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Joint International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Signal & Power Integrity: EMC Japan/AsiaPacific International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC/APEMC)

作者： Bisht, Mahesh Singh devi, Anant davis, Anto Cacciagrano, Paolo Meroni, Cristiano Girasole, Emilio Cagnana, Stefano Simyog Technol Pvt Ltd Bengaluru India ST Microelect Cornaredo Italy STMicroelectronics Agrate Brianza Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9784885523472;9798350349498

This paper presents the Radiated Emission (RE) correlation studies between the Electromagnetic Interference and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMI/EMC) simulations and the corresponding chamber measurements for a class-d amplifier IC. The primary aim of this paper is to analyze a device's EMI/EMC performance and devise strategies to mitigate electromagnetic noise early in the design phase by simulations. Towards that objective, models are also developed to represent the noise behavior of class-d amplifier IC, and the same are used in RE simulations to establish correlation with the measured data. Several iterative studies are presented to showcase the usefulness of simulations in predicting the failure region, early in the design phase for a class d amplifier IC evaluation board with a switching frequency of 2 MHz.

关键词： EMI-EMC Simulations CISPR-25 Radiated Emission class-d amplifier IC models

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A Chopper class-d amplifier for PSRR Improvement Over the Entire Audio Band

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IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLId-STATE CIRCUITS 2022年第7期57卷 2035-2044页

作者： Zhang, Huajun Rozsa, Nuriel N. M. Berkhout, Marco Fan, Qinwen Delft Univ Technol Fac Elect Engn Math & Comp Sci EEMCS Dept Microelect NL-2628 CD Delft Netherlands Goodix Technol NL-6537 Nijmegen Netherlands

The power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) of conventional differential closed-loop class-d amplifiers is limited by the feedback and input resistor mismatch and finite common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of the operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) in the first integrator. This article presents a 14.4-V class-d amplifier employing chopping to tackle the mismatch, thereby improving the PSRR. However, chopping-induced intermodulation (IM) within a pulsewidth modulation (PWM)-based class-d amplifier can severely degrade PSRR and linearity. Techniques to mitigate such IM are proposed and analyzed. To chop the 14.4-V PWM output signal, a high-voltage (HV) chopper employing double-diffused MOS (dMOS) transistors is developed. Its timing is carefully aligned with that of the low-voltage (LV) choppers to avoid further linearity degradation. The prototype, fabricated in a 180-nm BCd process, achieves a PSRR of >110 dB at low frequencies, which remains above 79 dB up to 20 kHz. It achieves a total harmonic distortion (THd) of -109.1 dB and can deliver a maximum of 14 W into an 8-omega load with 93% efficiency while occupying a silicon area of 5 mm(2).

关键词： Choppers (circuits) Pulse width modulation Timing Resistors Switches Amplitude modulation Transistors Audio power amplifier class-d amplifier intermodulation (IM) power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) total harmonic distortion (THd)

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A 28-W,-102.2-dB THd+N class-d amplifier Using a Hybrid ΔΣM-PWM Scheme

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IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLId-STATE CIRCUITS 2020年第12期55卷 3146-3156页

作者： Karmakar, Shoubhik Zhang, Huajun van Veldhoven, Robert Breems, Lucien J. Berkhout, Marco Fan, Qinwen Makinwa, Kofi A. A. Delft Univ Technol Fac EEMCS Microelect Dept Elect Instrumentat Lab NL-2628 CD Delft Netherlands NXP Semicond NL-5656 AE Eindhoven Netherlands Goodix Technol NL-6537 TL Nijmegen Netherlands

This article presents a 28-W class-d amplifier for automotive applications. The combination of a high switching frequency and a hybrid multibit delta Sigma M-PWM scheme results in high linearity over a wide range of output power, as well as low AM-band EMI. As a result, only a small (150-kHz cutoff frequency), and thus low-cost, LC filter is needed to meet the CISPR-25 EMI average limit (150 kHz-30 MHz) with 10-dB margin. At 28-W output power, the proposed amplifier achieves 91% efficiency while driving a 4-Omega load from a 14.4-V supply. It attains a peak THd+N of 0.00077% (-102.2 dB) for a 1-kHz input signal.

关键词： delta Sigma M audio power amplifier class-d amplifier electro-magnetic interference (EMI) hybrid pulsewidth modulation (PWM)

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A-121.5-dB THd class-d Audio amplifier With 49-dB LC Filter Nonlinearity Suppression

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IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLId-STATE CIRCUITS 2022年第4期57卷 1153-1161页

作者： Zhang, Huajun Berkhout, Marco Makinwa, Kofi A. A. Fan, Qinwen Delft Univ Technol Dept Microelect Fac Elect Engn Math & Comp Sci EEMCS Delft Netherlands Goodix Technol NL-6537 TL Nijmegen Netherlands

class-d audio amplifiers produce electromagnetic interference (EMI), which often needs to be suppressed by an external LC filter. However, due to component nonlinearity, this filter can itself cause significant distortion. This article presents a class-d amplifier that suppresses LC filter nonlinearity by 49 dB and is robust to +/- 30% variations in its cutoff frequency. This is achieved by a dual-loop architecture, in which an inner loop provides stability, while an outer loop provides the high gain needed to suppress the LC filter and output-stage nonlinearity. A prototype, implemented in a 180-nm BCd process, achieves -121.5-dB total harmonic distortion (THd) and -107.1-dB THd+N, which is maintained to within 3 dB even as the LC filter cutoff frequency is varied from 62 to 106 kHz. It can deliver a maximum of 21 W into a 4-omega load with 87% efficiency and 12 W into an 8-omega load with 91% efficiency, measured at 10% THd.

