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SIBSHIPS - COOPERATION AND COMPETITION AMONG IMMATURE VERVET MONKEYS

PRIMATES 1987年第1期28卷 47-59页

作者： LEE, PC Sub-department of Animal Behaviour Cambridge United Kingdom

The relationships between siblings were compared with those between non-sibling peers amongst immature vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops) in three free-ranging social groups. Using the frequency and context of friendly, supportive, aggressive, and competitive interactions, sibships were found to stand out as associative units characterized by high levels of grooming and support during aggression. Competition between siblings was related to contests over access to maternal care, especially grooming, which may have been important in the establishment of relative sibling dominance. Siblings who were close in age tended to interact more frequently than those who were distant in age, but few sex differences were found. The close and supportive nature of sibling relationships appeared to affect the social structure of the groups.

关键词： cercopithecus aethiops Competition Development Sibling

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NONINVASIVE MEASUREMENT OF BLOOD-PRESSURE IN AFRICAN-GREEN MONKEYS (cercopithecus-aethiops)

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 1985年第4期9卷 285-294页

作者： KRAFTSCHREYER, N ANGELAKOS, ET Department of Physiology and Biophysics Hahnemann University Philadelphia

Indirect measurements of arterial blood pressure were made in African green monkeys ( cercopithecus aethiops ) employing a Doppler ultrasound stethoscope and standard cuff and an Infrasonde automatic blood pressure recorder. Measurements were obtained from anesthetized (10 mg/kg ketamine (HCI) and unanesthetized (1.5 mg/kg ketamine HCI) animals. Ketamine had no significant effect on blood pressure. Indirect measurements from the brachial artery were compared with direct femoral artery measurements and with each other. Systolic blood pressures measured by the Doppler ( r = .948) and Infrasonde ( r = .920) methods correlated closely with direct measurements but were significantly lower than systolic blood pressures measured by the direct method. Diastolic blood pressures measured by the Infrasonde method agreed closely with direct measurements ( r = .947). Systolic blood pressures measured by the indirect methods correlated closely in both anesthetized ( r = .973) and unanesthetized ( r = .834) animals and were not significantly different. Mean blood pressures calculated from direct and Infrasonde measurements also correlated closely ( r = .963), with direct measurements being 4 mmHg higher on the average. Mean blood pressures are less influenced by methodology and are more reproducible than other pressures. These noninvasive methods can be used to obtain simple and accurate measurements of blood pressure from anesthetized and unanesthetized monkeys and are of value in long‐term studies in monkeys.

关键词： cercopithecus aethiops Doppler ultrasound infrasonic blood pressure instrument African green monkeys guenons vervets

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NEURONAL PROPERTIES OF MONKEY ADRENAL-MEDULLA INVITRO

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CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH 1986年第1期244卷 69-76页

作者： NOTTER, MFD GUPTA, M GASH, DM Department of Anatomy University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester USA

Chromaffin cells from the monkey adrenal medulla were maintained in vitro in the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF) and the neuronal properties of these cells were assessed. Single-cell preparations were obtained by collagenase-trypsin treatment of the minced adrenal medulla tissue. Cells assumed a glandular to epithelioid morphology after twenty-four hours of culture. Twelve percent of these cells were shown to extend neurites spontaneously after five days. NGF-stimulated neuritic outgrowth from most cells after five days of culture and these neurites remained for at least three weeks. Cells exhibited intense histofluorescence for catecholamines even after three weeks in vitro in the presence of NGF and positive staining for tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta hydroxylase could be detected by immunocytochemistry. Moreover, the chromaffin cells were shown to bind tetanus toxin, which is a specific marker for neurons. Tetanus toxin labelling was not dependent upon the presence of neurites on these cells. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that cultured cells contained numerous dense-core vesicles similar to noncultured medulla cells. Many of the neurites possessed the morphological features of axons; long varicose processes resembling noradrenergic fibers were identified by catecholamine histofluorescence and tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry. Microtubular arrays, in an axonal-like organization pattern, were seen ultrastructurally along with the presence of many dense-core vesicles. These data support the potential of adult primate chromaffin cells as a source of sympathetic neuronal tissue for neural transplantation.

