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On the Correctness of GPU Programs 2019

On the Correctness of GPU Programs

引用

28th ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis (ISSTA)

作者： Peng, Chao Univ Edinburgh Edinburgh Midlothian Scotland

ISBN: (纸本)9781450362245

Testing is an important and challenging part of software development and its effectiveness depends on the quality of test cases. However, there exists no means of measuring quality of tests developed for GPU programs and as a result, no test case generation techniques for GPU programs aiming at high test effectiveness. Existing criteria for sequential and multithreaded CPU programs cannot be directly applied to GPU programs as GPU follows a completely different memory and execution model. We surveyed existing work on GPU program verification and bug fixes of open source GPU programs. Based on our findings, we define barrier, branch and loop coverage criteria and propose a set of mutation operators to measure fault finding capabilities of test cases. CLTestCheck, a framework for measuring quality of tests developed for GPU programs by code coverage analysis, fault seeding and work-group schedule amplification has been developed and evaluated using industry standard benchmarks. Experiments show that the framework is able to automatically measure test effectiveness and reveal unusual behaviours. Our planned work includes data flow coverage adopted for GPU programs to probe the underlying cause of unusual kernel behaviours and a more comprehensive work-group scheduler. We also plan to design and develop an automatic test case generator aiming at generating high quality test suites for GPU programs.

关键词： software testing code coverage fault finding data race GPU OpenCL test case generation

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Using Static Analysis for coverage Extraction from Emulation/Prototyping Platforms 12

Using Static Analysis for Coverage Extraction from Emulation...

引用

10th ACM International Conference on Hardware/Software-codesign and System Synthesis

作者： Athavale, Viraj Hertz, Sam Jetly, Darshan Ganesan, Vijay Krysl, Jim Vasudevan, Shobha Oracle Corp Santa Clara CA 95054 USA Univ Illinois Coordinated Scl Lab Urbana IL 61801 USA Qualcomm Inc San Diego CA 92121 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450314268

Full-system emulation and prototyping is now being used widely in the industry for System-on-Chip (SoC) verification. Emulation/prototyping platforms run tests in a fraction of time compared to the traditional simulation based verification. However, unlike simulation, they do not provide visibility into the hardware design source code. As a result, they fail to provide any information about code coverage achieved, which is an important metric to measure the completeness of the verification process. In this paper, we present a novel technique to extract code coverage from emulation/prototyping platforms. Through analysis of the source code for the hardware design, we relate the evaluation of branch conditions to other statements in the code. Evaluation of the branch conditions is recorded using additional logic during emulation, and mapped back to the code to obtain coverage information. We apply our technique to an industrial system, and show that it can efficiently provide code coverage statistics that are faithful to the coverage obtained from simulation. We also perform experiments on the publicly available OpenRISC processor and demonstrate similar results.

关键词： Emulation FPGA code coverage Static Analysis

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GATE: Game-based Testing Environment 11

GATE: Game-based Testing Environment

引用

33rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)

作者： Chen, Ning Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol Hong Kong Hong Kong Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781450304450

In this paper, we propose a game-based public testing mechanism called GATE. The purpose of GATE is to make use of the rich human resource on the Internet to help increase effectiveness in software testing and improve test adequacy. GATE facilitates public testing in three main steps: 1) decompose the test criterion satisfaction problem into many smaller sub-model satisfaction problems;2) construct games for each individual sub-models and presenting the games to the public through web servers;3) collect and convert public users' action sequence data into real test cases which guarantee to cover not adequately tested elements. A preliminary study on apache-commons-math library shows that 44% of the branches have not been adequately tested by state of the art automatic test generation techniques. Among these branches, at least 42% are decomposable by GATE into smaller sub-problems. These elements naturally become the potential targets of GATE for public game-based testing.

关键词： Testing Human Computation code coverage

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Structures of the data and the information reuse based in-memory fuzzing

Structures of the data and the information reuse based in-me...

