In host-microbe interactions, signaling lipids function in interpartner communication during both the establishment and maintenance of associations. Previous evidence suggests that sphingolipids play a role in the mut...
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In host-microbe interactions, signaling lipids function in interpartner communication during both the establishment and maintenance of associations. Previous evidence suggests that sphingolipids play a role in the mutualisticcnidarian-Symbiodinium symbiosis. Exogenously applied sphingolipids have been shown to alter this partnership, though endogenous host regulation of sphingolipids by the sphingosine rheostat under different symbioticconditions has not been characterized. The rheostat regulates levels of pro-survival sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and pro-apoptotic sphingosine (Sph) through catalytic activities of sphingosine kinase (SPHK) and S1P phosphatase (SGPP). The role of the rheostat in recognition and establishment of cnidarian-Symbiodinium symbiosis was investigated in the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida by measuring gene expression, protein levels, and sphingolipid metabolites in symbiotic, aposymbiotic, and newly recolonized anemones. comparison of two host populations showed that symbiotic animals from one population had lower SGPP gene expression and Sph lipid concentrations compared to aposymbiotic animals, while the other population had higher S1P concentrations than their aposymbioticcounterparts. In both populations, the host rheostat trended toward host cell survival in the presence of symbionts. Furthermore, upregulation of both rheostat enzymes on the first day of host recolonization by symbionts suggests a role for the rheostat in host-symbiont recognition during symbiosis onset. collectively, these data suggest a regulatory role of sphingolipid signaling in cnidarian-Symbiodinium symbiosis and symbiont uptake.
In this work, a comparative analysis of vertical light-emitting diodes (VLEDs) examining the device properties is performed with different surface treatment schemes. The VLEDs on graphite substrate are fabricated by t...
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In this work, a comparative analysis of vertical light-emitting diodes (VLEDs) examining the device properties is performed with different surface treatment schemes. The VLEDs on graphite substrate are fabricated by the laser lift-off and the wafer bonding processes. The significance of KrF laser irradiation to form protrusions on the surfaces of undoped gallium nitride (u-GaN) and n-GaN is analysed in detail. The light output power of the fabricated VLEDs is significantly increased through the formation of micro-sized protrusions by the laser irradiation. For VLED irradiated with an energy density of 600 mJ/cm(2) on n-GaN surface with a thin u-GaN layer, the light output power is improved by 24.8% at 350 mA without degradation of electrical properties compared with that of the conventional VLED.
To compare the effect of Epimedium brevicornum Maxim., cynomorium songaricum Rupr. and Morindae officinalis F.c. How on enhancing sexual function effect, mice were administered gavage by the extracts from three materi...
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To compare the effect of Epimedium brevicornum Maxim., cynomorium songaricum Rupr. and Morindae officinalis F.c. How on enhancing sexual function effect, mice were administered gavage by the extracts from three materials, serum testosterone and nitric oxide(NO) levels in male mice were detected and the changes of sexual organs were measured. Results showed that testosterone level, NO level and sexual organs weights of Epimedium brevicornum Maxim. treatment were significantly (p<0.01) higher than those of cynomorium songaricum Rupr. and Morindae officinalis F. c. How treatments, which indicated that Epimedium brevicornum Maxim. was more effective to improve sexual function than the other two plants. Subsequently, Epimedium brevicornum Maxim. was selected for the second experiment, with shenbao syrup as a positive reference drug, the male sexual behaviours and female vaginal copulation plug were measured. Results showed that Epimedium brevicornum Maxim. treatment exhibited higher male capture frequency, mount frequency and vaginal plug rate, and lower capture latency and mount latency than shenbao syrup treatment, which indicated that Epimedium brevicornum Maxim. was effective to enhance male mice sexual function. Thus, this finding might bring into perspective the treatment strategy for those doctors who treat erectile dysfunction and might be suitable for use in functional food.
Piceatannol is a natural stilbene with many beneficial effects, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiatherogenic activities;however, its role on aging is not known. In this study, we used caenorhabditis elega...
