV/HcV coinfected, and the poor response to Peg-IFN + RBV in HcV/HIV coinfection was enhanced. These treatments showed higher rates of sustained virological response than Peg-IFN + RBV but reduced tolerability and adherence due to the high pill burden and the several pharmacokinetic interactions between HcV NS3/4A protease inhibitors and antiretroviral drugs. Then in 2013 a new wave of DAAs arrived, characterized by high efficacy, good tolerability, a low pill burden and shortened treatment duration. The second and third generation DAAs also comprised IFN-free regimens, which in small recent trials on HIV-positive patients have shown comforting preliminary results in terms of efficacy, tolerability and adherence.
Thirty-five fruits and seventeen vegetables from Martinique were evaluated for total phenol content (TPc), Vitamin c and carotenoid content. TPc, Vitamin c and carotenoid contents ranged from 11.7 to 978.6 mg/100g, 0....
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Thirty-five fruits and seventeen vegetables from Martinique were evaluated for total phenol content (TPc), Vitamin c and carotenoid content. TPc, Vitamin c and carotenoid contents ranged from 11.7 to 978.6 mg/100g, 0.1 to 2853.8 mg/100g and 9.7 to 9269.7 μg/100g respectively. Fruits and vegetables from Martinique have equivalent or higher TPc, Vitamin c and carotenoid contents than fruits and vegetables from temperate climates. cashew apple had high values for all three parameters (55.8 mg/100g of Vitamin c, 603 mg/100g of TPc and 924 μg/100g of carotenoids). Bassignac mango and mamey apple had the highest carotenoid contents, with 3800.3 and 3199.7 μg/100g respectively. Acerola had the highest Vitamin c and polyphenol contents with 2853.8 μg/100g and 727.4 mg/100g respectively. Pigeon peas had high values for all three parameters (569.2 mg/100g of Vitamin c, 978.6 mg/100g of TPc and 364.3 μg/100g of carotenoids). Pumpkin and watercress had the highest carotenoid content, with 9269.7 and 4339 μg/100g respectively. TPc, Vitamin c and carotenoid content were significantly impacted by processing techniques. TPc, Vitamin c and carotenoid contents decreased by up to 75.78%, 100% and 70.18% respectively, depending on the processing technique used.
Viral hepatitis B and c virus(HBV and HcV) are responsible for the most of chronic liver disease worldwide and are transmitted by parenteral route, sexual and vertical transmission. One important measure to reduce the...
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Viral hepatitis B and c virus(HBV and HcV) are responsible for the most of chronic liver disease worldwide and are transmitted by parenteral route, sexual and vertical transmission. One important measure to reduce the burden of these infections is the diagnosis of acute and chroniccases of HBV and HcV. In order to provide an effective diagnosis and monitoring of antiviral treatment, it is important to choose sensitive, rapid, inexpensive, and robust analytical methods. Primary diagnosis of HBV and HcV infection is made by using serological tests for detecting antigens and antibodies against these viruses. In order to confirm primary diagnosis, to quantify viral load, to determine genotypes and resistance mutants for antiviral treatment, qualitative and quantitative molecular tests are used. In this manuscript, we review the current serological and molecular methods for the diagnosis of hepatitis B and c.
Benchmark programs are useful for measuring performance. Benchmarks written in c effectively benchmark the performance of a c implementation consisting of hardware, compiler and standard library. For small systems (i....
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781450357807
Benchmark programs are useful for measuring performance. Benchmarks written in c effectively benchmark the performance of a c implementation consisting of hardware, compiler and standard library. For small systems (i.e. systems with just a few KB of memory) threewell-known and widely used benchmarks are Whetstone, Dhrystone and coremark. However, all three have their shortcomings. Whetstone scores depend heavily on the performance of floating-point functions from the standard library. Dhrystone scores depend heavily on the performance of just a few string processing functions from the standard library. coremark intentionally avoids using the standard library and the scores heavily depend on the performance of matrix multiplications. All three thus highly depend on a single aspect of the c implementation each, so that optimizations targeting that aspect have a huge effect on scores. stdcbench is a benchmark for small systems that tries to give a more balanced reflection of performance. It is intended to be usable for a wide range of c implementations for small systems. We present the design of stdcbench, and discuss a few benchmark results also in comparison to Dhrystone and coremark.
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