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A geometric morphometric approach to the study of ecogeographical and clinal variation in vervet monkeys

JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY 2007年第10期34卷 1663-1678页

作者： Cardini, Andrea Jansson, Anna-Ulla Elton, Sarah Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia Dipartimento Museo Paleobiol & Orto Botan Modena 41100 Italy Univ Hull Hull York Med Sch Kingston Upon Hull HU6 7RX N Humberside England

Aim To examine and visualize clines in size and shape of cercopithecus aethiops Linneus, 1758 (Primate, Cercopithecidae) skulls, and to investigate environmental factors which might best explain the observed variation. Location Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods Eighty-six three-dimensional anatomical landmarks were used to describe 306 skulls of adult C. aethiops sampled over its entire distribution. Geometric morphometric methods for the quantitative analysis of form variation were applied. Size and shape variables were computed and regressed onto geographical coordinates and environmental variables (elevation, temperature, rainfall, moisture and Shannon rainfall diversity index) using both linear and curvilinear models. Components (geographical, environmental, spatially structured environmental and residual) of ecogeographical variation in skull form were partitioned using partial regression. A novel approach for summarizing and visualizing nonlinear patterns of clinal variation using surface rendering of three-dimensional shapes is presented. Results Clinal variation in size and shape was highly significant, and was best described by curvilinear models. There were strong similarities between females and males. The cline in size was especially pronounced, explaining up to about 40% of observed variation, and was mainly longitudinal rather than latitudinal. A major trend of clinal shape variation also occurred from west to east, and corresponded to an expansion of the face relative to the neurocranium in the west. In the east, skulls also tended to be deeper and with narrower zygomatic arches. Geography and the spatially structured environmental component were the major contributors to the explained variance in size in both sexes, but the proportion of variance explained by the latter was smaller in females. In contrast, geography and environment explained similar amounts of variation in shape and their contribution was about twice that of the spatially structured enviro

关键词： Africa Bergmann's rule cercopithecus aethiops clinal variation curvilinear models geometric morphometrics rainfall and productivity skull size shape surface rendering vervet monkeys

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Morphometric analysis of growth and development in wild-collected vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops), with implications for growth patterns in Old World monkeys, apes and humans

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JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2003年第1期260卷 99-110页

作者： Bolter, DR Zihlman, AL Univ Calif Santa Cruz Dept Anthropol Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA

A study was undertaken of a unique sample of 63 wild vervet monkeys cercopithecus aethiops from a single population in Uganda collected over 35 days in 1947. Twenty-five were immature (12 females and 13 males) and 38 were adults (16 females and 22 males). Body mass, external measurements, masticatory and other masses were recorded for each individual at the time of collection, and for a few specimens, the development of the reproductive organs. Each individual was evaluated for cranial capacity, limb length and dental eruption. The comparison of immature and adult animals illustrates the mosaic nature of growth in the different body systems, as well as female-male differences. An ancestral model is proposed for catarrhine growth and development, with particular reference to sex differences. This model provides a framework for assessment of immatures and for the reconstruction of socio-ecological effects on life-history stages in populations of fossil monkeys, apes and early hominids.

关键词： growth development primates sex differences cercopithecus aethiops

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Toxicokinetics of ochratoxin A in vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops)

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ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY 2001年第5期75卷 262-269页

作者： Stander, MA Nieuwoudt, TW Steyn, PS Shephard, GS Creppy, EE Sewram, V Univ Stellenbosch Dept Chem ZA-7602 Matieland South Africa Potchefstroom Univ Christian Higher Educ Sch Chem & Biochem ZA-2520 Potchefstroom South Africa MRC PROMEC ZA-7505 Tygerberg South Africa Univ Bordeaux 2 Lab Toxicol & Hyg Appliquee F-33076 Bordeaux France

The toxicokinetics of ochratoxin A were investigated in vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops). Three female monkeys were treated intravenously with ochratoxin A at doses, respectively, of 0.8, 1.5 and 2 mg/kg body weight (BW). Blood and urine samples were collected over a period of 21 days. Plasma and urine extracts were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with either fluorescence or negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection. The clearance of ochratoxin A from plasma followed a two-compartment model. The elimination half-life of ochratoxin A in the monkeys was determined to be 19-21 days and the average total body clearance was 0.22 +/-0.07 ml/h per ka, and the average apparent distribution volume of the central compartment was 59 +/-9 ml/kg and the peripheral compartment was 59 +/- 20 ml/kg. No evidence was found for any metabolic conversion of ochratoxin A.

