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Targeted and Depth-first Exploration for Systematic Testing of Android Apps

ACM SIGPLAN NOTICES 2013年第10期48卷 641-660页

作者： Azim, Tanzirul Neamtiu, Iulian Univ Calif Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA

Systematic exploration of Android apps is an enabler for a variety of app analysis and testing tasks. Performing the exploration while apps run on actual phones is essential for exploring the full range of app capabilities. However, exploring real-world apps on real phones is challenging due to non-determinism, non-standard control flow, scalability and overhead constraints. Relying on end-users to conduct the exploration might not be very effective: we performed a 7-user study on popular Android apps, and found that the combined 7-user coverage was 30.08% of the app screens and 6.46% of the app methods. Prior approaches for automated exploration of Android apps have run apps in an emulator or focused on small apps whose source code was available. To address these problems, we present A(3)E, an approach and tool that allows substantial Android apps to be explored systematically while running on actual phones, yet without requiring access to the app's source code. The key insight of our approach is to use a static, taint-style, dataflow analysis on the app bytecode in a novel way, to construct a high-level control flow graph that captures legal transitions among activities (app screens). We then use this graph to develop an exploration strategy named Targeted Exploration that permits fast, direct exploration of activities, including activities that would be difficult to reach during normal use. We also developed a strategy named Depth-first Exploration that mimics user actions for exploring activities and their constituents in a slower, but more systematic way. To measure the effectiveness of our techniques, we use two metrics: activity coverage (number of screens explored) and method coverage. Experiments with using our approach on 25 popular Android apps including BBC News, Gas Buddy, Amazon Mobile, YouTube, Shazam Encore, and CNN, show that our exploration techniques achieve 59.39-64.11% activity coverage and 29.53-36.46% method coverage.

关键词： Languages Reliability Verification Google Android GUI testing Systematic exploration Test case generation code coverage Greybox testing Dynamic analysis Taint analysis

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Selection and Prioritization of Test Cases by Combining White-Box and Black-Box Testing Methods

Selection and Prioritization of Test Cases by Combining Whit...

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Eastern European Regional Conference on the Engineering of Computer Based Systems

作者： Sandra Kukolj Vladimir Marinkovi? Miroslav Popovi? Szabolcs Bognár University of Novi Sad Faculty of Technical Sciences Novi Sad Serbia University of Szeged Institute of Informatics Department of Software Engineering Szeged Hungary

ISBN: (纸本)9781479908530

In this paper, we present a methodology that combines both white-box and black-box testing, in order to improve testing quality for a given class of embedded systems. The goal of this methodology is generation of test cases for the new functional testing campaign based on the test coverage information from the previous testing campaign, in order to maximize the test coverage. Test coverage information is used for selection of proper test cases in order to improve the quality of testing and save available resources for testing. As an output, a set of test cases is produced. Generated test cases are processed by the test Executor application that decides whether results have passed or failed, based on the results of image grabbing, OCR text extraction, and comparison with expected text. The presented methodology is finally validated by means of a case-study targeting an Android device. The results of the case study are affirmative and they indicate that the proposed methodology is applicable for testing embedded systems of this kind.

关键词： embedded systems quality assurance black-box testing white-box testing code coverage

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Static program analysis assisted dynamic taint tracking for software vulnerability discovery

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COMPUTERS & MATHEMATICS WITH APPLICATIONS 2012年第2期63卷 469-480页

作者： Zhang, Ruoyu Huang, Shiqiu Qi, Zhengwei Guan, Haibing Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Shanghai Key Lab Scalable Comp & Syst Sch Software Shanghai Peoples R China Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Shanghai Key Lab Scalable Comp & Syst Sch Elect Informat & Elect Engn Shanghai Peoples R China

The evolution of computer science has exposed us to the growing gravity of security problems and threats. Dynamic taint analysis is a prevalent approach to protect a program from malicious behaviors, but fails to provide any information about the code which is not executed. This paper describes a novel approach to overcome the limitation of traditional dynamic taint analysis by integrating static analysis into the system and presents framework SDCF to detect software vulnerabilities with high code coverage. Our experiments show that SDCF is not only able to provide efficient runtime protection by introducing an overhead of 4.16 x based on the taint tracing technique, but is also capable of discovering latent software vulnerabilities which have not been exploited, and achieve code coverage of more than 90%. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Taint analysis Software vulnerability code coverage Data flow analysis

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On the Definition of Dynamic Software Measures 12

