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Obtaining CMK-3 carbon using three different carbon sources: sucrose, commercial pectin, and pectin extracted from apple wastes

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JOURNAL OF POROUS MATERIALS 2025年 1-14页

作者： Quiroz-Estrada, Karla Rojas-Candelas, Liliana Cervantes-Sodi, Felipe Calderon, Hector A. Guerrero-Araque, Diana Felipe, Carlos Univ Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa UAM I Dept Quim Area Catalisis San Rafael Atlixco 186 Mexico City 09340 Mexico Tecnol Nacl Mexico TES San Felipe del Progreso San Felipe Del Progreso 50640 Mexico Univ Iberoamer Ciudad Mexico Dept Fis & Matemat Prol Paseo Reforma 880 Mexico City 01219 Mexico Inst Politecn Nacl Escuela Super Fis & Matemat U Profes Adolfo Lopez Mateos Dept Fis Mexico City 07320 Mexico Univ Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa Dept Quim SECIHTI Av San Rafael Atlixco 156 Mexico City 09340 Mexico Inst Politecn Nacl Dept Biociencias & Ingn CIIEMAD Mexico City 07340 Mexico

Given the growing demand for nanoscale carbon materials, which possess adsorbent properties and are environmentally friendly, the present work introduces pectin as a new carbon source for synthesizing carbons mesostructured from Korea-3 (CMK-3) with a methodology designed according to the pectin characteristics. The paper presents a comparison between three samples according to their carbon source: (1) sucrose (CMK-3 SAC), (2) Sigma Aldrich analytical grade pectin (CMK-3 PEC-SA), and finally, (3) pectin extracted as agricultural residue from Golden Delicious apple (CMK-3 PEC-RA). The samples were characterized structural, morphological, and texturally by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and RAMAN spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and N2 physisorption. Pectin structural characterizations allowed the establishment of optimal synthesis conditions. The results showed that CMK-3 synthesized using CMK-3 PEC-RA obtained superior values of specific surface area (1,534 m2/g), pore volume (1.3 m3/g) and mesopores diameters (4.5 nm) with arrangements of homogeneous nanopipes diameters of around 6.5 nm visualized with a fast Fourier transform (FFT) mask than the sample CMK-3-SAC. This fact indicates that using apple waste and its biopolymer pectin may be viable in developing CMK-3 mesoporous carbons with highly specific surface areas for fine chemical processes, considering the previous characterization and homogenization of apple waste.

关键词： carbon sources CMK-3 Pectin Apple wastes Mesoporous carbons

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Responses of endogenous partial denitrification process to acetate and propionate as carbon sources: Nitrite accumulation performance, microbial community dynamic changes, and metagenomic insights

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WATER RESEARCH 2025年第PT A期268卷 122680页

作者： Ji, Jiantao Zhao, Ying Wu, Guanqi Hu, Feiyue Yang, Haosen Bai, Zhixuan Jin, Baodan Yang, Xiaoxuan Zhengzhou Univ Coll Ecol & Environm Zhengzhou 450001 Peoples R China Henan Univ Sci & Technol Sch Mat Sci & Engn Luoyang 471000 Peoples R China Zhengzhou Univ Light Ind Coll Mat & Chem Engn Zhengzhou 450001 Peoples R China Henan Xingye Environm Protect Technol Co Ltd Zhengzhou 450001 Peoples R China