引用

JNIC Cybersecurity Conference (JNIC)

作者： Alvarez-Perez, David Fernandez-Veiga, Manuel Fernandez-Vilas, Ana Univ Vigo AtlanTTic Vigo Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9788481589719

Fuzzing is the most widely used technique for finding software vulnerabilities. The more straightforward type of fuzzers are dumb fuzzers. These work well at first, but quickly start to be inefficient in the process of fuzzing because the tests are mostly random leaving parts of the code untested. Whitebox fuzzers perform smarter fuzzing based on internal information of the PUT (Program Under Test). Since code coverage empirically was demonstrated to be an excellent metric, whitebox fuzzers usually try to maximize the amount of code under test. But whitebox fuzzers introduce a substantial overhead that can be solved by reducing the analysis scope of the PUT, so giving rise to grey box fuzzers. Consequently, the state-of-the-art fuzzers are able to achieve very good results in terms of code coverage, but still fail in inverting branches of code if the constraints are complex. In this study, we propose a novel in-memory fuzzing technique based on the fact that programs tends to use similar or equal structures of the data and the information across the same program. Thus, the proposed fuzzing technique consists in to collecting data passed as parameters to the functions, determine which functions accept such data, and use it as fuzzing corpus. The proposed technique avoids solving complex restrictions and performs unitary tests of the functions based on valid data, allowing to increase the code coverage.

关键词： fuzzing vulnerabilities code coverage

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codescanner: Detecting (Hidden) x86/x64 code in Arbitrary Files. 9

Codescanner: Detecting (Hidden) x86/x64 Code in Arbitrary Fi...

引用

9th IEEE International Conference on Malicious and Unwanted Software (MALCON)

作者： Zwanger, Viviane Gerhards-Padilla, Elmar Meier, Michael Univ Bonn Fraunhofer FKIE Inst Comp Sci 4 Bonn Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781479973293

Disassembly is indispensable for the proper analysis of malware. However, a common problem concerning the x86/x64 architecture is that disassemblers produce partially incorrect results. This is used by malware authors who nowadays routinely generate binaries with anti-disassembly measures. In this paper, we derive general constraints on x86 code which are not based on disassembly but on byte level. Based on these constraints we develop a set of classifiers able to locate code in any kind of files. Operating on byte level, our approach is independent of assembly semantics. Our evaluation shows that we are able to precisely locate code and provide anti-disassembly resistance independent of the operating system or compiler. Our tool can be used to detect the code sections of malware, improve code coverage for disassemblers, detect hidden code in files and in memory, or identify malware with anti-disassembly techniques.

关键词： invasive software pattern classification program assemblers codescanner antidisassembly measures arbitrary files assembly semantics byte level classifiers code coverage disassemblers malware x86-x64 code detection Assembly Cryptography Entropy Forensics Malware Semantics Software Spyware Invasive software codes Semantics Classifiers Pattern recognition cryptography assemblies entropy computer software forensic science semiotics

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Measuring and Mitigating Gaps in Structural Testing 23

Measuring and Mitigating Gaps in Structural Testing

引用

45th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)

作者： Hossain, Soneya Binta Dwyer, Matthew B. Elbaum, Sebastian Nguyen-Tuong, Anh Univ Virginia Dept Comp Sci Charlottesville VA 22903 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781665457019

Structural code coverage is a popular test adequacy metric that measures the percentage of program structure (e.g., statement, branch, decision) executed by a test suite. While structural coverage has several benefits, previous studies suggested that code coverage is not a good indicator of a test suite's fault-detection effectiveness as coverage computation does not consider test oracle quality. In this research, we formally define the coverage gap in structural testing as the percentage of program structure that is executed but not observed by any test oracles. Our large-scale empirical study of 13 Java applications, 16K test cases and 51.6K test assertions shows that even for mature test suites, the gap can be as high as 51 percentage points (pp) and 34pp on average. Our study reveals that the coverage gap strongly and negatively correlates with a test suite's fault-detection effectiveness. To mitigate gaps, we propose a lightweight static analysis of program dependencies to produce a ranked recommendation of test focus methods that can reduce the gap and improve test suite quality. When considering 34.8K assertions in the test suite as ground truth, the recommender suggests two-thirds of the focus methods written by developers within the top five recommendations.