On the Definition of Dynamic Software Measures

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6th ACM-IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM)

作者： Lavazza, Luigi Morasca, Sandro Taibi, Davide Tosi, Davide Univ Insubria Dipartimento Sci Teor & Applicate I-21100 Varese Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9781450310567

The quantification of several software attributes (e.g., size, complexity, cohesion, coupling) is usually carried out in a static fashion, and several hundreds of measures have been defined to this end. However, static measurement may only be an approximation for the measurement of these attributes during software use. The paper proposes a theoretical framework based on Axiomatic Approaches for the definition of sensible dynamic software measures that can dynamically capture these attributes. Dynamic measures based on this framework are defined for dynamically quantifying size and coupling. In this paper, we also compare dynamic measures of size and coupling against well-known static measures by correlating them with fault-pronenesses of four case studies.

关键词： Dynamic measures dynamic coupling dynamic size code coverage

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The Effect of Testability on Fault Proneness A case study of the Apache HTTP Server

The Effect of Testability on Fault Proneness A case study of...

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23rd IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering Workshops (ISSREW)

作者： Hays, Mark Hayes, Jane Univ Kentucky Dept Comp Sci Lexington KY 40506 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780769549286;9781467350488

Numerous studies have identified measures that relate to the fault-proneness of software components. An issue practitioners face in implementing these measures is that the measures tend to provide predictions at a very high level, for instance the per-module level, so it is difficult to provide specific recommendations based on those predictions. We examine a more specific measure, called software testability, based on work in test case generation. We discuss how it could be used to make more specific code improvement recommendations at the line-of-code level. In our experiment, we compare the testability of fault prone lines with unchanged lines. We apply the experiment to Apache HTTP Server and find that developers more readily identify faults in highly testable code. We then compare testability as a fault proneness predictor to McCabe's cyclomatic complexity and find testability has higher recall.

关键词： fault proneness testing code coverage static analysis

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Loop Transparency for Scalable Dynamic Symbolic Execution

Loop Transparency for Scalable Dynamic Symbolic Execution

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3rd International Conference on Engineering Design and Optimization (ICEDO 2012)

作者： Ji, Xiaoli Zhang, Xiaosong Chen, Ting Li, Xiaoshan Jiang, Lei Univ Elect & Sci Technol China Chengdu 611731 Sichuan Provinc Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9783037854822

Dynamic symbolic execution is a promising approach for software analyzing and testing. However, it fails to scale to large programs due to the exponential number of paths to be explored. This paper focus on tackling loop caused path explosion problems and proposes a new approach to reduce paths that produce the same effects. We present a loop transparency strategy that makes use of the decision graph of under test program to discard constraints that produce paths with only a different number of iterations. A dynamic software testing tool LTDse based on loop transparency is designed and evaluated on three benchmarks. The experimental results show that our approach is effective since it can achieve better code coverage or require fewer program executions than traditional strategies.

关键词： Symbolic execution code coverage Decision graph Software testing Test generation

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Puzzle-Based Automatic Testing: Bringing Humans into the Loop by Solving Puzzles 12

Puzzle-Based Automatic Testing: Bringing Humans into the Loo...

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27th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)

作者： Chen, Ning Kim, Sunghun Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol Hong Kong Hong Kong Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781450312042

Recently, many automatic test generation techniques have been proposed, such as Randoop, Pex and jCUTE. However, usually test coverage of these techniques has been around 50-60% only, due to several challenges, such as 1) the object mutation problem, where test generators cannot create and/or modify test inputs to desired object states;and 2) the constraint solving problem, where test generators fail to solve path conditions to cover certain branches. By analyzing branches not covered by state-of-the-art techniques, we noticed that these challenges might not be so difficult for humans. To verify this hypothesis, we propose a Puzzle-based Automatic Testing environment (PAT) which decomposes object mutation and complex constraint solving problems into small puzzles for humans to solve. We generated PAT puzzles for two open source projects and asked different groups of people to solve these puzzles. It was shown that they could be effectively solved by humans: 231 out of 400 puzzles were solved by humans at an average speed of one minute per puzzle. The 231 puzzle solutions helped cover 534 and 308 additional branches (7.0% and 5.8% coverage improvement) in the two open source projects, on top of the saturated branch coverages achieved by the two state-of-the-art test generation techniques.