关键词： Adrenal medulla Cebus apella cercopithecus aethiops Histofluorescence Neuritic outgrowth NGF Tissue culture

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GROUP EXTINCTION AND FUSION IN FREE-RANGING VERVET MONKEYS

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 1986年第1期11卷 63-77页

作者： HAUSER, MD CHENEY, DL SEYFARTH, RM UNIV PENN DEPT ANTHROPOL PHILADELPHIA PA 19104 USA UNIV PENN DEPT PSYCHOL PHILADELPHIA PA 19104 USA INST PRIMATES RES NAIROBI KENYA

Three cases of group fusion were observed among vervet monkeys in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, during the 1984 drought. In all cases, group fusion involved the migration of at least two females into a small neighboring group. Following migration, the females'' natal groups ceased to exist. Although migrants initially assumed low ranks, none received high rates of aggression, and two rose in rank 6 months after their arrival. Migrant females appeared to employ a number of "strategies", including grooming, allomothering, participation in intergroup encounters, and the formation of coalitions against males and each other to hasten integration. Results suggest that the causes of male and female migration differ fundamentally, and that group fusion occurs primarily in response to the inability of small groups of females to compete successfully with other groups for resources.

关键词： cercopithecus aethiops African green monkey group fusion female immigration intergroup competition

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TERRITORIALITY IN THE ST KITTS VERVET, cercopithecus-aethiops

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JOURNAL OF HUMAN EVOLUTION 1984年第8期13卷 677-686页

作者： CHAPMAN, C FEDIGAN, LM Department of Anthropology University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2E1

The fact that the vervet monkey ( cercopithecus aethiops ) has been described as being territorial in some studies and in some habitats, while not in others, suggests that they exhibit facultative territoriality. The generally accepted model for the explanation of variations in territoriality is an economic one in which animals respond to the necessity of resource defence and the facility which an area can be defended. A 13-month study of the territorial behaviour and ranging patterns of three groups of vervet monkeys living on St Kitts, West Indies found only mild territoriality expressed during intergroup encounters. The home ranges of the groups were shown to be defendable and food resources were distributed in such a fashion that food was reliably available in specific defendable locations. The fact that all groups had a number of food resources available which were either not heavily exploited, or not used at all, and the fact that the study population increased by over 300% in the last decade, suggest that these vervets were not limited by food availability. The most satisfactory explanation for the low level of territorial defence exhibited by the study population is that the groups were previously associated 10 years ago, when they all were members of a single group that was in the process of fissioning. This study demonstrates that in addition to analysing the functional aspects of territoriality, it is important to understand the historical events leading up to them.

关键词： cercopithecus aethiops intergroup encounters primate territoriality vervet

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THE EFFECTS OF KETAMINE ANESTHESIA ON GLUCOSE CLEARANCE IN AFRICAN-GREEN MONKEYS

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JOURNAL OF MEDICAL PRIMATOLOGY 1985年第2期14卷 99-107页

作者： BRADY, AG KORITNIK, DR WAKE FOREST UNIV BOWMAN GRAY SCH MED DEPT COMPARAT MED WINSTON SALEM NC 27103 USA

Ketamine hydrochloride''s effect on glucose clearance-insulin secretion during i.v. glucose tolerance testing was studied in 5 African green monkeys. Animals were tested with ketamine anesthesia and then had indwelling cannulas implanted and were retested both in the presence and absence of ketamine anesthesia. Serum glucose and insulin concentrations were determined. There were no significant differences in the glucose clearance rate (K value), basal glucose and insulin concentrations, maximum insulin concentration, and area under the insulin response curve, among the 3 different conditions.