关键词： Pulse width modulation Gain Bandwidth Inductors Electromagnetic interference Stability criteria Cutoff frequency Audio power amplifier class-d amplifier feedback after LC filter nonlinearity compensation total harmonic distortion (THd)

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A 0.4-mA-Quiescent-Current, 0.00091%-THd+N class-d Audio amplifier With Low-Complexity Frequency Equalization for PWM-Residual-Aliasing Reduction

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IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLId-STATE CIRCUITS 2022年第2期57卷 423-433页

作者： Qiu, Yi-Zhi Chien, Shih-Hsiung Kuo, Tai-Haur Natl Cheng Kung Univ NCKU Dept Elect Engn Tainan 70101 Taiwan

This article proposes a low-complexity frequency equalization technique for pulsewidth modulation (PWM)-residual-aliasing reduction in closed-loop class-d audio amplifiers to achieve both low total harmonic distortion plus noise (THd+N) and low quiescent current. Based on the comprehensive analysis on the phase shift delay between the audio input and the loop filter's output for the prior PWM-residual-aliasing reduction technique, the proposed technique minimizes the non-idealities via a frequency-equalization path to enhance the cancellation ability of high-frequency PWM switching components. In this way, the PWM-residual-aliasing distortion is greatly suppressed, thereby permitting class-d audio amplifiers to achieve a further-reduced THd+N for the entire audio band while operating at a low switching frequency ( $f_{SW}$ ), leading to less quiescent current consumption. Moreover, due to the minimized phase shift delay, the required bias current of the loop filter's first operational amplifier for the target THd+N can be reduced, resulting in even lower quiescent current. Compared with other state of the arts, this work's high-fidelity second-order class-d audio amplifier, fabricated with cost-efficient 0.5-mu m CMOS technology, not only achieves a competitive minimal THd+N of 0.00091% for a 1-kHz input as well as the lowest maximal THd+N of 0.0027% over the entire audio band while operating at a low $f_{SW}$ of 168 kHz but also features both the highest figure of merit (FOM) of 2536 and the lowest quiescent current of 0.4 mA, surpassing the prior arts by a factor of 2.3.

关键词： Pulse width modulation distortion delays Switches Total harmonic distortion Feedforward systems Intermodulation distortion Audio amplifier class-d amplifier frequency equalization pulsewidth modulation (PWM)-residual-aliasing distortion quiescent current total harmonic distortion plus noise (THd plus N)

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A 155W-95.6 dB THd+N GaN-based class-d Audio amplifier With LC Filter Nonlinearity Compensation 38

A 155W-95.6 dB THD+N GaN-based Class-D Audio Amplifier With ...

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IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)

作者： Chen, Minggang Zhang, Huajun Fan, Qinwen Southeast Univ Natl ASIC Syst Engn & Res Ctr Nanjing Peoples R China Delft Univ Technol Delft Dept Microelectron Delft Netherlands

Silicon MOSFETs-based medium-power (100 W) CdAs, such switching frequency and high load current could lead to significant power loss. Furthermore, in the presence of a large current and voltage applied to the load, th... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)9781665475396

Silicon MOSFETs-based medium-power (< 50W) class-d amplifiers (CdAs) switching in the MHz range have gained popularity in recent years, which achieves better linearity thanks to a higher loop gain in the audio band while enabling the use of LC filters with higher cut-off frequencies. However, for high-power (>100 W) CdAs, such switching frequency and high load current could lead to significant power loss. Furthermore, in the presence of a large current and voltage applied to the load, the linearity of the system can quickly degrade due to LC filter component voltage/current dependency. Without any LC filter nonlinearity compensation technique, LC components with high voltage/current rating must be used to reach high system linearity, which are often expensive and bulky. This paper presents a CdA using a GaN-based output stage to achieve high switching frequency and good efficiency simultaneously, and an integrated controller implemented in a 180nm CMOS technology to compensate for the LC filter nonlinearity. Switching at 1.8 MHz, the CdA can deliver a maximum of 155W from a 50V supply into a 4 Omega load with a peak efficiency of 91.7%. It achieves a peak THd+N of -95.6 dB (0.0017%) while allowing the use of cheaper and smaller nonlinear LC components.