关键词： Testing Human Computation code coverage

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Using Static Analysis for coverage Extraction from Emulation/Prototyping Platforms 12

Using Static Analysis for Coverage Extraction from Emulation...

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10th ACM International Conference on Hardware/Software-codesign and System Synthesis

作者： Athavale, Viraj Hertz, Sam Jetly, Darshan Ganesan, Vijay Krysl, Jim Vasudevan, Shobha Oracle Corp Santa Clara CA 95054 USA Univ Illinois Coordinated Scl Lab Urbana IL 61801 USA Qualcomm Inc San Diego CA 92121 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450314268

Full-system emulation and prototyping is now being used widely in the industry for System-on-Chip (SoC) verification. Emulation/prototyping platforms run tests in a fraction of time compared to the traditional simulation based verification. However, unlike simulation, they do not provide visibility into the hardware design source code. As a result, they fail to provide any information about code coverage achieved, which is an important metric to measure the completeness of the verification process. In this paper, we present a novel technique to extract code coverage from emulation/prototyping platforms. Through analysis of the source code for the hardware design, we relate the evaluation of branch conditions to other statements in the code. Evaluation of the branch conditions is recorded using additional logic during emulation, and mapped back to the code to obtain coverage information. We apply our technique to an industrial system, and show that it can efficiently provide code coverage statistics that are faithful to the coverage obtained from simulation. We also perform experiments on the publicly available OpenRISC processor and demonstrate similar results.

关键词： Emulation FPGA code coverage Static Analysis

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Reducing the Cost of Regression Testing by Identifying Irreplaceable Test Cases

Reducing the Cost of Regression Testing by Identifying Irrep...

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6th International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing (ICGEC)

作者： Lin, Chu-Ti Tang, Kai-Wei Chen, Cheng-Ding Kapfhammer, Gregory M. Natl Chiayi Univ Dept Comp Sci & Info Eng Chiayi Taiwan Inst Informat Ind Cloud Syst Software Inst Taipei Taiwan Allegheny Coll Dept Comp Sci Meadville PA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780769547633;9781467321389

Test suite reduction techniques decrease the cost of software testing by removing the redundant test cases from the test suite while still producing a reduced set of tests that yields the same level of code coverage as the original suite. Most of the existing approaches to reduction aim to decrease the size of the test suite. Yet, the difference in the execution cost of the tests is often significant and it may be costly to use a test suite consisting of a few long-running test cases. Thus, this paper proposes an algorithm, based on the concept of test irreplaceability, which creates a reduced test suite with a decreased execution cost. Leveraging widely used benchmark programs, the empirical study shows that, in comparison to existing techniques, the presented algorithm is the most effective at reducing the cost of running a test suite.

关键词： regression testing test suite reduction code coverage

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Pharmacy residents' experiences and attitudes toward participation in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) events at academic medical centers

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Hospital Pharmacy 2011年第11期46卷 864-875页

作者： Delmonte, Marcy Clark, John Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Carrboro NC 27510 605 Jones Ferry Road MM13 United States University of Michigan Hospitals and Health Centers University of Michigan College of Pharmacy Ann Arbor MI United States

Purpose: To investigate practices related to pharmacy residents' involvement in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) events and attitudes of pharmacy residents toward their ***: An online survey was sent to pharmacy residents using the University HealthSystem Consortium (UHC) e-mail listserv. Data were obtained from residents currently participating in CPR events as well as those not participating. The objectives of this study were to (a) determine the number of residents currently participating in CPR events, (b) describe their responsibilities and the training opportunities made available to them, and (c) describe residents' attitudes toward their training and overall ***: A total of 253 pharmacy residents completed the survey (44% response rate), with the majority being in their PGY1 year. Eighty-nine percent reported involvement in CPR events, with 82% reporting required participation. Although 52% of CPR participants reported feeling only "somewhat prepared" to attend CPR events, most felt useful to the CPR team. CPR participants were significantly more likely to "strongly agree" or "agree" that all pharmacy residents should be required to participate in CPR events (86% vs 46%;P < .001) and that CPR team members see pharmacy residents as important participants (69% vs 43%;P = .013). When asked if they would support initiating pharmacy resident CPR participation at their institution, the majority of nonparticipants "strongly agreed" or "agreed."Conclusion: Most residents participating in CPR events recognize the value of their services and view participation in CPR events as an important part of their residency experience. © 2011 Thomas Land Publishers, Inc.

关键词： cardiopulmonary resuscitation code coverage CPR pharmacy residency survey

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