Endogenous partial denitrification (EPD) offered a promising pathway for supplying nitrite to anammox, and it also enabled energy-efficient and cost-effective nitrogen removal. However, information about the impact of different carbon sources on the EPD system was limited, and the metabolic mechanisms remained unclear. This study operated the EPD system for 180 days with various acetate and propionate ratios over eight phases. The nitrate-to-nitrite transformation ratio (NTR) decreased from 81.7 % to 0.4 % as the acetate/propionate (Ac/Pr) ratio shifted from 3:0 to 0:3, but the NTR returned to 86.1 % after propionate was replaced with acetate. Typical cycles indicated that PHB (126.8 and 133.9 mg COD/g VSS, respectively) was mainly stored, facilitating a higher NTR (87.8 % and 67.7 %, respectively) on days 58 and 180 in the presence of acetate. In contrast, on day 158 in the presence of propionate, PHV (84.8 mg COD/g VSS) was predominantly stored, resulting in negligible nitrite accumulation (0.2 mg N/L). Metagenomic analysis revealed that the microbial community structure did not significantly change, and the (narGHI+napAB)/nirKS ratio consistently exceeded 7:2, despite variations in the carbon source. Compared with acetate, propionate as carbon source reduced the abundance of genes encoding NADH-producing enzymes (e.g., mdh), likely owing to a shift in PHAs synthesis and degradation pathways. Consequently, limited NADH affected electron distribution and transfer rates, thereby decreasing the nitrate reduction rate and causing nitrite produced by narGHI and napAB to be immediately reduced by nirKS. This study provided new insights and guidance for EPD systems to manage the conditions of carbon deficiency or complex carbon sources.

关键词： Endogenous Partial Denitrification (EPD) carbon sources Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAS) Nitrite accumulation Metagenomic analysis Anammox

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Radiocarbon age anomalies, potential carbon sources analysis and correction of terrestrial gastropods in a loess sequence from Kunlun Mountains since 3.6 ka

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QUATERNARY SCIENCE ADVANCES 2025年 17卷

作者： Hu, Yan Cheng, Peng Dong, Jibao Zhao, Haiyan Zang, Mengyu Lan, Minwen Lu, Xuefeng Zhou, Weijian Chinese Acad Sci Inst Earth Environm State Key Lab Loess & Quaternary Geol Xian 710061 Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Beijing 100049 Peoples R China Xian AMS Ctr Shaanxi Key Lab Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Tech Xian 710061 Peoples R China Pilot Natl Lab Marine Sci & Technol Qingdao Open Studio Ocean Continental Climate & Environm C Qingdao 266237 Peoples R China Xi An Jiao Tong Univ Inst Global Environm Change Xian 710049 Peoples R China Xian Inst Innovat Earth Environm Res Xian 710061 Peoples R China Northwest Univ Dept Geol State Key Lab Continental Dynam Xian 710069 Peoples R China Beijing Normal Univ Interdisciplinary Res Ctr Earth Sci Frontier Beijing 100875 Peoples R China

Terrestrial mollusks serve as potential radiocarbon materials for dating loess deposits in the late Quaternary. However, the reliability of gastropod shell 14C ages is complicated by two issues: open-system behavior and the limestone problem. Due to lack of assessment on the preservation status of shell fossils and factors affecting old carbon, correction for age anomalies remains an unresolved question. This study investigated two gastropod shells, Cathaica rossimontana and Succinea sp., discovered from a loess section rich in charcoal in the North Kunlun Mountains of Central Asia. By analyzing local climate condition, leaching degree, and mineral composition, we revealed that the open systems have a negligible influence on shell fossils. The values of age anomalies of Cathaica rossimontana and Succinea sp. are respectively 1788 +/- 240 years and 492 +/- 100 years. Furthermore, we obtained the temporal variation patterns of different carbon sources in shell fossils through a mass balance model analysis. The results indicate that the proportion of carbonate sources ranges from 17.5% to 26.8% in Cathaica rossimontana, while it ranges from 6.0% to 7.8% in Succinea sp., which may result from their size and calcium demand. Succinea sp. is recommended for stratigraphic dating for its minor age anomalies. Our study further demonstrates that snails of the same species absorb a highly consistent proportion of limestone under stable environment. This provides a theoretical basis for correcting age anomalies in fossil shells. The corrected ages of Cathaica rossimontana, based on living specimens, are consistent with reliable charcoal ages. Our findings offer a potential approach to correct the old carbon in snail fossils and facilitate the reliable dating for loess deposits in Central Asia.