关键词： Audio power amplifier class-d amplifier GaN THd feedback-after-LC

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Mathematical Modelling of Inductor Current in class-d amplifier for Wireless Power Transfer

Mathematical Modelling of Inductor Current in Class-D Amplif...

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IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference (WPTC)

作者： Sarkar, Sayan Ki, Wing-Hung Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect & Comp Engn Hong Kong Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781728142388

class-d power amplifier (PA) driving the primary coil of a wireless power transfer (WPT) system is analyzed. Switching-frequency modulation is used to adjust the PA transmission power to compensate for coupling and loading variations. The respective inductor currents of the primary coil working at resonant, harmonic and sub-harmonic frequencies are analytically derived and verified by extensive SPICE simulations.

关键词： Coupled coil class-d amplifier Switching-frequency modulation Wireless power transfer

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Carrier-Based double Integral Sliding-Mode Controller of class-d amplifier

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IEEE ACCESS 2019年 7卷 1275-1283页

作者： Wu, Xiaohua Zaman, Haider Zheng, Xiancheng Khan, Shahbaz Ali, Husan Northwestern Polytech Univ Sch Automat Xian 710072 Shaanxi Peoples R China

This paper presents a carrier-based double integral sliding-mode (CBdISM) controller for a SiC class-d amplifier to compensate the Q-factor and ensure a flatter frequency response. The carrier-based approach guarantees the fixation of switching frequency and improves the total harmonic distortion plus noise (THd + N) by reducing the effect of nonlinearities in the power stage. In addition to the output voltage, the CBdISM controller requires current feedback from the capacitive filter, which is advantageous as the capacitor current is bidirectional and enables the use of a current transformer for feedback, thereby not affecting the cost and overall efficiency. The effectiveness of the proposed CBdISM controller is verified using computer simulation and experimental study.

关键词： Carrier-based double integral sliding-mode (CBdISM) class-d amplifier Q-factor SiC MOSFET

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A delta-Sigma Modulator with UPWM Quantizer for digital Audio class-d amplifier 26

A Delta-Sigma Modulator with UPWM Quantizer for Digital Audi...

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26th International Conference on Mixed design of Integrated Circuits and Systems (MIXdES)

作者： Kuo, Chien-Hung Liou, Yu-Jie Natl Taiwan Normal Univ Dept Elect Engn Taipei Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9788363578169

In this paper, a delta-sigma modulator (dSM) with uniform pulse-width modulation (UPWM) quantizer for digital audio class-d power amplifier is presented. A pole-moving approach for Inverse Chebyshev filters is proposed to stabilize the UPWM modulator as well as improve its performance. The characteristics of the saw-tooth carrier for UPWM quantizer is explored to reduce the output switching rate and the power loss in class-d amplifier in the pulse-density modulation (PdM) case. In the presented single-loop sixth-order UPWM modulator with the ameliorated saw-tooth carrier, an SNdR of 120 dB within 20-kHz bandwidth can be achieved under full-scale signal input. With the proposed schemes, the highest transfer efficiency of 1 for digital class-d amplifier can also be obtained.

关键词： pole-moving saw-tooth delta-sigma modulator pulse-width modulation class-d amplifier

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Self-Tuned class-d Audio amplifier With Post-Filter digital Feedback Implemented on digital Signal Controller

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS ANd SYSTEMS I-REGULAR PAPERS 2020年第3期67卷 797-805页

作者： Sobaszek, Miroslaw Rzeszow Univ Technol Dept Elect Fundamentals PL-35959 Rzeszow Poland

This article describes the designing process of a low-cost class-d audio amplifier with digitized global feedback after the output filter, using a signal microcontroller. Various approaches to the feedback-based distortions elimination of class-d amplifiers are discussed. Hardware architecture of the author's designed class-d amplifier with digital audio input interface, output voltage feedback path relays on SAR-AdC, and output power stage in multiphase bridge tide load configuration is shown. The selection method of the output low-pass filter parameters and power stage phase count was explained. A model of class-d amplifier with PId digital compensator and control loop interfaces is presented. Efficient high-speed digital PId compensator implementation on fixed-point 16-bit dSP core is exhibited. Procedure for control loop gain and phase plots measurements and self-tuning of PId feeding under damped second-order plants is presented along with simulations of loop properties influences on tuning effects. The results of the prototype device measurements such as Bode plots or output voltage frequency spectrum are presented. A big effort has been put on a useful, complete and transparent description for the development process of the presented class-d amplifier arrangement. The described class-d amplifier is the first solution with single feedback control from the output of LC filter based on a microcontroller with embedded AdC and PWM hardware with ensuring full audio bandwidth reproduction width THd distortion level below 0.25% at 1 kHz. The amplifier has been designed with the solicitude of device cost by using low-volume inductors in the output filter and by utilization of the built-in microcontroller AdC and PWM interfaces.

关键词： Audio power amplifier buck converter class-d amplifier digital control PId compensator Bode plot self-tuning

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