关键词： ochratoxin A toxicokinetics cercopithecus aethiops intravenous negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

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Inhibiting severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus by small interfering RNA

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Chinese Medical Journal 2003年第8期116卷 1262-1264页

作者：张仁礼郭中敏陆家海孟锦绣周灿权詹希美黄冰余新炳黄民潘兴华凌文华陈系古万卓越郑焕英鄢心革王一飞冉延超刘新健马俊鑫王承宇张必良 Sun Yat-Sen University Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province Jinan University Maxim Biotech Inc. The Quartermaster University of PLA Medical School of University of Massachusetts

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of small interfering RNA (siRNA) on inhibiting severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus replication, and to lay bases for the future clinical application of siRNA for the treatment of viral infectious diseases. METHODS: Vero-E6 cells was transfected with siRNA before SARS virus infection, and the effectiveness of siRNA interference was evaluated by observing the cytopathic effect (CPE) on Vero-E6 cells. RESULTS: Five pairs of siRNA showed ability to reduce CPE dose dependently, and two of them had the best effect. CONCLUSION: siRNA may be effective in inhibiting SARS-associated coronavirus replication.

关键词： Animals cercopithecus aethiops RNA, Small Interfering SARS Virus Transfection Vero Cells Virus Replication

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Seasonal, sex, and interspecific differences in activity time budgets and diets of patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and tantalus monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops tantalus), living sympatrically in Northern Cameroon

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PRIMATES 2000年第2期41卷 161-174页

作者： Nakagawa, N Kobe City Coll Nursing Fac Nursing Dept Nursing Nishi Ku Kobe Hyogo 6512103 Japan

I examined seasonal, sex, and interspecific differences in activity time budgets and diets of patas (Erythrocebus patas) and sympatric tantalus monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops tantalus) on the basis of 5-day data sets collected in three and two different seasons, respectively, by the method of focal animal sampling. The seasons included species-specific mating and birth seasons. As compared with not only the birth season but also conspecific females, both patas resident male and tantalus male spent less time feeding and more time resting, day and night, in their respective mating seasons. Given that day-resting time includes time for vigilance for non-resident males and receptive females, this may reflect that males should minimize time spent feeding to allow maximum participation in other fitness-increasing activities such as mating-relating activities as SCHOENER (1971) predicted. In both species, the males consumed fruits containing less protein but more calories and showed a high feeding rate to compensate for the shorter time spent feeding in the mating season. In contrast, females consumed protein-rich food types (i.e. animals, protein-rich seeds, leaves, and flowers) in the birth season to meet the high demand for protein due to pregnancy and lactation. Given that the season for males was considered to be not a calendar but a reproductive "season" (i.e. mating or birth season), both sexes of patas spent more time moving and less time day- and night-resting than did the tantalus counterparts irrespective of the "season." Patas subsisted on fruits, gums, and supplementarily lipid-rich seeds as an energy source and animal matters and protein-rich seeds as a protein source. In contrast, tantalus subsisted on fruits and lipid-rich seeds as energy and flowers and leaves as protein.

关键词： Erythrocebus patas cercopithecus aethiops activity budget diet comparison

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Stereological evaluation of neurons and glia in the monkey dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus following an early cerebral hemispherectomy

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EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2002年第2期142卷 208-220页

作者： Boire, D Théoret, H Ptito, M Univ Montreal Sch Optometry Montreal PQ H3C 3J7 Canada Univ Montreal Dept Psychol Montreal PQ H3C 3J7 Canada McGill Univ Montreal Neurol Inst Dept Neurol & Neurosurg Montreal PQ H3A 2B4 Canada

The effects of an early, unilateral cerebral hemispherectomy on the cytoarchitecture of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) were quantitatively evaluated in the green monkey. The dLGN ipsilateral to the lesion showed a 73% reduction in size, more than 99% neuronal cell loss, 50% increase in glial cell density, but a 50% reduction in the total number of glial cells. The total number of neural and glial cells estimated for the dLGN contralateral to the ablation did not differ from control values. Despite evidence for substantial degeneration of the ipsilateral dLGN. cytochrome oxidase histochemistry revealed a small population of surviving cells that exhibited features of neuronal cells. More surviving cells were found in the parvocellular than in the magnocellular layers, and surviving parvocellular cells had the same size-frequency distribution as Nissl-stained neurons in an intact animal. These findings suggest that the intrinsic geniculate circuitry may be able to sustain the residual interneurons that can, in turn, contribute to maintaining retinal and brainstem afferents. The remaining neurons in the dLGN following hemispherectomy appear to be insufficient in number to be importantly implicated in the residual visual functions that have been reported in some hemispherectomized patients.

关键词： visual cortex lesion cell death gliosis optical disector cercopithecus aethiops

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The conflict between vervet monkeys and farmers at the forest edge in Entebbe, Uganda

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AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2001年第2期39卷 195-199页

作者： Saj, TL Sicotte, P Paterson, JD Univ Calgary Dept Anthropol Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada

Forty-seven property owners in Entebbe, Uganda were questioned about vervet monkey activities on their property. Our main objective was to investigate the interactions between humans and vervet monkeys in an agricultural area adjacent to a forest zone. Other studies have reported that farms located within 300 m of a forested boundary probably incur the greatest risk of crop-raiding. Two other factors that may influence susceptibility to vervet crop-raiding were also examined: the types of crops grown and the types of direct preventative measures used. The effect of these two factors on vervet crop-raiding is not straightforward. However, the distance a property is located from the forest edge is an important factor influencing vervet crop-raiding. Surveyed gardens 200 m from the forest edge received significantly less crop-raiding than farms located 100 m or 50 m (P = 0.040, < = 0.05). We suggest that the development of nonagricultural activities on land directly adjacent to forested areas may reduce vervet crop-raiding by deterring vervets from travelling greater distances from the forest edge due to increased obstacles or risks.