关键词： Terrestrial gastropod Radiocarbon dating Age anomaly Open systems carbon sources Correction

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The use of different carbon sources to maintain water quality and growth performance of sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in the biofloc aquaculture system

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JOURNAL OF APPLIED AQUACULTURE 2025年第1期37卷 1-18页

作者： Pamaharyani, Luchiandini Ika Ilham Zaidy, Azam B. Jakarta Tech Univ Fisheries Politekn AUP Postgrad Program Jakarta Indonesia Politekn Kelautan & Perikanan Dumai Dept Marine Prod Proc Jl Wan Amir Dumai Indonesia Politekn Kelautan & Perikanan Jembrana Dept Aquaculture Negara Jembrana Indonesia Jakarta Tech Univ Fisheries Jl AUP 1 Pasar Minggu Jaksel DKI Jakarta 12520 Indonesia

Intensive cultivation of sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus) has the potential to increase toxic inorganic compounds. Biofloc is one way to offset the negative impact of the large amount of ammonia being converted into floc by utilizing heterotrophic bacteria with the addition of a carbon source. This study analyzes the effect of carbon type on water quality and growth performance of sangkuriang catfish. Used a completely randomized design with three treatments and three replications: probiotics + molasses, probiotics + wheat flour, and probiotics + sugar. The results of the research show that wheat flour and sugar could substitute molasses carbon as seen from the results of the carbon content tested which shows high values for wheat flour (46.16%), sugar (43.65%), and molasses (23.16%). Water quality and growth performance of sangkuriang catfish were not significantly different (p > 0 .05). The addition of carbon sources had a positive effect on ammonia, nitrite, total intestinal bacteria, and floc volume (p < 0 .05).

关键词： Biofloc carbon sources catfish growth performance water quality

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Influence of carbon sources on the sintering processes, microstructures, and mechanical proprieties of TiB2-reinforced ultrafine Ti(C,N)-based cermets fabricated via reactive spark plasma sintering

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS 2025年 130卷

作者： Zhao, Xianrui Zhang, Mengxian Li, Zhanjiang Zhao, Yangyang Du, Xunbai Cui, Yunsong Zhang, Qiangyong Serbin, Serhiy Jiangsu Maritime Inst Sch Naval Architecture & Intelligent Mfg Nanjing 211170 Peoples R China Jiujiang Univ Sch Mat Sci & Engn Jiangxi Prov Key Lab Surface Engn Jiujiang 332005 Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Jiangsu Key Lab Precis & Micromfg Technol Nanjing 211106 Peoples R China

TiB2-reinforced ultrafine Ti(C,N)-based cermets are fabricated via reactive spark plasma sintering. This study investigates the effect of carbon sources on the sintering processes, microstructures, and mechanical properties of cermets derived from a Co-Ni-Y-Ti-BN-WC-VC-Mo2C-TaC-C system. Results reveal that the sintering process involves both solid-state reactions and liquid-phase sintering stages. Compared to graphitic graphite and graphene, amorphous carbon black and nanocarbon exhibit higher reactivity and smaller particle sizes. This characteristic inhibits the Co-Ti and Ti-Ni reactions but promotes the Ti-BN reaction, thereby reducing the shrinkage rate during the solid-state reaction stage. During the liquid-phase sintering stage, carbon dissolves into the molten metal and subsequently diffuses into preformed TiN to create Ti(C,N). The use of carbon black and nanocarbon facilitates greater consumption of carbon. Consequently, there is an increase in shrinkage rate during this stage, a reduction in residual carbon within the final sintered samples, and an enhancement in relative density. Moreover, C atoms present in the liquid phase would promote the diffusion of heavy metals into Ti(C,N). When graphite or graphene is used as a source of carbon, Ti(C,N) with a black core/Gy rim structure is obtained. In contrast, employing carbon black or nanocarbon encourages the diffusion of heavy metals toward the center of Ti(C,N). This behavior contributes to the achievement of weak core/rim-structured Ti(C,N) and coreless solid solution particles with finer particle sizes, respectively. As a result of these processes, the synthesized cermet attains an optimal hardness of 2145 HV and KIC of 7.67 MPa & sdot;m-1/2, along with a minimal wear depth of 8.19 mu m.

