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Automatic Software-Based Self Test Generation for Embedded Processors

IFAC-PapersOnLine 2018年第6期51卷 125-130页

作者： Hudec, Ján Institute of Computer Engineering and Applied Informatics Faculty of Informatics and Information Technologies Slovak University of Technology Bratislava84216 Slovakia

The paper deals with automatic software-based test generation for processors. Processors are basic blocks of current complex systems on chip and embedded systems. Processors testing can be extended by functional tests or using various application programs. Such types of tests are serving as additional tests to structural testing or as tests used in verification. Functional tests (programs) are generated over an instruction set architecture and processor model description. A metric for quality evaluation of the software-based tests is obviously provided by code coverage of a processor model. A new functional test generation method is based on VHDL model of processors and genetic algorithms with using various evolutionary strategies. The contribution to the SBST methods based on GAs using the latest defined ES was identified. Functionality and effectiveness of the developed methods were evaluated in the implemented system AGenMIX over two types of RISC processor. © 2018

关键词： Software testing Application programs Embedded systems Genetic algorithms Integrated circuit testing Quality control Reduced instruction set computing System on chip code coverage Evolutionary strategies Fitness functions Functional testing Processor Software based self test

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Quantifying, Characterizing, and Mitigating Flakily Covered Program Elements

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2022年第3期48卷 1018-1029页

作者： Vysali, Shivashree McIntosh, Shane Adams, Bram McGill Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Montreal PQ H3A 0G4 Canada Univ Waterloo David R Cheriton Sch Comp Sci Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada Queens Univ Sch Comp Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada

code coverage measures the degree to which source code elements (e.g., statements, branches) are invoked during testing. Despite growing evidence that coverage is a problematic measurement, it is often used to make decisions about where testing effort should be invested. For example, using coverage as a guide, tests should be written to invoke the non-covered program elements. At their core, coverage measurements assume that invocation of a program element during any test is equally valuable. Yet in reality, some tests are more robust than others. As a concrete instance of this, we posit in this paper that program elements that are only covered by flaky tests, i.e., tests with non-deterministic behaviour, are also worthy of investment of additional testing effort. In this paper, we set out to quantify, characterize, and mitigate "flakily covered" program elements (i.e., those elements that are only covered by flaky tests). To that end, we perform an empirical study of three large software systems from the OpenStack community. In terms of quantification, we find that systems are disproportionately impacted by flakily covered statements with 5 and 10 percent of the covered statements in Nova and Neutron being flakily covered, respectively, while < 1% of Cinder statements are flakily covered. In terms of characterization, we find that incidences of flakily covered statements could not be well explained by solely using code characteristics, such as dispersion, ownership, and development activity. In terms of mitigation, we propose GreedyFlake - a test effort prioritization algorithm to maximize return on investment when tackling the problem of flakily covered program elements. We find that GreedyFlake outperforms baseline approaches by at least eight percentage points of Area Under the Cost Effectiveness Curve.

关键词： code coverage software testing flaky tests

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Multi-objective test suite optimization for detection and localization of software faults

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JOURNAL OF KING SAUD UNIVERSITY-COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCES 2022年第6期34卷 2897-2909页

作者： Gupta, Neha Sharma, Arun Pachariya, Manoj Kumar Indira Gandhi Delhi Tech Univ Women Dept Informat Technol New Delhi 110006 India Makhanlal Chaturvedi Natl Univ Journalism & Commu Dept Comp Sci & Applicat Bhopal 462011 India

Testing of software is done with an intention to find faults. If a fault is there then it needs to be detected, located and then resolved. Fault detection and localization are adjoining activities and thus it is difficult to combine them. Fault detection requires test information that helps in detecting the faults early whereas fault localization requires information which helps in locating the faults accurately. But test information is one common thing that is required for both the activities. This pre-condition helps to effectively combine both fault detection and localization. In this research work, a code and mutant coverage based multi-objective approach has been proposed to produce a minimized test suite having the ability of both detecting and locating faults. For optimization of test cases, NSGA-II algorithm has been used. Results on the projects of Defects4j repository depicts that the proposed approach is able to produce minimized test suites having the capability of detecting 95.16% of faults and locating all detected faults with fault localization score almost equivalent to that of the complete test suite. The average percentage of reduction in test suite size is 78% which is a good reduction percentage with the given fault detection and localization scores. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.