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Piceatannol is a natural stilbene with many beneficial effects, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiatherogenic activities;however, its role on aging is not known. In this study, we used caenorhabditis elegans as an animal model to study the effect of piceatannol on its lifespan and investigated the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that 50 and 100 mu M piceatannol significantly extended the lifespan of c. elegans without altering the growth rate, worm size and progeny production. Piceatannol delayed the age-related decline of pumping rate and locomotive activity, and protected the worms from heat and oxidative stress. This study further indicated that lifespan extension and enhanced stress resistance induced by piceatannol requires DAF-16. Since DAF-16 is conserved from nematodes to mammals, our study may have important implications in utilizing piceatannol to promote healthy aging and combat age-related disease in humans. (c) 2016 BioFactors, 43(3):379-387, 2017
Protein expression and localization are often studied in vivo by tagging molecules with green fluorescent protein (GFP), yet subtle changes in protein levels are not easily detected. To develop a sensitive in vivo met...
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Protein expression and localization are often studied in vivo by tagging molecules with green fluorescent protein (GFP), yet subtle changes in protein levels are not easily detected. To develop a sensitive in vivo method to amplify fluorescence signals and allow cell-specific quantification of protein abundance changes, we sought to apply an enzyme-activated cellular fluorescence system in vivo by delivering ester-masked fluorophores to caenorhabditis elegans neurons expressing porcine liver esterase (PLE). To aid uptake into sensory neuron membranes, we synthesized two novel fluorogenic hydrolase substrates with long hydrocarbon tails. Recombinant PLE activated these fluorophores in vitro. In vivo activation occurred in sensory neurons, along with potent activation in intestinal lysosomes quantifiable by imaging and microplate and partially attributable to gut esterase1 (GES-1) activity. These data demonstrate the promise of biorthogonal hydrolases and their fluorogenic substrates as in vivo neuronal imaging tools and for characterizing endogenous *** hydrolase substrate specificities.
Teaching beginners to learn programming has many difficult parts. One of them is that some students often finish course exercises by taking shortcuts, such as using build-in libraries. This makes teachers difficultly ...
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Teaching beginners to learn programming has many difficult parts. One of them is that some students often finish course exercises by taking shortcuts, such as using build-in libraries. This makes teachers difficultly identify whether students have really learnt some programming concepts and skills. To improve this problem, we propose the Selective Syntacticcompiler (SSc) approach to limit students to only utilize the permitted parts of the grammars when they code a program. In this paper, we apply the SSc approach to Python programming language to build a tool, named Python Selective Syntacticcompiler (pySSc). The pySSc supports two programming languages: Python and c and is divided into four modules: filter module, lexical analyzer, syntax analyzer and code generator. Finally, two kinds of test cases are designed for testing its functionality and error-handling mechanism.
We used structured illumination microscopy (SIM) to obtain super-resolution images of muscle attachment structures in caenorhabditis elegans striated muscle. SIM imaging of M-line components revealed two patterns: PAT...
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We used structured illumination microscopy (SIM) to obtain super-resolution images of muscle attachment structures in caenorhabditis elegans striated muscle. SIM imaging of M-line components revealed two patterns: PAT-3 (-integrin) and proteins that interact in a complex with the cytoplasmic tail of -integrin and localize to the basal muscle cell membrane [UNc-112 (kindlin), PAT-4 (ILK), UNc-97 (PINcH), PAT-6 (-parvin), and UNc-95], are found in discrete, angled segments with gaps. In contrast, proteins localized throughout the depth of the M-line (UNc-89 (obscurin) and UNc-98) are imaged as continuous lines. Systematic immunostaining of muscle cell boundaries revealed that dense body components close to the basal muscle cell membrane also localize at cell boundaries. SIM imaging of muscle cell boundaries reveal zipper-like structures. Electron micrographs reveal electron dense material similar in appearance to dense bodies located adjacent to the basolateral cell membranes of adjacent muscle cells separated by EcM. Moreover, by EM, there are a variety of features of the muscle cell boundaries that help explain the zipper-like pattern of muscle protein localization observed by SIM. Short dense bodies in atn-1 mutants that are null for -actinin and lack the deeper extensions of dense bodies, showed zipper-like structures by SIM similar to cell boundary structures, further indicating that the surface-proximal components of dense bodies form the zipper-like structures at cell boundaries. Moreover, mutants in thin and thick filament components do not have dot-like dense bodies, suggesting that myofilament tension is required for assembly or maintenance of proper dense body shape.
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