关键词： carbon sources TiB2-reinforced ultrafine Ti(C,N)-based cermets Reactive spark plasma sintering Sintering process

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Comparing the effect of different carbon sources on growth, blood parameters, immunity, and water quality in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in a biofloc system

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AQUACULTURE REPORTS 2025年 42卷

作者： Hussien, Mai H. Zayd, Mohamed M. Elshafey, Ahmed E. Khalafalla, Malik M. Shukry, Mustafa Abdelmegeid, Mohamed Okasha, Lamiaa A. Seboussi, Rabiha Aboraya, Mohamed H. Elolimy, Ahmed A. Kafrelsheikh Univ Fac Aquat & Fisheries Sci Dept Aquaculture Kafrelsheikh 33516 Egypt Kafrelsheikh Univ Fac Vet Med Dept Physiol Kafrelsheikh 33516 Egypt Kafrelsheikh Univ Fac Vet Med Dept Anim Med Kafrelsheikh Egypt Higher Coll Technol Fac Hlth Sci Vet Program Sharjah Mens Campus Sharjah U Arab Emirates Agr Res Ctr ARC Anim Hlth Res Inst AHRI Bacteriol unit Kafrelsheikh 12619 Egypt Univ Al Dhaid Coll Vet Med Sharjah U Arab Emirates Shanghai Ocean Univ Coll Fisheries & Life Sci Shanghai 201306 Peoples R China United Arab Emirates Univ Coll Agr & Vet Med Dept Integrat Agr Abu Dhabi U Arab Emirates

Aquaculture faces significant challenges in maintaining water quality and fish health. This study evaluated the effects of different carbon sources on growth, immunity, and water quality in Nile tilapia (initial weight: 2.8 +/- 0.002 g) cultured in a biofloc system over 90 days. Five treatment groups were tested, including a control group without carbon supplementation (T1) and groups supplemented with molasses (T2), vinasse (T3), starch (T4), or rice bran (T5). Results showed that molasses significantly improved (p < 0.05) growth performance, feed efficiency, and hematological parameters, suggesting enhanced oxygen-carrying capacity and immune function. Additionally, molasses increased glucose, triglycerides, and albumin levels, improving liver function and energy metabolism. Immune responses, including lysozyme activity, IgM levels, and phagocytic activity, were significantly enhanced in the molasses group. Antioxidant enzyme activity was higher, and oxidative stress indicators were lower in this group. Histological analysis revealed improved intestinal and gill morphology in fish reared on molasses. Water quality parameters, such as pH, dissolved oxygen, and total ammonia nitrogen, were positively affected by vinasse and starch. Gene expression analysis indicated molasses-influenced genes associated with stress response, antioxidant activity, inflammation, and growth. These findings suggest that molasses is a promising carbon source for biofloc systems, improving growth, health, and water quality in Nile tilapia aquaculture.

关键词： Biofloc Nile tilapia Molasses carbon sources Immunity Water quality

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carbon sources influence on heterotrophic ammonia assimilation: Performance and mechanism

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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL 2024年 497卷

作者： Zhao, Chuanfu Jiao, Tong Zhang, Wenhao Guo, Yiting Han, Fei Lei, Jianhua Zhou, Weizhi Shandong Univ Sch Civil Engn Jinan Shandong Peoples R China Lab Water Sediment Regulat & Ecodecontaminat Jinan Shandong Peoples R China