关键词： code coverage checked coverage test oracles mutation testing fault-detection effectiveness

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Putting network verification to good use 18

Putting network verification to good use

引用

18th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks (HotNets)

作者： Beckett, Ryan Mahajan, Ratul Microsoft Res Redmond WA 98052 USA Univ Washington Intentionet Seattle WA 98195 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450370202

The past decade has witnessed remarkable progress in the field of network verification, and interest from academia and industry has spurred the development of increasingly sophisticated verification tools and algorithms. However, outside of a handful of large cloud computing providers, the use of network verification is still sparse. We argue that the next frontier for network verification is to enable easy and effective use by "average" network engineers. Whereas in software development, practitioners frequently use testing frameworks to describe the expected behavior of their systems and to measure the effectiveness of their tests through metrics such as code coverage, no such frameworks exist for the equally challenging task of designing and maintaining networks. To address this gap, we outline the design of a network verification framework. In doing so, we propose 1) a method to compute test coverage for networks, which tells engineers how well their invariants are testing the network;and 2) a new declarative invariant language that makes it easy to express network invariants and enables computation of coverage metrics.

关键词： network verification testing code coverage

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Multi-objective Optimization Based Software Testing Using Kansei Quality Approach 2

Multi-objective Optimization Based Software Testing Using Ka...

引用

2nd International Conference on Information Systems Design and Intelligent Applications (INDIA)

作者： Shilpa Choudhary, Kavita ITM Univ Gurgoan Haryana India

ISBN: (纸本)9788132222477;9788132222460

Software testing suggests the quality of the software product. More the effective testing means high quality software product. In this paper we have identified and prioritized the parameters according to the perspective of different entities involved in software lifecycle. The prime objective of the paper is to perform software testing from the perspective of Kansei Engineering methodology with multi-objective optimization.

关键词： Kansei approach Multi-objective optimization Fault tolerance Accuracy code coverage

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GoldRusher: A Miner for Rapid Identification of Hidden code 25

GoldRusher: A Miner for Rapid Identification of Hidden Code

引用

25th IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER)

作者： Salem, Aleieldin Tech Univ Munich Garching Germany

GoldRusher is a dynamic analysis tool primarily meant to aid reverse engineers with analyzing malware. Based on the fact that hidden code segments rarely execute, the tool is able to rapidly highlight functions and ba... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)9781538649695

关键词： Reverse Engineering Obfuscation Hidden code code coverage Malware

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DEFLAKER: Automatically Detecting Flaky Tests 18

DEFLAKER: Automatically Detecting Flaky Tests

引用

40th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)

作者： Bell, Jonathan Legunsen, Owolabi Hilton, Michael Eloussi, Lamyaa Yung, Tifany Marinov, Darko George Mason Univ Fairfax VA 22030 USA Univ Illinois Urbana IL USA Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450356381

Developers often run tests to check that their latest changes to a code repository did not break any previously working functionality. Ideally, any new test failures would indicate regressions caused by the latest changes. However, some test failures may not be due to the latest changes but due to non-determinism in the tests, popularly called flaky tests. The typical way to detect flaky tests is to rerun failing tests repeatedly. Unfortunately, rerunning failing tests can be costly and can slow down the development cycle. We present the first extensive evaluation of rerunning failing tests and propose a new technique, called DEFLAKER, that detects if a test failure is due to a flaky test without rerunning and with very low runtime overhead. DEFLAKER monitors the coverage of latest code changes and marks as flaky any newly failing test that did not execute any of the changes. We deployed DEFLAKER live, in the build process of 96 Java projects on TravisCI, and found 87 previously unknown flaky tests in 10 of these projects. We also ran experiments on project histories, where DEFLAKER detected 1, 874 flaky tests from 4, 846 failures, with a low false alarm rate (1.5%). DEFLAKER had a higher recall (95.5% vs. 23%) of confirmed flaky tests than Maven's default flaky test detector.

关键词： Software testing flaky tests code coverage

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