Hepatitis c virus(HcV) affects about 3% of the world's population and peaks in subjects aged over 40 years. Its prevalence in pregnant women is low(1%-2%) in most western countries but drastically increases in wom...
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Hepatitis c virus(HcV) affects about 3% of the world's population and peaks in subjects aged over 40 years. Its prevalence in pregnant women is low(1%-2%) in most western countries but drastically increases in women in developing countries or with high risk behav-iors for blood-transmitted infections. Here we review clinical, prognostic and therapeutic aspects of HcV in-fection in pregnant women and their offspring infected through vertical transmission. Pregnancy-related im-mune weakness does not seem to affect the course of acute hepatitis c but can affect the progression of chronic hepatitis c. In fact, postpartum immune res-toration can exacerbate hepatic inflammation, thereby worsening the liver disease, particularly in patients with liver cirrhosis. HcV infection increases the risk of gestational diabetes in patients with excessive weight gain, premature rupture of membrane and caesarean delivery. Only 3%-5% of infants born to HcV-positive mothers have been infected by intrauterine or perinatal transmission. Maternal viral load, human immunode-ficiency virus coinfection, prolonged rupture of mem-branes, fetal exposure to maternal infected blood con-sequent to vaginal or perineal lacerations and invasive monitoring of fetus increase the risk of viral transmis-sion. cesarean delivery and breastfeeding increases the transmission risk in HcV/human immunodeficiency virus coinfected women. The consensus is not to offer antivi-ral therapy to HcV-infected pregnant women because it is based on ribavirin(pregnancy category X) because of its embryocidal and teratogenic effects in animal spe-cies. In vertically infected children, chronicc hepatitis is often associated with minimal or mild liver disease and progression to liver cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma is lower than in adults. Infected children may be treated after the second year of life, given the adverse effects of current antiviral agents.
Skeptical Inquirer magazine has published an attempted refutation of Francis collins' book, The Language of God. The refutation argues that collins lacks scientific evidence for God and that collins actually appea...
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Skeptical Inquirer magazine has published an attempted refutation of Francis collins' book, The Language of God. The refutation argues that collins lacks scientific evidence for God and that collins actually appeals not to evidence, but to personal belief. In refutation of this refutation, Ted Peters argues that collins plays completely within the rules of scientific discourse while providing rational evidencethough not conclusive prooffor the existence of God as creator and moral lawgiver.
AIM: To study the safety and efficacy of pegylated interferon alfa-2b, indigenously developed in India, plus ribavirin in treatment of hepatitis c virus(HcV). METHODS: One-hundred HcV patients were enrolled in an open...
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AIM: To study the safety and efficacy of pegylated interferon alfa-2b, indigenously developed in India, plus ribavirin in treatment of hepatitis c virus(HcV). METHODS: One-hundred HcV patients were enrolled in an open-label, multicenter trial. Patients were treated with pegylated interferon alfa-2b 1.5 μg/kg per week subcutaneously plus oral ribavirin 800 mg/d for patients with genotypes 2 and 3 for 24 wk. The same dose of peginterferon plus weight-based ribavirin(800 mg/d for ≤ 65 kg; 1000 mg/d for > 65-85 kg; 1200 mg/d for > 85-105 kg; 1400 mg/d for > 105 kg body weight) was administered for 48 wk for patients with genotypes 1 and 4. Serological and biochemical responses of patients were ***: Eighty-two patients(35 in genotypes 1 and 4 and 47 in 2 and 3), completed the study. In genotype 1, 25.9% of patients achieved rapid virologic response(RVR): while the figures were 74.1% for early virologic response(EVR) and 44.4% for sustained virologic response(SVR). For genotypes 2 and 3, all patients bar one belonged to genotype 3, and of those, 71.4%, 87.5%, and 64.3% achieved RVR, EVR, and SVR, respectively. In genotype 4, 58.8%, 88.2%, and 52.9% of patients achieved RVR, EVR, and SVR, respectively. The majority of patients attained normal levels of alanine aminotransferase by 4-12 wk of therapy. Most patients showed a good tolerance for the treatment, although mild-to-moderate adverse events were exhibited; only two patients discontinued the study medication due to serious adverse events(SAEs). Eleven SAEs were observed in nine patients; however, only four SAEs were related to study ***: Peginterferon alfa-2b, which was developed in India, in combination with ribavirin, is a safe and effective drug in the treatment of HcV.
The c++Programming Language,即为c++语言,c++语言是c语言的继承,在c语言的基础上,又对c语言的过程化程序设计进行了优化,既可以使用以抽象数据类型为特点的基于对象的程序设计,又可以使用以继承和多态为特点的面向对象的程序设计。c+...
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The c++Programming Language,即为c++语言,c++语言是c语言的继承,在c语言的基础上,又对c语言的过程化程序设计进行了优化,既可以使用以抽象数据类型为特点的基于对象的程序设计,又可以使用以继承和多态为特点的面向对象的程序设计。c++语言不但完美地继承了父类的c语言,还可以进行基于面向对象过程化的程序设计,因此,c++语言不仅拥有计算机高效运行的实用性特征,而且还具有提高大规模程序的编程质量与程序设计语言的问题描述的能力。
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