Different carbon contents of organic carbon sources can be used as the reaction substrates of heterotrophic ammonia assimilation (HAA), which effectively dominates the recovery of available nutrients in wastewater. However, the influences of organic carbon sources on nutrient metabolism, degradation kinetics, and functional microbes of HAA were largely unknown. Here, HAA bioreactors fed with acetate, glucose, sucrose, starch, methanol, and sludge alkaline fermentation liquid (SAFL) were constructed to compare the nitrogen recovery performance, kinetic analysis, sludge characteristics, and microbial community structure. Higher COD and NH4+N removal efficiencies were found in bioreactors supplied with acetate, glucose, and SAFL. Kinetic analysis showed that the acetate-fed bioreactor had more efficient organic utilization for assimilation. Corynebacterium, Pseudohoeflea, and Methylophaga emerged as the primary assimilation bacteria for typical carbon sources of organic acids, sugars, and alcohols, whereas Halomonas, Corynebacterium, and Marinobacter dominated in SAFL. Acetate- and SAFL-supported sludge particles displayed enhanced internal and external oxygen mass transfer, along with heightened sedimentation performance and deconsolidation ability. High-quality assimilative gene expression, assimilative enzyme activity, and assimilated organic nitrogen product synthesis with direct effects were observed in a reactor supplied with acetate and SAFL. The cost-effectiveness of SAFL preparation positions it as a promising candidate for practical engineering applications. This research underscored the pivotal role of different carbon contents in the nutrient recovery process of the HAA reaction, providing essential insights for optimizing wastewater treatment strategies and enhancing environmental sustainability.

关键词： Heterotrophic ammonia assimilation carbon sources Metabolic pathway Kinetic analysis Salinity

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carbon sources to enhance the biosynthesis of useful secondary metabolites in Fusarium verticillioides submerged cultures

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WORLD JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021年第5期37卷 1-11页

作者： Achimon, Fernanda Krapacher, Claudio R. Jacquat, Andres G. Pizzolitto, Romina P. Zygadlo, Julio A. Univ Nacl Cordoba Inst Multidisciplinario Biol Vegetal IMBIV CONICE Ave Velez Sarsfield 1611X5016 GCA Cordoba Argentina Inst Ciencia & Tecnol Alimentos ICTA Ave Velez Sarsfield 1611X5016 GCA Cordoba Argentina

Fusarium verticillioides is a prolific producer of useful secondary metabolites such as naphthoquinone pigments, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes, as well as the harmful mycotoxins fumonisins. A strategy to increase their production includes creating a proper nutritional environment that enables the fungus to produce the compounds of interest. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of different carbon sources (glucose, fructose, xylose, sucrose, and lactose) on secondary metabolites biosynthesis in F. verticillioides submerged cultures. The production of volatile terpenes was evaluated through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The quantification and identification of pigments was conducted using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer and NMR spectrometer, respectively. The quantification of fumonisin B-1 and fumonisin B-2 was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Our results showed that the biosynthesis of naphthoquinone pigments, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes was highest in cultures with fructose (13.00 +/- 0.71 mmol/g), lactose [564.52 x 10(-11) +/- 11.50 x 10(-11) mu g/g dry weight (DW)], and xylose (54.41 x 10(-11) +/- 1.55 x 10(-11) mu g/g DW), respectively, with fumonisin being absent or present in trace amounts in the presence of these carbon sources. The highest biosynthesis of fumonisins occurred in sucrose-containing medium (fumonisin B-1: 7.85 x 10(3) +/- 0.25 x 10(3) mu g/g DW and fumonisin B-2: 0.38 x 10(3) +/- 0.03 x 10(3) mu g/g DW). These results are encouraging since we were able to enhance the production of useful fungal metabolites without co-production with harmful mycotoxins by controlling the carbon source provided in the culture medium.

关键词： carbon sources Fusarium verticillioides Monoterpenes Sesquiterpenes Naphthoquinone pigments Fumonisins

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carbon sources mediate microbial pentachlorophenol dechlorination in soils

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JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019年 373卷 716-724页

作者： Li, Hui Jiang, Yuji Chen, Lijun Chen, Yating Wen, Xiaocui Tao, Liang South China Normal Univ Sch Comp Sci Guangzhou 510631 Guangdong Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst Soil Sci State Key Lab Soil & Sustainable Agr Nanjing 210008 Jiangsu Peoples R China Guangdong Inst Ecoenvironm Sci & Technol Guangdong Key Lab Integrated Agroenvironm Pollut Guangzhou 510650 Guangdong Peoples R China Sichuan Univ Coll Architecture & Environm Chengdu 610065 Sichuan Peoples R China Guangdong Univ Technol Sch Environm Sci & Engn Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Peoples R China