关键词： cercopithecus aethiops crop-raiding human-primate conflict

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Growth, development, and sexual dimorphism in vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops) at four sites in Kenya

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American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1998年第1期103卷

作者： T. R. Turner F. Anapol C. J. Jolly Department of Anthropology University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee Wisconsin 53201 Department of Anthropology New York University New York New York 10003

Body weight and ten body segment measurements were collected from 367 wild-trapped vervet monkeys ( cercopithecus aethiops ) in central and southern Kenya. The animals represent between 70 and 95% of the animals in each of 30 troops at four geographical locations separated by 80 to 380 km. The capture sites differed in altitude, mean annual rainfall and temperature. Two questions are addressed: (1) what are the differences in male and female growth patterns, and (2) what is the relationship between size, climate, and availability of food? Each animal was assigned to an age class based on dental examination. Means for all variables do not diverge for males and females from birth to age class 4 (15–18 months). After this, male and female growth rates diverge. This sexual dimorphism in growth pattern may reflect timing of entry into the reproductive community. A nested analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to compare sites, groups within sites and individuals within groups. Statistically significant differences between sites in body weight and body segment measurements are found for adult females. Except for tail length, these differences do not follow Bergmann's or Allen's Rules correlating size differences and temperature, but rather may reflect proximity to cultivated areas or tourist lodges with greater access to human food. Am J Phys Anthropol 103:19–35, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

关键词： cercopithecus aethiops bimaturism growth intersite variation

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Presynaptic alpha(2A/D)-autoreceptors in the brain cortex of cercopithecus aethiops

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NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERGS ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1997年第3期355卷 341-346页

作者： Trendelenburg, AU Sutej, I Starke, K Pharmakologisches Institut Hermann-Herder-Strasse 5 D-79104 Freiburg i.Br. Germany DE

The existence of presynaptic alpha(2)-autoreceptors, and the subtype to which the receptors belong, were studied in the brain cortex from two African green monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops). Slices of the brain cortex were preincubated with H-3-noradrenaline. The slices were then superfused with medium containing desipramine (1 mu M) and stimulated electrically with trains of 72 pulses, 3 Hz. Concentration-response curves of nine a-adrenoceptor antagonists were determined. All antagonists enhanced the stimulation-evoked overflow of tritium, i.e. the release of noradrenaline, indicating the existence of presynaptic alpha(2)-autoreceptors. The EC(30%) values of the antagonists (concentrations that increased the evoked overflow of tritium by 30%) were taken as a measure of affinity for the autoreceptors. The subclassification was based on a comparison of these affinity estimates with affinities for alpha(2A), alpha(2B), alpha(2C) and alpha(2D) radioligand binding sites and for previously classified alpha(2A)0 and alpha(2D)-autoreceptors. The comparison indicates that the alpha(2)-autoreceptors in the brain cortex of cercopithecus aethiops belong to the genetic alpha(2A/D) and not the alpha(2B) or alpha(2C) subtype. In their pharmacological properties, the autoreceptors are closest to the pharmacological alpha(2D) subtype. The results support the notion that alpha(2)-autoreceptors belong at least predominantly to the alpha(2A/D) subtype of alpha(2)-adrenoceptors.

关键词： alpha(2)-adrenoceptor subtypes alpha(2)-autoreceptor alpha(2A/D)-adrenoceptor African green monkey cercopithecus aethiops brain cortex noradrenaline release

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SIVagm incidence over two decades in a natural population of Ethiopian grivet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops aethiops)

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JOURNAL OF MEDICAL PRIMATOLOGY 1996年第2期25卷 78-83页

作者： Jolly, CJ PhillipsConroy, JE Turner, TR Broussard, S Allan, JS WASHINGTON UNIV SCH MED DEPT ANAT & NEUROBIOL ST LOUIS MO 63110 USA WASHINGTON UNIV DEPT ANTHROPOL ST LOUIS MO 63110 USA UNIV WISCONSIN DEPT ANTHROPOL MILWAUKEE WI 53201 USA SW FDN BIOMED RES DEPT VIROL & IMMUNOL SAN ANTONIO TX USA

The incidence of SIVagm seropositivity in a natural population of Ethiopian grivet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops aethiops) is investigated using plasma samples collected in 1973, and shown to be similar to that reported from the same population in 1990-91. Results tend to support our previous conclusions: endemic SIVagm has little or no impact on the survival of wild grivet monkeys, and the virus is transmitted almost always by sexual contact, occasionally by trauma, and rarely if ever maternally Small differences between 1973 and 1990-93 suggest that the stress sa of drought years may raise the incidence of traumatic transmission, and temporarily depress transmission by sexual activity, in this population.

关键词： cercopithecus aethiops Ethiopia epidemiology SIV long-term study

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