关键词： cercopithecus aethiops Ketamine Glucose tolerance test Glucose Insulin

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PATTERNS OF GENETIC-VARIABILITY IN THE SERUM-PROTEINS OF THE KENYAN VERVET MONKEY (cercopithecus-aethiops)

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1983年第1期61卷 39-49页

作者： DRACOPOLI, NC BRETT, FL TURNER, TR JOLLY, CJ UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL DEPT ANTHROPOL LONDON WC1E 6BT ENGLAND UNIV MICHIGAN SCH MED DEPT HUMAN GENET ANN ARBOR MI 48109 USA NYU DEPT ANTHROPOL NEW YORK NY 10003 USA

An electrophoretic survey of 13 serum proteins was carried out on samples drawn from 340 vervet monkeys (C. aethiops) living in 30 troops from 4 different localities in central and southern Kenya. The proportion of polymorphic loci is 0.17 and the average heterozygosity is 0.05. The group specific component, prealbumin carboxylesterase, and transferrin are all polymorphic. The analysis of the patterns of gene diversity show that a large part of the genic variation exists within individual troops and among neighboring troops from the same trapping locality. Only a small proportion of the overall genetic variability occurs between the populations at the different trapping localities which are separated by between 80-380 km. The migration of young males from their natal troops is a likely mechanism of gene flow among the vervet populations. Gene flow appears to be sufficient to prevent high levels of geographic variation in the gene frequencies at these loci, but is insufficient to prevent the occasional fixation of alleles in some local populations.

关键词： cercopithecus aethiops Vervet monkeys Genetic variation Serum proteins

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DIET AND DOMINANCE AMONG FEMALE VERVET MONKEYS (cercopithecus-aethiops)

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 1983年第2期5卷 139-159页

作者： WHITTEN, PL HARVARD UNIV DEPT ANTHROPOLCAMBRIDGEMA 02138

Behavioral observations of free‐ranging female vervet monkeys ( cercopithecus aethiops ) suggest that priority of access to food enhances individual fitness. Seventeen adult females living in two social groups were observed for 26 months in the Samburu/Isiolo Game Reserves, northern Kenya. Priority of access to feeding and sitting sites was associated with significant differences in diet and reproduction. Food species distribution altered rank‐related differences in diet. Rank‐related differences in diet occurred when food items were clumped in distribution, but not when they were randomly distributed. The relation of individual food items to reproduction influenced rank‐related differences in reproduction. Rank was significantly correlated with birth rate when a preferred food species was clumped in distribution.

关键词： rank priority of access diet reproductive success vervet monkeys cercopithecus aethiops

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Brief report: Circadian variation in insulin response in African green monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops)

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American Journal of Primatology 1983年第3期5卷 261-266页

作者： Meis, Paul J. Rose, James C. Sperling, Mark A. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Physiology Bowman Gray School of Medicine Winston-Salem North Carolina United States Division of Endocrinology Children's Hospital Research Foundation Cincinnatti United States

Among a group of African green monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops), plasma insulin concentrations were greater following either intravenous (IV) glucose infusion or oral feeding at 0800 compared with IV glucose or oral feeding at 1700. Glucose clearance rates after IV infusion were similar at the two test times. Insulin/glucose ratios were greater following either IV glucose infusion or oral feeding at 0800 compared with 1700. These circadian variations in plasma insulin response are similar to reports of human studies and suggest this nonhuman primate species may be an appropriate animal model for chronobiological metabolic studies. Copyright © 1983 Wiley‐Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company

关键词： cercopithecus aethiops circadian rhythms glucagon glucose tolerance insulin monkeys vervets

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PREDATION BY VERVET MONKEYS IN AN OUTDOOR ENCLOSURE - THE EFFECT OF AGE, RANK, AND KINSHIP ON PREY CAPTURE AND CONSUMPTION

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 1984年第3期5卷 263-272页

作者： FAIRBANKS, LA VET ADM MED CTR DEPT PSYCHIATSEPULVEDACA 91343

Sixty-one instances of vertebrate predation have been directly observed or inferred from remains in a captive colony of vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus)over a 6-year period. Vertebrate prey included 33 rodents,27 birds, and 1 frog. Prey capturing was performed predominantly by juvenile males and females, independent of rank. Avian prey were highly preferred: all 27 birds were eaten completely, while only 1 of 33 rodents was consumed completely and 5 others partially. Prey consumption was related to age-sex class, rank, and kinship. All age-sex classes were observed to consume avian prey, but juvenile males and females predominated. Seventy-six percent of all animals noted consuming avian prey were members of the alpha matriline in their group. When two or more animals were observed cofeeding on the same preferred prey item, they were generally members of the same kinship group.

关键词： age cercopithecus aethiops kinship predation rank

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