In this study, experiments were performed using network analysis to investigate the effects of different carbon sources, including blank, citrate, glucose and lactate, on indigenous bacterial communities and on the pentachlorophenol (PCP) dechlorination in two soils. Kinetics results demonstrate that PCP dechlorination is significantly enhanced by adding citrate/lactate, but to a lesser extent by adding glucose. High-throughput sequencing results revealed that Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the dominant groups in these four different treatments during the PCP dechlorination, whereas random forest analysis indicated that the orders Clostridiales, Haloplasmatales, Bacillales, Pseudomonodales and Gaiellales were the critical bacterial orders in modules that were significantly correlated with PCP dechlorination. Among them, the relative abundance of Clostridiales dramatically increased in both citrate and lactate treatment, further accelerating the PCP dechlorination. Addition of citrate/lactate as the carbon source increased the bacterial co-occurrence network density, average clustering coefficient and modularity. Moreover, more modules significantly correlated with PCP dechlorination in the citrate/lactate networks compared with the glucose/blank networks. Random forest modeling suggested that Clostridiales played a critical role in these functional modules. Taken together, our results provide insight into the biological mechanism of the impact of exogenous carbon sources on PCP dechlorination pathways by modifying soil bacterial networks.

关键词： carbon sources Dechlorination High-throughput sequencing Bacterial community composition Bacterial co-occurrence network

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carbon sources affect metabolic capacities of Bacillus species for the production of industrial enzymes:: theoretical analyses for serine and neutral proteases and α-amylase

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BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL 2001年第1期8卷 61-81页

作者： Çalik, P Özdamar, TH Middle E Tech Univ Dept Chem Engn TR-06531 Ankara Turkey Ankara Univ Biotechnol Res Ctr TR-06100 Ankara Turkey

The metabolic fluxes through the central carbon pathways were calculated for the genus Bacillus separately for the enzymes serine alkaline protease (SAP), neutral protease (NP) and alpha -amylase (AMY) on five carbon sources that have different reduction degrees (gamma), to determine the theoretical ultimate limits of the production capacities of Bacillus species and to predict the selective substrate for the media design. Glucose (gamma = 4.0), acetate (gamma = 4.0), and the TCA cycle organic-acids succinate (gamma = 3.5), malate (gamma = 3.0), and citrate (gamma = 3.0) were selected for the theoretical analyses and comparisons. A detailed mass flux balance-based general stoichiometric model based on the proposed metabolic reaction network starting with the alternative five carbon sources for the synthesis of each enzyme in Bacillus licheniformis that simulates the behaviour of the metabolic pathways with 107 metabolites and 150 reaction fluxes is developed. Highest and lowest specific cell growth rates (mu) were calculated as 1.142 and 0.766 h(-1), respectively, when glucose that has the highest degree of reduction and citrate that has the lowest degree of reduction were used as the carbon sources. Highest and lowest SAP, NP and AMY synthesis rates were also obtained, respectively, when glucose and citrate were used. Metabolic capacity analyses showed that the maximum SAP, NP, and AMY synthesis rates were, respectively, 0.0483, 0.0215 and 0.0191 mmol g(-1) DW h(-1) when glucose uptake rate was 10 mmol g(-1) DW h(-1) and specific growth rate was zero. The amino acid compositions and the molecular weights of the enzyme influence the production yield and selectivity. For SAP and NP oxaloacetate and pyruvate, for AMY oxaloacetate appear to be the critical main branch points. Consequently, for SAP and NP syntheses the fluxes towards the alanine group and aspartate group, and for AMY synthesis the flux towards the aspartate group amino acids need to be high. The results

关键词： serine alkaline protease neutral protease alpha-amylase Bacillus metabolic flux analysis theoretical capacity carbon sources

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