关键词： Fault detection Multi-objective optimization Fault localization code coverage Mutant partitioning Test suite reduction

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Accelerating Fuzzing through Prefix-Guided Execution

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACM ON PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES-PACMPL 2023年第OOPSLA期7卷 1-27页

作者： Li, Shaohua Su, Zhendong Swiss Fed Inst Technol Zurich Switzerland

coverage-guided fuzzing is one of the most effective approaches for discovering software defects and vulnerabilities. It executes all mutated tests from seed inputs to expose coverage-increasing tests. However, executing all mutated tests incurs significant performance penalties-most of the mutated tests are discarded because they do not increase code coverage. Thus, determining if a test increases code coverage without actually executing it is beneficial, but a paradoxical challenge. In this paper, we introduce the notion of prefix-guided execution (PGE) to tackle this challenge. PGE leverages two key observations: (1) Only a tiny fraction of the mutated tests increase coverage, thus requiring full execution;and (2) whether a test increases coverage may be accurately inferred from its partial execution. PGE monitors the execution of a test and applies early termination when the execution prefix indicates that the test is unlikely to increase coverage. To demonstrate the potential of PGE, we implement a prototype on top of AFL++, which we call AFL++-PGE. We evaluate AFL++-PGE on MAGMA, a ground-truth benchmark set that consists of 21 programs from nine popular real-world projects. Our results show that, after 48 hours of fuzzing, AFL++-PGE finds more bugs, discovers bugs faster, and achieves higher coverage. Prefix-guided execution is general and can benefit the AFL-based family of fuzzers.

关键词： fuzzing code coverage software testing

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Morpheus Web Testing: A Tool for Generating Test Cases for Widget Based Web Applications

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JOURNAL OF WEB ENGINEERING 2022年第2期21卷 119-143页

作者： Neves, Romulo de Almeida Watanabe, Willian Massami Oliveira, Rafael Fed Technol Univ Parana UTFPR Cornelio Procopio Parana Brazil

Context: Widgets are reusable User Interfaces (UIs) components frequently delivered in Web *** the web application, widgets implement different interaction scenarios, such as buttons, menus, and text input. Problem: Tests are performed manually, so the cost associated with preparing and executing test cases is high. Objective: Automate the process of generating functional test cases for web applications, using intermediate artifacts of the web development process that structure widgets in the web application. The goal of this process is to ensure the quality of the software, reduce overall software lifecycle time and the costs associated with tests. Method:We elaborated a test generation strategy and implemented this strategy in a tool, Morpheus Web Testing. Morpheus Web Testing extracts widget information from Java Server Faces artifacts to generate test cases for JSF web applications. We conducted a case study for comparing Morpheus Web Testing with a state of the art tool (CrawlJax). Results: The results indicate evidence that the approach Morpheus Web Testing managed to reach greater code coverage compared to a CrawlJax. Conclusion: The achieved coverage values represent evidence that the results obtained from the proposed approach contribute to the process of automated test software engineering in the industry.

关键词： User interfaces widgets morpheus web testing code coverage

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A Survey of coverage-Based Testing Tools

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COMPUTER JOURNAL 2009年第5期52卷 589-597页

作者： Yang, Qian Li, J. Jenny Weiss, David M. Avaya Labs Res Basking Ridge NJ 07920 USA

Test coverage is sometimes used to measure how thoroughly software is tested and developers and vendors sometimes use it to indicate their confidence in the readiness of their software. This survey studies and compares 17 coverage-based testing tools primarily focusing on, but not restricted to, coverage measurement. We also survey features such as program prioritization for testing, assistance in debugging, automatic generation of test cases and customization of test reports. Such features make tools more useful and practical, especially for large-scale, commercial software applications. Our initial motivations were both to understand the available test coverage tools and to compare them to a tool that we have developed, called eXVantage (a tool suite that includes code coverage testing, debugging, performance profiling and reporting). Our study shows that each tool has some unique features tailored to its application domains. The readers may use this study to help pick the right coverage testing tools for their needs and environment. This paper is also valuable to those who are new to the practice and the art of software coverage testing, as well as those who want to understand the gap between industry and academia.

关键词： code coverage coverage-based testing tool prioritization test case generation dominator analysis

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Covering and Uncovering Equivalent Mutants

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SOFTWARE TESTING VERIFICATION & RELIABILITY 2013年第5期23卷 353-374页

作者： Schuler, David Zeller, Andreas Univ Saarland D-66123 Saarbrucken Germany

Mutation testing measures the adequacy of a test suite by seeding artificial defects (mutations) into a program. If a test suite fails to detect a mutation, it may also fail to detect real defectsand hence should be improved. However, there are also mutations that keep the program semantics unchanged and thus cannot be detected by any test suite. Such equivalent mutants must be weeded out manually, which is a tedious task. In this paper, we examine whether changes in coverage can be used to detect non-equivalent mutants: If a mutant changes the coverage of a run, it is more likely to be non-equivalent. In a sample of 140 manually classified mutations of seven Java programs with 5000 to 100000 lines of code, we found that (i) the problem is serious and widespreadabout 45% of all undetected mutants turned out to be equivalent;(ii) manual classification takes timeabout 15min per mutation;(iii) coverage is a simple, efficient and effective means to identify equivalent mutantswith a classification precision of 75% and a recall of 56%;and (iv) coverage as an equivalence detector is superior to the state of the art, in particular violations of dynamic invariants. Our detectors have been released as part of the open-source JAVALANCHE framework;the data set is publicly available for replication and extension of experiments. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： mutation testing code coverage dynamic analysis

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Static program analysis assisted dynamic taint tracking for software vulnerability discovery

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COMPUTERS & MATHEMATICS WITH APPLICATIONS 2012年第2期63卷 469-480页

作者： Zhang, Ruoyu Huang, Shiqiu Qi, Zhengwei Guan, Haibing Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Shanghai Key Lab Scalable Comp & Syst Sch Software Shanghai Peoples R China Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Shanghai Key Lab Scalable Comp & Syst Sch Elect Informat & Elect Engn Shanghai Peoples R China

The evolution of computer science has exposed us to the growing gravity of security problems and threats. Dynamic taint analysis is a prevalent approach to protect a program from malicious behaviors, but fails to provide any information about the code which is not executed. This paper describes a novel approach to overcome the limitation of traditional dynamic taint analysis by integrating static analysis into the system and presents framework SDCF to detect software vulnerabilities with high code coverage. Our experiments show that SDCF is not only able to provide efficient runtime protection by introducing an overhead of 4.16 x based on the taint tracing technique, but is also capable of discovering latent software vulnerabilities which have not been exploited, and achieve code coverage of more than 90%. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Taint analysis Software vulnerability code coverage Data flow analysis

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A Study of Applying Severity-weighted Greedy Algorithm to Software Test Case Prioritization During Testing

A Study of Applying Severity-weighted Greedy Algorithm to So...

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IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management

作者： Hsu, Yen-Ching Peng, Kuan-Li Huang, Chin-Yu Natl Tsing Hua Univ Inst Informat Syst & Applicat Hsinchu Taiwan Natl Tsing Hua Univ Dept Comp Sci Hsinchu Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9781479964109

Regression testing is a very useful technique for software testing. Traditionally, there are several techniques for test case prioritization;two of the most used techniques are Greedy and Additional Greedy Algorithm (GA and AGA). However, it can be found that theymay not consider the severity while prioritizing test cases. In this paper, an Enhanced Additional Greedy Algorithm (EAGA) is proposed for test case prioritization. Experiments with eight subject programs are performed to investigate the effects of different techniques under different criteria and fault severity. Experimental results show that proposed EAGA perform well than other techniques.

关键词： Test case prioritization code coverage search algorithm APFD APFDc

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Design and Implementation of Remote Terminal for MIL-STD-1553 B 7

Design and Implementation of Remote Terminal for MIL-STD-155...

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7th IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC)

作者： Naidu, C. D. Kishore, P. Sai, Y. Padma Sourav, B. VNR Vignana Jyothi Inst Engn & Technol Dept Elect & Commun Engn Hyderabad Andhra Prades India

ISBN: (纸本)9781509015603

In this digital era, the need for the efficient communication between different devices with minimum requirement of hardware for the low power, high speed design and also for cost effectiveness is needed. As a result of these digital techniques in aircraft equipment where complexity is increasing due to the number of subsystem and the volume of date processed by them this standard is useful. This protocol is used in military and aerospace electronic systems. Even though 1553B is an old standard, it is an inevitable part of almost all aircrafts including Boeing as it is known for its reliability and flexibility. This project aims at designing Remote Terminal for MIL-STD-1553B. The Remote Terminal has a capability of receiving the valid command send by the Bus Controller (BC) and to decode it and then acknowledge accordingly. The design is developed using HDL-Verilog and simulation is done using QuestaSim. The synthesized report is created using Xilinx ISE 13.4 and the coverage report has been generated using QuestaSim.

关键词： Remote Terminal (RT) MIL-STD-1553B Data Word (DW) Status Word (SW) Command Word (CW) QuestaSim code coverage

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